Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) 1997-2007 Admissions

This report presents results from the Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) for 2007, and trend data for 1997 to 2007. The report provides information on the demographic and substance abuse characteristics of the annual admissions to treatment for abuse of alcohol and/or drugs in facilities that report to individual State administrative data systems.

TEDS is an admission-based system; therefore TEDS admissions do not represent individuals. For example, an individual admitted to treatment twice within a calendar year would be counted as two admissions.

TEDS does not include all admissions to substance abuse treatment. It includes facilities that are licensed or certified by the State substance abuse agency to provide substance abuse treatment (or are administratively tracked for other reasons). In general, facilities reporting TEDS data are those that receive State alcohol and/or drug agency funds (including Federal Block Grant funds) for the provision of alcohol and/or drug treatment services.

Major Substances of Abuse

Five substances accounted for 96 percent of the 1,817,577 TEDS admissions in 2007: alcohol (40 percent), opiates (19 percent, primarily heroin), marijuana (16 percent), cocaine (13 percent), and stimulants (8 percent, primarily methamphetamine) [Tables 2.1a and Table 2.1b].

Alcohol

Alcohol as a primary substance accounted for two in five (40 percent) of all TEDS admissions in 2007, down from one half (50 percent) in 1997. For slightly more than half (55 percent) of primary alcohol admissions, alcohol was the only substance reported. Forty-five percent of primary alcohol admissions reported secondary drug abuse as well [Table 2.1b].
Alcohol treatment admission rates per 100,000 population aged 12 and over generally were highest in the New England and West North Central States. For the United States as a whole, the alcohol admission rate declined by 18 percent between 1997 and 2007, from 376 per 100,000 to 309 per 100,000. Alcohol admission rates declined in 28 of the 43 States reporting in both years and increased in 15 States [Table 2.3b and Figure 3].
About three-quarters of admissions for abuse of alcohol alone and for abuse of alcohol with secondary drug abuse were male (74 percent and 73 percent, respectively) [Table 3.1a].
More than two-thirds (69 percent) of alcohol-only admissions were non-Hispanic White, followed by Hispanics (13 percent) and non-Hispanic Blacks (11 percent). Among admissions for alcohol with secondary drug abuse, 60 percent were non-Hispanic White, followed by 23 percent who were non-Hispanic Black and 11 percent who were Hispanic [Table 3.1a].
The average age at admission among alcohol-only admissions was 39 years, compared with 35 years among admissions for primary alcohol with secondary drug abuse [Table 3.2a].

Heroin

Heroin as a primary substance increased slightly from 15 percent of all TEDS admissions in 1997 to 16 percent in 2001. It declined to 14 percent in 2004 and remained stable through 2007. Heroin represented 94 percent of all primary opiate admissions in 1997, but fell to 73 percent in 2007 [Tables 2.1a and 2.1b].
Heroin treatment admission rates per 100,000 population aged 12 and over were highest in the New England and Mid-Atlantic States. For the United States as a whole, the heroin admission rate decreased by 7 percent between 1997 and 2007, from 111 per 100,000 to 103 per 100,000. However, heroin admission rates increased in 24 of the 42 States reporting in both years and declined in 17 States; the rate was the same in one State [Table 2.4b and Figure 4].
Over two-thirds (68 percent) of primary heroin admissions were male [Table 3.1a].
More than half (52 percent) of primary heroin admissions were non-Hispanic White, followed by those who were of Hispanic origin and those who were non-Hispanic Black (22 percent each) [Table 3.1a].
For primary heroin admissions, the average age at admission was 36 years [Table 3.2a].
Sixty-four percent of primary heroin admissions reported injection as the route of administration, 32 percent reported inhalation, and 2 percent reported smoking [Table 3.4].

Opiates Other than Heroin

Opiates other than heroin include methadone, codeine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, morphine, opium, oxycodone, pentazocine, propoxyphene, tramadol, and any other drug with morphine-like effects. TEDS admissions for primary abuse of opiates other than heroin made up 1 percent of all admissions from 1997 through 1999. They rose to 4 percent in 2005 and to 5 percent in 2007. Opiates other than heroin represented 6 percent of all primary opiate admissions in 1997, but rose to 27 percent in 2007 [Table 2.1a and Table 2.1b].
For opiates other than heroin, treatment admission rates per 100,000 population aged 12 and over were generally highest in the New England and East South Central States. For the United States as a whole, the admission rate for opiates other than heroin increased by 414 percent between 1997 and 2007, from 7 per 100,000 population to 36 per 100,000. Admission rates for opiates other than heroin increased in all but one of the 42 States reporting in both years; the rate declined only in the District of Columbia [Table 2.5b and Figure 5].
Just over half (53 percent) of primary non-heroin opiate admissions were male [Table 3.1a].
Most primary non-heroin opiate admissions (89 percent) were non-Hispanic White [Table 3.1a].
For primary non-heroin opiate admissions, the average age at admission was 32 years [Table 3.2a].
Almost three-quarters (72 percent) of primary non-heroin opiate admissions reported oral as the route of administration, while 16 percent reported inhalation and 10 percent reported injection [Table 3.4].

Cocaine/Crack

The proportion of admissions for primary cocaine abuse declined from 15 percent in 1997 to a low of 13 percent in 2001 and 2002. The proportion rose slightly to 14 percent in 2003 and decreased to 13 percent in 2007 [Table 2.1b].
Cocaine treatment admission rates per 100,000 population aged 12 and over were generally highest in the Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic States. For the United States as a whole, the cocaine admission rate declined by 12 percent between 1997 and 2007, from 112 per 100,000 population to 99 per 100,000. Cocaine admission rates over declined in 25 of the 43 States reporting in both years and increased in 18 States [Table 2.6b and Figure 6].
Smoked cocaine (crack) represented 72 percent of all primary cocaine admissions in 2007, down from 74 percent in 1997 [Table 2.1a].
Fifty-eight percent of primary smoked cocaine admissions were male compared with 65 percent of primary non-smoked cocaine admissions [Table 3.1a].
Among primary smoked cocaine admissions, 49 percent were non-Hispanic Black, 40 percent were non-Hispanic White, and 8 percent were of Hispanic origin. Among primary non-smoked cocaine admissions, 54 percent were non-Hispanic White, followed by non-Hispanic Blacks (23 percent) and people of Hispanic origin (19 percent) [Table 3.1a].
The average age at admission among smoked cocaine admissions was 39 years, compared with 34 years among non-smoked cocaine admissions [Table 3.2a].
Eighty-one percent of primary non-smoked cocaine admissions reported inhalation as their route of administration, 11 percent reported injection, and 5 percent reported oral [Table 3.4].

Marijuana/Hashish

The proportion of admissions for primary marijuana abuse increased from 12 percent in 1997 to 14 percent in 2000. From 2001 through 2002 marijuana admissions increased to 15 percent. In 2003 marijuana admissions increased to 16 percent where they remained constant through 2007 [Table 2.1b].
Marijuana treatment admission rates per 100,000 population aged 12 and over were generally highest in the West North Central States, although many States in other regions also had high rates. For the United States as a whole, the marijuana admission rate increased by 30 percent between 1997 and 2007, from 93 per 100,000 population to 121 per 100,000. Marijuana admission rates increased in 29 of the 43 States reporting in both years and declined in 14 States [Table 2.7b and Figure 7].
Nearly three-quarters (74 percent) of primary marijuana admissions were male [Table 3.1a].
Over half (51 percent) of primary marijuana admissions were non-Hispanic White, 29 percent were non-Hispanic Black, and 15 percent were of Hispanic origin [Table 3.1a].
For primary marijuana admissions, the average age at admission was 24 years [Table 3.2a].

Methamphetamine/Amphetamine and Other Stimulants

The proportion of admissions for primary abuse of methamphetamine/amphetamine and other stimulants increased from 4 percent in 1997 to 9 percent in 2005 and decreased to 8 percent in 2006 where it remained in 2007 [Table 2.1b].
Methamphetamine/amphetamine treatment admission rates per 100,000 population aged 12 and over were generally highest in the Pacific and Mountain States. For the United States as a whole, the methamphetamine/amphetamine admission rate increased by 88 percent between 1997 and 2007, from 32 per 100,000 population to 60 per 100,000. Methamphetamine/amphetamine admission rates increased in 39 of the 43 States reporting in both years, decreased in 3 States, and were the same only in the District of Columbia [Table 2.8b and Figure 8].
Fifty-four percent of primary methamphetamine/amphetamine admissions were male [Table 3.1a].
Two-thirds (66 percent) of primary methamphetamine/amphetamine admissions were non-Hispanic White, followed by 21 percent who were of Hispanic origin and 3 percent each who were Asian/Pacific Islander or non-Hispanic Black [Table 3.1a].
For primary methamphetamine/amphetamine admissions, the average age at admission was 32 years [Table 3.2a].
Sixty-six percent of primary methamphetamine/amphetamine admissions reported smoking as the route of administration, 18 percent reported injection, and 10 percent reported inhalation [Table 3.4].

Adolescent Substance Abuse

The number of adolescents aged 12 to 17 admitted to substance abuse treatment increased 1 percent between 1997 and 2007. However, this covers a 21 percent increase between 1997 and 2002, followed by a 17 percent decrease between 2002 and 2007 [Table 5.1a].
The increase in adolescent substance abuse treatment admissions was largely accounted for by the net 16 percent increase in the number of adolescent primary marijuana admissions (a 35 percent increase between 1997 and 2003, followed by a 14 percent decrease between 2003 and 2007). The proportion of adolescent primary marijuana admissions grew steadily from 57 percent of adolescent admissions in 1997 to 66 percent in 2005 through 2007 [Tables 5.1a and 5.1b].
In 2007, over half (52 percent) of adolescent marijuana admissions were referred to treatment through the criminal justice system. Fifteen percent were self- or individual referrals, 12 percent were referred through community sources, and 11 percent were referred through schools [Table 5.3a].
The number of marijuana-involved adolescent substance abuse treatment admissions referred through the criminal justice system increased by 18 percent between 1997 and 2007, while marijuana-involved adolescent admissions referred through other sources decreased by 1 percent during that period [Table 5.5a].

Heroin Admissions and Medication-Assisted Opioid Therapy

While the number of heroin admissions increased by 5 percent between 1997 and 2007, the proportion for whom medication-assisted opioid therapy was planned changed according to route of administration. Among heroin injectors (who made up between 60 and 66 percent of all heroin admissions between 1997 and 2007), the use of medication-assisted opioid therapy declined steadily from 45 percent in 1997 to 28 percent in 2007. Among heroin inhalers (who made up between 29 and 34 percent of all heroin admissions between 1997 and 2007), the use of medication-assisted opioid therapy rose from 23 percent in 1997 to a peak of 32 percent in 2002, then fell to 28 percent in 2007 [Table 5.6a and Table 5.6b].

Polydrug Abuse

More than half (55 percent) of all TEDS 2007 admissions reported abuse of multiple substances. Alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine were the most commonly reported secondary/tertiary substances. Alcohol was reported as a substance of abuse by 61 percent of all admissions (40 percent as a primary substance and 21 percent as a secondary/tertiary substance). Marijuana was reported as a substance of abuse by 36 percent of all admissions (16 percent as a primary substance and 20 percent as a secondary/tertiary substance). Cocaine was reported as a substance of abuse by 30 percent of all admissions (13 percent as a primary substance and 17 percent as a secondary/tertiary substance) [Table 5.8].

Race/Ethnicity

Among all racial/ethnic groups except Hispanics of Puerto Rican origin, alcohol (alone or in combination with other drugs) was the most frequently reported primary substance at treatment admission. However, the proportion reporting primary use of the other four most common substances varied considerably by racial/ethnic group.

Among non-Hispanic Whites, alcohol (44 percent) was followed by opiates (19 percent), marijuana (13 percent), cocaine (10 percent), and stimulants (9 percent) [Table 3.1b].
Among non-Hispanic Blacks, alcohol (32 percent) was followed by cocaine (26 percent), marijuana (22 percent), opiates (15 percent), and stimulants (1 percent) [Table 3.1b].
Among admissions who were of Mexican origin, alcohol (36 percent) was followed by stimulants (22 percent), marijuana (19 percent), opiates (14 percent), and cocaine (8 percent) [Table 3.1b].
Among admissions who were of Puerto Rican origin, opiates (44 percent) were followed by alcohol (27 percent), marijuana (14 percent), cocaine (12 percent), and stimulants (1 percent) [Table 3.1b].
Among admissions who were of Cuban origin, alcohol (37 percent) was followed by cocaine and marijuana (20 percent each), opiates (15 percent), and stimulants (4 percent) [Table 3.1b].
Among Alaska Natives, alcohol (46 percent) was followed by opiates (25 percent), marijuana (11 percent), cocaine (9 percent), and stimulants (7 percent) [Table 3.1b].
Among American Indians, alcohol (64 percent) was followed by marijuana (13 percent), stimulants (9 percent), opiates (7 percent), and cocaine (5 percent) [Table 3.1b].
Among Asians/Pacific Islanders, alcohol (35 percent) was followed by stimulants (26 percent), marijuana (20 percent), opiates (9 percent), and cocaine (7 percent) [Table 3.1b].

To Table of Contents