Alcohol Only
Alcohol with Secondary Drug Abuse
This chapter highlights important findings in the 2000 data. The tables
include all items in the TEDS Minimum Data Set [Tables 3.1a-3.5] and Supplemental Data Set
[Tables 3.6-3.9] for 2000. Data are tabulated as percentage distributions
according to primary substance of abuse.
The Minimum Data Set consists of 19 items that include:
Demographic information
Primary, secondary, and tertiary substances and their route of administration, frequency of use, and age at first use
Source of referral to treatment
Number of prior treatment episodes
Service type, including planned use of methadone
The Supplemental Data Set consists of 15 items that include psychiatric, social, and economic measures.
Definitions and classifications used in the Minimum and Supplemental Data Sets are detailed in the Appendix.
Not all States report all data items in the Minimum and Supplemental Data Sets. Most States report the Minimum Data Set for all or nearly all TEDS admissions. However, the items reported from the Supplemental Data Set vary greatly across States. Tables 4.3 and 4.4 indicate, by State, the item response rates for the Minimum and Supplemental Data Sets.
The stacked bar charts in this chapter represent counts of admissions for each primary substance of abuse by sex, age, and race/ethnicity. Admissions of Mexican and Puerto Rican origin made up 75 percent of Hispanic admissions [Table 3.1b]. In the bar charts, these are shown separately. The category Other includes Hispanics not of Mexican or Puerto Rican origin (including Hispanics of unspecified origin), Asian/Pacific Islanders, and all others.
White males made up 41 percent of all treatment admissions in 2000, followed by White females (19 percent), Black males (16 percent), and Black females (8 percent) [Table 3.2a].
The number of admissions for males was greatest for those aged 45 and older, while for females the number of admissions peaked at age 35-39 [Figure 12]. However, the overall average age of TEDS admissions was 34 years [Table 3.1a].
All admissions
Admissions by sex, age, and race/ethnicity: TEDS 2000
SOURCE: Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) - 4.01.02.
Admissions for abuse of alcohol alone, with no secondary drug abuse, represented 26 percent of TEDS admissions in 2000 [Table 3.1b].
Alcohol-only admissions were likely to be male (76 percent) and White (73 percent) [Table 3.1a], with White males making up 54 percent of all alcohol-only admissions [Table 3.2a]. White females made up an additional 18 percent [Table 3.2a].
Abuse of alcohol alone was the problem most likely to be reported by admissions aged 25 and older [Table 3.1b].
Eighty-eight percent of alcohol-only admissions reported that they first became intoxicated before age 21, the legal drinking age. About a third (32 percent) had first become intoxicated by age 14 [Table 3.3].
About half (51 percent) of all alcohol-only admissions reported no prior treatment episodes, while an additional 20 percent reported one prior admission to treatment [Table 3.3].
The criminal justice system referred 44 percent of alcohol-only admissions to treatment; 28 percent were referred by themselves or another individual [Table 3.4].
Nearly half (48 percent) of alcohol-only admissions aged 16 and over were employed [Table 3.5].
Alcohol only
Admissions by sex, age, and race/ethnicity: TEDS 2000
SOURCE: Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) - 4.01.02.
Alcohol with Secondary Drug Abuse
Admissions for primary abuse of alcohol with secondary abuse of drugs represented 19 percent of TEDS admissions in 2000 [Table 3.1b].
Admissions for alcohol with secondary drug abuse were less likely to be White than alcohol-only admissions (63 percent vs. 73 percent). Also, the average age at admission was lower, at 33 years versus 39 years [Table 3.1a].
White males accounted for 46 percent of admissions, followed by White females (17 percent) and Black males (16 percent) [Table 3.2a].
Almost all admissions (94 percent) for alcohol with secondary drug abuse reported first being intoxicated before age 21 (the legal drinking age), with 51 percent first intoxicated by age 14 [Table 3.3].
Admissions for alcohol with secondary drug abuse were less likely to be in treatment for the first time than alcohol-only admissions (39 percent vs. 51 percent) [Table 3.3].
Marijuana was the most frequently reported secondary substance by alcohol admissions (61 percent), followed by cocaine (smoked) at 24 percent and non-smoked cocaine at 20 percent [Table 5.6].
Alcohol with secondary drug abuse
Admissions by sex, age, and race/ethnicity: TEDS 2000
SOURCE: Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) - 4.01.02.
Heroin and other opiates were the leading illicit drugs responsible for treatment admissions in 2000, accounting for 17 percent of TEDS admissions [Table 3.1b]. Ninety percent of opiate admissions were for heroin [Table 3.1a].
Almost half (47 percent) of heroin admissions were White, followed by 25 percent of Hispanic origin, and 24 percent Black [Table 3.1a]. Half of all admissions of persons of Puerto Rican origin were for primary heroin abuse [Table 3.1b]. Twenty percent of all heroin admissions were aged 45 or older [Table 3.1a].
Injection was the most common route of administration for heroin (65 percent). However, 30 percent reported inhalation as their usual route of administration [Table 3.3]. Daily use of heroin was reported by 81 percent of heroin admissions [Table 3.3].
Most heroin admissions (78 percent) had been in treatment prior to the current episode, and 25 percent had been in treatment 5 or more times [Table 3.3].
Methadone use was planned for 40 percent of primary heroin admissions [Table 3.4].
Heroin admissions were most likely to report secondary abuse of alcohol (23 percent) and non-smoked cocaine (22 percent) [Table 5.6].
Heroin
Admissions by sex, age, and race/ethnicity: TEDS 2000
SOURCE: Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) - 4.01.02.
Opiates other than heroin accounted for nearly 2 percent of TEDS admissions in 2000 [Table 3.1b]. These drugs include non-prescription use of methadone, codeine, morphine, oxycodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, opium, and other drugs with morphine-like effects.
Admissions for other opiates were 49 percent female. The majority of admissions were White (86 percent) [Table 3.1a].
The most frequent route of administration for opiates other than heroin was oral (76 percent) [Table 3.3].
Twenty-eight percent first used opiates other than heroin after age 30 [Table 3.3].
Half of admissions (50 percent) for opiates other than heroin were self- or individual referrals [Table 3.4].
Methadone use as part of treatment was planned for 19 percent of admissions for opiates other than heroin [Table 3.4].
Forty-four percent of admissions for opiates other than heroin reported no abuse of other substances, while approximately one-quarter (24 percent) reported secondary abuse of alcohol. Secondary abuse of marijuana was reported by 14 percent and of tranquilizers by 10 percent [Table 5.6].
Other opiates
Admissions by sex, age, and race/ethnicity: TEDS 2000
SOURCE: Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) - 4.01.02.
Cocaine (including both smoked and other routes of administration) was the third most common illicit drug responsible for treatment admissions in 2000, accounting for 14 percent of TEDS admissions [Table 3.1b]. Almost three-quarters (73 percent) of cocaine admissions were for smoked cocaine (crack) [Table 3.1a].
Smoked cocaine admissions were 59 percent Black. A large proportion (43 percent) were female [Table 3.1a]. Black males accounted for 34 percent of smoked cocaine admissions,
followed by Black females (25 percent), White males (18 percent), and White females (14 percent) [Table 3.2a].Daily use was reported by 41 percent of smoked cocaine admissions [Table 3.3].
Fifty-nine percent of smoked cocaine admissions did not use the drug until age 21 or older [Table 3.3].
The main sources of referral for smoked cocaine admissions were self- or individual referrals (36 percent) and the criminal justice system (27 percent) [Table 3.4].
Seventy percent of smoked cocaine admissions reported abuse of other drugs. The most commonly reported secondary substances abused were alcohol (55 percent) and marijuana (32 percent) [Table 5.6].
Smoked cocaine (crack)
Admissions by sex, age, and race/ethnicity: TEDS 2000
SOURCE: Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) - 4.01.02.
Non-smoked cocaine accounted for 4 percent of TEDS admissions in 2000 [Table 3.1b].
Admissions for cocaine taken by routes other than smoking were more likely to be White (47 percent) and male (65 percent) than were smoked cocaine admissions (32 percent White, 57 percent male) [Table 3.1a].
White males accounted for 29 percent of non-smoked cocaine admissions, followed by Black males (23 percent), White females (18 percent), and Black females (12 percent) [Table 3.2a].
About two-thirds (70 percent) of admissions for non-smoked cocaine reported inhalation as the route of administration, followed by injection (15 percent) [Table 3.3].
Forty-three percent of non-smoked cocaine admissions reported first using the drug by age 18 [Table 3.3].
One-third (33 percent) of non-smoked cocaine admissions were referred to treatment by the criminal justice system, with an additional one-third (32 percent) representing self- or individual referrals [Table 3.4].
Non-smoked cocaine
Admissions by sex, age, and race/ethnicity: TEDS 2000
SOURCE: Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) - 4.01.02.
Primary marijuana abuse accounted for 15 percent of TEDS admissions in 2000 [Table 3.1b].
Marijuana admissions were generally male (76 percent), White (57 percent), and young (46 percent under the age of 20) [Table 3.1a and Figure 19]. Marijuana accounted for more than half of all admissions for persons under the age of 15 (54 percent) and for persons aged 15-19 years (53 percent) [Table 3.1b].
First use of marijuana began at an early age among primary marijuana admissions—26 percent had first used marijuana by age 12, 56 percent by age 14, and 92 percent by age 18 [Table 3.3].
Sixty-two percent of marijuana admissions reported no prior treatment episodes [Table 3.3].
More than half (56 percent) of marijuana admissions were referred to treatment through the criminal justice system [Table 3.4].
Two-thirds of admissions for primary marijuana abuse (67 percent) reported abuse of additional substances as well. Alcohol was most common, reported by 55 percent of primary marijuana admissions [Table 5.6].
Marijuana/hashish
Admissions by sex, age, and race/ethnicity: TEDS 2000
SOURCE: Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) - 4.01.02.
Methamphetamine/Amphetamine and Other Stimulants
Methamphetamine/amphetamines and other stimulants were reported as the primary substance for 5 percent of 2000 TEDS admissions [Table 3.1b]. Ninety-nine percent of all stimulant admissions were for methamphetamine or amphetamine abuse [Table 3.1a].
Methamphetamine/amphetamine admissions were predominantly White (79 percent). The next largest racial/ethnic group was persons of Mexican origin (8 percent) [Table 3.1a].
Females made up 47 percent of methamphetamine/amphetamine admissions [Table 3.1a].
The main routes of administration for methamphetamines/amphetamines were smoking (40 percent), injection (27 percent), and inhalation (21 percent) [Table 3.3].
Almost half (45 percent) of methamphetamine/amphetamine admissions were referred to treatment by the criminal justice system [Table 3.4].
Seventy-two percent of primary methamphetamine/amphetamine admissions reported secondary use of other substances, primarily marijuana (44 percent) or alcohol (43 percent) [Table 5.6].
Methamphetamine/amphetamine and other stimulants
Admissions by sex, age, and race/ethnicity: TEDS 2000
SOURCE: Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) - 4.01.02.
Tranquilizers were reported as the primary substance by 0.3 percent of 2000 TEDS admissions [Table 3.1b].
Admissions for abuse of tranquilizers tended to be female (59 percent), White (89 percent), and older; 56 percent were aged 35 or more [Table 3.1a and Figure 21].
Among primary tranquilizer admissions, 60 percent reported daily use of tranquilizers [Table 3.3].
Twenty-eight percent of tranquilizer admissions first used tranquilizers after age 30 [Table 3.3].
Thirteen percent of tranquilizer admissions reported five or more prior treatment episodes [Table 3.3].
Nearly one-third (31 percent) of tranquilizer admissions who were 18 and over had more than 12 years of education [Table 3.5].
Secondary abuse of another substance was reported by 70 percent of primary tranquilizer admissions. Secondary abuse of alcohol was reported by 38 percent, 20 percent reported abuse of marijuana/hashish, and 15 percent reported abuse of opiates other than heroin [Table 5.6].
Tranquilizers
Admissions by sex, age, and race/ethnicity: TEDS 2000
SOURCE: Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) - 4.01.02.
Admissions for primary sedative abuse were responsible for 0.2 percent of TEDS admissions in 2000 [Table 3.1b].
Sedative admissions showed patterns similar to those for abuse of tranquilizers. They tended to be female (55 percent), White (84 percent), and older; 55 percent were aged 35 or more [Table 3.1a and Figure 22].
Over half (52 percent) of sedative admissions reported daily use of sedatives [Table 3.3].
Twenty-six percent of sedative admissions first used sedatives after age 30 [Table 3.3].
Nearly one-third (31 percent) of sedative admissions who were 18 and over had more than 12 years of education [Table 3.5].
Sixty-two percent of primary sedative admissions reported abuse of other substances as well, primarily alcohol (32 percent) and marijuana/hashish (20 percent) [Table 5.6].
Sedatives
Admissions by sex, age, and race/ethnicity: TEDS 2000
SOURCE: Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) - 4.01.02.
Hallucinogens were responsible for 0.2 percent of TEDS admissions in 2000 [Table 3.1b]. Hallucinogens include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), dimethyltryptamine (DMT), dimethoxy-phenylethylamine (STP), mescaline, psilocybin, peyote, etc.
Admissions for hallucinogen abuse occurred primarily among young White males [Figure 23]. Approximately three-quarters (74 percent) of hallucinogen admissions were male; 78 percent were White. Forty-seven percent were between ages 15 and 19, and 26 percent were between ages 20 and 24 [Table 3.1a].
Forty-five percent of hallucinogen admissions reported not using the drug in the past month [Table 3.3].
Sixty-three percent of hallucinogen admissions reported first using hallucinogens by the age of 16 [Table 3.3].
The criminal justice system was the source of referral for 41 percent of hallucinogen admissions [Table 3.4].
Eighty-two percent of hallucinogen admissions reported abuse of drugs in addition to hallucinogens. Marijuana/hashish and alcohol were the most commonly reported secondary drugs (56 percent and 37 percent, respectively), followed by non-smoked cocaine (13 percent) and methamphetamines/amphetamines (11 percent) [Table 5.6].
Hallucinogens
Admissions by sex, age, and race/ethnicity: TEDS 2000
SOURCE: Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) - 4.01.02.
Phencyclidine (PCP) was reported as a primary substance by 0.2 percent of TEDS admissions in 2000 [Table 3.1b].
PCP admissions were 29 percent Black males, 16 percent White males, 12 percent Black females, 9 percent females of Mexican origin, 8 percent males of Mexican origin, and 8 percent White females [Table 3.2a].
PCP admissions for males peaked at age 20-24, but peaked later for females, at age 25-29 [Figure 24].
The usual route of administration for PCP was smoking, reported by 86 percent of admissions [Table 3.3].
The criminal justice system referred 53 percent of PCP admissions [Table 3.4].
Seventy-four percent of PCP admissions reported abuse of other substances. Alcohol was reported by 42 percent, marijuana/hashish by 36 percent, and smoked cocaine by 10 percent [Table 5.6].
Phencyclidine (PCP)
Admissions by sex, age, and race/ethnicity: TEDS 2000
SOURCE: Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) - 4.01.02.
Inhalants were reported as the primary substance of abuse by 0.1 percent of 2000 TEDS admissions [Table 3.1b]. Inhalants include ether, glue, chloroform, nitrous oxide, gasoline, paint thinner, etc.
Admissions for inhalant abuse were generally male (72 percent). Sixty-six percent of inhalant admissions were non-Hispanic White, followed by persons of Mexican origin (13 percent) and American Indians/Alaska Natives (10 percent) [Table 3.1a].
The predominant characteristic of inhalant admissions was youth [Figure 25]. Almost half (44 percent) of admissions were younger than age 18 [Table 3.1a].
Twenty-eight percent of inhalant admissions reported daily use of inhalants [Table 3.3].
About one-quarter (26 percent) of inhalant admissions had used inhalants by the age of 12, and another 30 percent by the age of 14 [Table 3.3].
The primary sources of referral for inhalant admissions were the criminal justice system (33 percent) and self- or individual referral (26 percent) [Table 3.4].
- Sixty-one percent of primary inhalant admissions reported abuse of other drugs as well, primarily alcohol (40 percent) and marijuana/hashish (33 percent) [Table 5.6].
Figure 25
Inhalants
Admissions by sex, age, and race/ethnicity: TEDS 2000
SOURCE: Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) - 4.01.02.