National Survey on Drug Use and Health:
Comparison of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 Population
Percentages (50 States and the District of Columbia)

180917
Table 1 – Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 10.36a 10.90 0.000 8.34a 7.88 0.014 22.75a 23.69 0.003 8.54a 9.18 0.000 10.57a 11.21 0.000
Northeast 11.20 11.55 0.140 8.45 8.06 0.280 25.93b 27.12 0.061 9.11 9.45 0.252 11.45 11.87 0.107
Midwest 9.77a 10.32 0.005 8.28 7.82 0.101 21.68a 23.06 0.006 7.95a 8.50 0.018 9.93a 10.57 0.002
South 8.87b 9.15 0.096 7.82a 7.29 0.034 20.26 20.75 0.248 7.13b 7.51 0.072 8.98a 9.34 0.046
West 12.62a 13.73 0.000 9.14 8.73 0.288 25.25 26.29 0.114 10.89a 12.24 0.000 12.98a 14.24 0.000
Alabama 7.10a 8.67 0.001 6.99 7.21 0.767 16.91 19.11 0.104 5.50a 7.15 0.003 7.12a 8.82 0.001
Alaska 17.62 16.81 0.351 13.22a 10.61 0.013 29.81 27.92 0.291 15.97 15.75 0.836 18.11 17.50 0.520
Arizona 9.97 10.77 0.165 8.79 7.80 0.254 21.05 21.28 0.879 8.24 9.39 0.102 10.10 11.09 0.118
Arkansas 8.90a 10.51 0.004 7.60 7.57 0.979 17.97 18.52 0.698 7.55a 9.55 0.003 9.04a 10.82 0.003
California 12.56 13.11 0.148 8.89 8.20 0.223 25.75 26.30 0.578 10.70b 11.46 0.098 12.94 13.61 0.104
Colorado 17.18 17.83 0.477 10.14 9.83 0.766 34.49 33.95 0.789 15.11 16.14 0.336 17.90 18.63 0.456
Connecticut 10.95a 12.33 0.024 9.48 9.64 0.876 28.86a 32.68 0.043 8.21 9.34 0.121 11.10a 12.60 0.024
Delaware 10.25a 11.71 0.011 9.50 9.71 0.808 25.33 26.00 0.677 8.01a 9.80 0.007 10.32a 11.90 0.011
District of Columbia 16.88a 19.92 0.000 10.38 11.20 0.438 35.22 36.86 0.390 13.53a 17.21 0.000 17.24a 20.41 0.000
Florida 9.75 10.36 0.117 8.58 8.89 0.588 21.84a 24.30 0.016 8.16 8.60 0.355 9.85 10.49 0.130
Georgia 9.40a 8.34 0.009 7.88b 6.57 0.062 20.71 20.23 0.684 7.66a 6.57 0.028 9.58a 8.54 0.020
Hawaii 10.29 9.60 0.267 8.40 7.62 0.356 20.93 19.26 0.258 8.92 8.48 0.533 10.46 9.78 0.309
Idaho 9.02 9.02 0.994 7.94 7.67 0.746 17.63 17.59 0.970 7.72 7.79 0.906 9.15 9.19 0.947
Illinois 9.30b 10.05 0.065 8.05 8.34 0.643 23.37a 25.72 0.042 7.14 7.71 0.226 9.43b 10.22 0.070
Indiana 10.00a 11.24 0.033 8.56 7.58 0.278 21.86 23.72 0.206 8.09a 9.53 0.036 10.15a 11.64 0.019
Iowa 6.76a 8.10 0.001 6.75 6.26 0.482 16.01a 19.47 0.010 5.11a 6.29 0.015 6.77a 8.29 0.001
Kansas 8.08 8.31 0.644 8.08b 6.83 0.074 17.43 17.61 0.890 6.39 6.84 0.447 8.08 8.47 0.469
Kentucky 8.71 9.09 0.458 8.04 7.46 0.464 18.15 18.65 0.698 7.24 7.73 0.433 8.78 9.26 0.393
Louisiana 8.92 9.29 0.443 7.29 6.95 0.649 21.50 21.05 0.757 6.98 7.64 0.244 9.09 9.54 0.399
Maine 14.86b 16.35 0.070 10.96 10.67 0.765 31.20a 36.10 0.010 13.03 14.25 0.218 15.19b 16.83 0.066
Maryland 11.52 11.88 0.519 9.54 9.05 0.587 29.44 28.26 0.472 8.95 9.70 0.255 11.72 12.16 0.461
Massachusetts 14.01a 16.00 0.004 10.32 10.90 0.586 30.10b 33.41 0.065 11.61a 13.55 0.017 14.34a 16.46 0.005
Michigan 12.19a 13.39 0.009 9.75 9.40 0.609 24.52b 26.48 0.075 10.39a 11.67 0.023 12.44a 13.80 0.007
Minnesota 9.08 9.12 0.937 7.57 7.30 0.706 20.16 20.93 0.598 7.49 7.46 0.959 9.24 9.31 0.894
Mississippi 8.04a 9.27 0.012 6.83 7.02 0.800 17.78 18.85 0.442 6.47a 7.90 0.015 8.18a 9.51 0.012
Missouri 10.34 10.36 0.961 9.90b 8.26 0.079 21.31 20.72 0.651 8.57 8.93 0.590 10.38 10.58 0.744
Montana 13.25 14.33 0.136 10.23 10.37 0.894 25.83 27.14 0.427 11.53 12.71 0.173 13.53 14.70 0.138
Nebraska 8.61 9.04 0.382 6.87 6.65 0.726 20.00 22.11 0.134 6.80 7.02 0.695 8.80 9.30 0.355
Nevada 10.38a 13.42 0.000 10.34 10.15 0.837 20.36a 27.74 0.000 8.88a 11.72 0.001 10.38a 13.75 0.000
New Hampshire 13.43 14.28 0.196 8.98 9.87 0.345 32.23 32.43 0.909 10.94 11.93 0.216 13.84 14.68 0.238
New Jersey 8.13 8.45 0.451 6.90 6.37 0.442 23.31 25.09 0.203 6.01 6.22 0.661 8.26 8.66 0.384
New Mexico 11.98a 13.51 0.030 11.03 11.00 0.978 24.89 26.72 0.275 9.93a 11.65 0.047 12.08a 13.78 0.028
New York 11.16 11.06 0.799 8.43 7.86 0.345 25.14 25.04 0.921 9.11 9.12 0.997 11.41 11.35 0.885
North Carolina 9.91 9.76 0.718 7.61 7.59 0.984 22.50 21.08 0.291 8.16 8.23 0.889 10.15 9.98 0.714
North Dakota 7.03 7.68 0.154 7.28 6.29 0.203 16.49 16.18 0.823 4.95a 6.09 0.027 7.01 7.81 0.101
Ohio 10.35 10.15 0.621 7.55 7.50 0.935 22.61 22.94 0.760 8.72 8.43 0.548 10.64 10.42 0.618
Oklahoma 7.61b 8.42 0.069 7.27 7.01 0.738 16.35a 19.79 0.018 6.12 6.65 0.298 7.65b 8.57 0.055
Oregon 17.23a 20.91 0.000 10.95 11.75 0.448 32.96b 36.01 0.068 15.50a 19.60 0.000 17.81a 21.74 0.000
Pennsylvania 10.51 10.15 0.402 7.60 6.73 0.112 22.97 23.74 0.470 8.87 8.42 0.381 10.78 10.47 0.501
Rhode Island 16.57 17.45 0.231 12.47 11.81 0.575 33.63 33.07 0.758 13.90 15.24 0.135 16.93 17.95 0.201
South Carolina 8.47 8.36 0.811 8.45 7.71 0.329 22.18 20.91 0.424 6.28 6.48 0.724 8.48 8.42 0.915
South Dakota 9.06 8.58 0.358 8.04 7.34 0.361 20.00 20.78 0.606 7.28 6.67 0.306 9.16 8.71 0.422
Tennessee 9.31 9.63 0.520 7.89 7.49 0.634 21.25 22.69 0.344 7.54 7.80 0.654 9.46 9.84 0.470
Texas 7.54 7.64 0.748 7.56a 6.23 0.013 17.23 17.17 0.942 5.78 6.14 0.320 7.54 7.81 0.414
Utah 7.37 8.05 0.125 5.96 6.10 0.829 15.04 17.00 0.113 5.88 6.39 0.341 7.57 8.32 0.127
Vermont 18.20 19.41 0.184 10.90 11.80 0.399 40.00 40.32 0.884 15.12 16.53 0.198 18.83 20.05 0.210
Virginia 8.28 8.22 0.891 6.87 6.73 0.825 19.81 20.77 0.430 6.55 6.39 0.721 8.42 8.37 0.914
Washington 13.58a 16.87 0.000 9.78 10.50 0.501 24.72b 27.56 0.070 12.23a 15.93 0.000 13.94a 17.48 0.000
West Virginia 8.30 9.00 0.196 7.40 6.67 0.323 19.32 19.30 0.988 6.76 7.74 0.135 8.38 9.21 0.158
Wisconsin 8.52 9.12 0.201 7.96 6.97 0.180 19.80 21.69 0.198 6.72 7.31 0.288 8.58 9.34 0.138
Wyoming 7.94 8.63 0.169 8.30 7.54 0.383 17.50 17.78 0.851 6.31b 7.30 0.094 7.90 8.74 0.124
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
NOTE: Illicit Drug Use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 2 – Marijuana Use in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 13.71a 14.50 0.000 12.29 12.19 0.676 32.60a 33.91 0.000 10.73a 11.61 0.000 13.85a 14.73 0.000
Northeast 14.84 15.10 0.341 12.39 12.29 0.807 37.45 37.92 0.501 11.45 11.77 0.327 15.07 15.36 0.326
Midwest 13.06a 13.88 0.000 12.67 12.74 0.853 31.69a 33.63 0.000 9.97a 10.74 0.005 13.10a 14.00 0.000
South 11.78a 12.25 0.022 11.25 10.99 0.387 29.66 30.28 0.180 8.90a 9.49 0.022 11.83a 12.38 0.015
West 16.49a 18.17 0.000 13.55 13.58 0.945 34.39a 36.86 0.000 13.79a 15.62 0.000 16.80a 18.64 0.000
Alabama 9.50a 10.54 0.044 10.11 9.67 0.627 25.90 26.35 0.769 6.72a 8.08 0.031 9.44a 10.63 0.036
Alaska 23.00 22.73 0.767 18.86b 16.51 0.054 41.88 39.44 0.228 20.09 20.74 0.552 23.46 23.43 0.970
Arizona 12.22a 13.85 0.016 11.86 11.05 0.408 28.68 29.75 0.540 9.48a 11.55 0.012 12.26a 14.14 0.011
Arkansas 11.14a 12.60 0.009 10.69 10.87 0.859 26.24 27.09 0.595 8.68a 10.43 0.009 11.18a 12.78 0.009
California 16.23a 17.39 0.009 13.23 13.30 0.917 33.98a 36.53 0.013 13.50a 14.63 0.032 16.54a 17.81 0.008
Colorado 23.12b 24.86 0.076 16.21 16.97 0.564 47.54 48.81 0.502 19.85b 21.88 0.095 23.82b 25.65 0.088
Connecticut 15.08b 16.22 0.096 14.11 14.73 0.609 43.54 45.21 0.415 10.57 11.68 0.175 15.18 16.37 0.113
Delaware 13.18a 14.80 0.011 14.37 13.48 0.391 35.82 37.20 0.477 9.57a 11.60 0.007 13.07a 14.92 0.008
District of Columbia 24.68b 26.35 0.073 13.58 14.60 0.385 51.00 53.20 0.327 19.99b 21.90 0.078 25.30b 27.01 0.083
Florida 13.07 13.69 0.171 12.72 13.46 0.297 33.66b 35.77 0.059 10.21 10.69 0.370 13.10 13.71 0.210
Georgia 12.46 11.64 0.102 10.90 10.39 0.561 30.40 29.91 0.721 9.57 8.73 0.172 12.64 11.78 0.122
Hawaii 13.05 13.14 0.903 13.38b 11.43 0.071 28.07 27.14 0.566 10.82 11.39 0.510 13.02 13.29 0.727
Idaho 11.62b 12.62 0.076 11.73 12.00 0.780 25.36b 28.40 0.062 9.30 10.09 0.254 11.61b 12.70 0.084
Illinois 12.31a 13.83 0.001 11.87b 13.34 0.068 32.55a 35.26 0.039 9.03a 10.42 0.010 12.36a 13.88 0.002
Indiana 13.35b 14.42 0.066 13.47 13.31 0.882 30.41a 33.87 0.035 10.32 11.16 0.242 13.33b 14.54 0.060
Iowa 9.75a 11.39 0.001 10.48 10.22 0.773 26.60a 30.88 0.011 6.65a 8.05 0.019 9.68a 11.51 0.001
Kansas 11.17 11.93 0.145 12.42 11.76 0.496 26.92 28.87 0.203 8.15 8.93 0.232 11.03 11.95 0.115
Kentucky 12.79 12.86 0.913 12.30 11.94 0.710 29.45 28.74 0.667 10.11 10.39 0.709 12.84 12.95 0.870
Louisiana 11.22a 12.23 0.046 10.20 9.92 0.753 28.25 28.98 0.645 8.45a 9.76 0.037 11.33a 12.48 0.040
Maine 19.81a 21.94 0.022 16.22 15.81 0.745 41.89b 45.67 0.059 17.19b 19.36 0.053 20.12a 22.46 0.021
Maryland 15.50 15.48 0.972 13.85 13.76 0.936 41.94 39.47 0.176 11.56 12.00 0.559 15.67 15.65 0.981
Massachusetts 18.64 19.96 0.103 14.45 16.39 0.133 43.58 44.93 0.489 14.75 16.03 0.190 19.02 20.28 0.152
Michigan 15.68a 16.69 0.041 14.36 14.15 0.801 34.60a 38.00 0.007 12.61 13.41 0.185 15.81a 16.94 0.036
Minnesota 12.91 13.71 0.169 12.76 12.95 0.833 32.12 32.75 0.726 9.86 10.78 0.189 12.92 13.78 0.176
Mississippi 9.46a 11.40 0.000 9.66 10.69 0.263 23.41a 26.78 0.033 6.95a 8.82 0.003 9.43a 11.48 0.000
Missouri 13.19 13.75 0.346 12.55 11.81 0.471 32.40 31.87 0.753 10.09 11.03 0.191 13.26 13.95 0.286
Montana 18.41 19.53 0.146 17.04 15.91 0.358 38.05 40.51 0.183 15.36 16.57 0.194 18.54 19.86 0.115
Nebraska 11.33 11.51 0.720 11.36 12.04 0.480 29.84 30.55 0.665 8.00 8.06 0.931 11.32 11.46 0.816
Nevada 13.13a 16.82 0.000 14.66 14.37 0.798 29.39a 35.81 0.001 10.51a 14.34 0.000 12.98a 17.06 0.000
New Hampshire 17.58 18.62 0.164 14.24 15.44 0.303 40.68 43.17 0.195 14.30 15.15 0.345 17.89 18.90 0.210
New Jersey 12.01 12.04 0.965 10.80 10.28 0.544 35.35 35.36 0.998 8.66 8.77 0.842 12.14 12.21 0.888
New Mexico 15.83a 17.51 0.039 15.34 15.62 0.826 32.79 33.63 0.648 13.04a 15.09 0.042 15.88a 17.71 0.041
New York 14.86 14.50 0.400 12.37 11.88 0.488 36.96 36.10 0.469 11.43 11.26 0.733 15.09 14.74 0.447
North Carolina 11.90 12.06 0.734 10.90 10.48 0.577 30.48 29.70 0.598 9.02 9.47 0.448 12.00 12.23 0.676
North Dakota 9.80a 10.95 0.024 11.99 10.27 0.109 24.59 24.99 0.800 6.34a 8.13 0.002 9.60a 11.02 0.010
Ohio 13.81 13.76 0.916 12.01 12.17 0.836 33.01 34.53 0.205 10.95 10.65 0.601 14.00 13.92 0.887
Oklahoma 11.18b 12.09 0.069 11.10 11.31 0.826 26.58 29.15 0.143 8.49 9.26 0.202 11.19b 12.18 0.076
Oregon 22.70a 26.51 0.000 17.35 17.01 0.795 44.03a 47.57 0.047 20.01a 24.36 0.000 23.19a 27.38 0.000
Pennsylvania 13.05 13.21 0.723 10.93 10.36 0.444 32.45 33.74 0.289 10.24 10.34 0.844 13.25 13.47 0.646
Rhode Island 20.31 20.76 0.574 16.85 15.27 0.204 42.32 43.67 0.489 16.66 17.21 0.570 20.62 21.24 0.474
South Carolina 10.92 11.09 0.757 11.21 10.57 0.474 29.46 28.27 0.477 7.92 8.48 0.398 10.89 11.14 0.681
South Dakota 11.85 12.35 0.412 11.98 12.51 0.599 26.51 29.11 0.115 9.29 9.48 0.792 11.84 12.33 0.457
Tennessee 12.82 13.38 0.334 11.83 11.68 0.869 29.54 32.11 0.113 10.23 10.61 0.578 12.92 13.55 0.321
Texas 10.14 10.55 0.209 10.47 9.61 0.197 25.42 26.19 0.436 7.30 7.88 0.145 10.10 10.67 0.118
Utah 9.62b 10.40 0.098 9.64 9.20 0.598 21.76 23.74 0.178 6.87 7.64 0.185 9.62b 10.58 0.073
Vermont 21.79a 23.84 0.026 15.64 17.88 0.111 48.06 50.08 0.355 17.81b 19.86 0.065 22.32a 24.34 0.041
Virginia 11.06 11.78 0.120 10.51 10.35 0.857 30.81 30.99 0.892 7.89b 8.87 0.073 11.11 11.92 0.112
Washington 18.93a 22.49 0.000 13.54 14.97 0.238 38.12a 42.12 0.036 16.49a 20.30 0.000 19.45a 23.21 0.000
West Virginia 11.45a 12.91 0.021 12.30b 10.70 0.095 28.07 28.80 0.679 8.90a 10.81 0.012 11.37a 13.10 0.013
Wisconsin 12.18 12.70 0.349 13.90 12.61 0.243 30.44 30.13 0.855 8.96 9.84 0.193 12.01 12.71 0.250
Wyoming 10.62a 12.15 0.005 12.63 11.75 0.436 26.98 29.33 0.188 7.68a 9.46 0.004 10.42a 12.19 0.003
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 3 – Marijuana Use in the Past Month, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 8.60a 9.23 0.000 6.75b 6.46 0.099 20.30a 21.45 0.000 6.88a 7.56 0.000 8.79a 9.51 0.000
Northeast 9.50 9.83 0.118 7.15 6.76 0.192 23.64a 24.86 0.042 7.46 7.77 0.210 9.72b 10.12 0.086
Midwest 8.28a 8.76 0.004 6.69 6.40 0.266 19.28a 20.83 0.001 6.63a 7.04 0.036 8.45a 9.00 0.002
South 7.05a 7.47 0.003 6.13 5.78 0.115 17.74b 18.44 0.073 5.40a 5.91 0.003 7.14a 7.65 0.001
West 10.68a 11.98 0.000 7.52 7.42 0.770 22.73a 24.18 0.024 9.01a 10.51 0.000 11.01a 12.45 0.000
Alabama 5.25a 6.37 0.001 5.20 5.26 0.921 14.25b 16.48 0.057 3.77a 4.86 0.007 5.25a 6.48 0.001
Alaska 16.03 15.81 0.785 10.43b 8.84 0.099 27.65 26.27 0.432 14.65 14.97 0.750 16.66 16.59 0.936
Arizona 7.42a 8.38 0.050 6.75 6.31 0.505 17.81 19.09 0.352 5.74a 6.85 0.047 7.49a 8.59 0.039
Arkansas 6.98a 8.19 0.009 5.59 5.81 0.733 15.49 15.96 0.708 5.74a 7.21 0.008 7.13a 8.44 0.010
California 10.51a 11.33 0.015 7.33 6.93 0.380 23.09 24.07 0.327 8.70a 9.70 0.011 10.84a 11.78 0.010
Colorado 15.92 16.43 0.535 9.08 9.02 0.948 32.20 31.74 0.804 14.00 14.81 0.431 16.62 17.18 0.531
Connecticut 9.36a 10.59 0.029 7.95 7.91 0.964 26.94b 30.35 0.079 6.66 7.69 0.109 9.50a 10.86 0.027
Delaware 8.88a 9.95 0.034 7.35 7.45 0.891 23.29 23.73 0.780 6.83a 8.17 0.021 9.03a 10.18 0.035
District of Columbia 14.08a 17.17 0.000 8.07 8.26 0.807 32.39 34.85 0.199 10.70a 14.32 0.000 14.41a 17.67 0.000
Florida 7.65a 8.65 0.003 7.03 7.48 0.364 19.82a 22.39 0.007 6.00a 6.88 0.021 7.70a 8.75 0.003
Georgia 7.22 6.74 0.164 6.40b 5.39 0.078 18.12 18.38 0.815 5.45 4.95 0.220 7.31 6.89 0.263
Hawaii 8.18 8.17 0.976 6.63 6.54 0.899 18.66 17.45 0.389 6.81 7.06 0.693 8.32 8.31 0.985
Idaho 6.93 7.62 0.109 5.77 6.34 0.382 14.70 16.07 0.286 5.79 6.40 0.227 7.07 7.78 0.134
Illinois 7.90a 8.81 0.009 6.71 6.89 0.748 20.87a 23.51 0.021 5.91b 6.66 0.063 8.03a 9.01 0.010
Indiana 8.75 9.29 0.245 7.23 6.51 0.322 19.60 20.70 0.438 7.03 7.65 0.272 8.91 9.59 0.186
Iowa 5.47a 6.65 0.001 5.38 5.11 0.638 13.25a 17.29 0.002 4.09a 4.93 0.036 5.48a 6.80 0.001
Kansas 6.91 6.62 0.466 6.15b 5.16 0.092 15.73 16.04 0.806 5.41 5.12 0.545 7.00 6.78 0.623
Kentucky 7.02b 7.77 0.062 6.13 6.01 0.852 15.79 17.38 0.198 5.69 6.41 0.120 7.11b 7.95 0.056
Louisiana 6.82b 7.60 0.060 5.70 5.67 0.960 17.46 18.80 0.291 5.15b 5.99 0.093 6.94b 7.80 0.058
Maine 14.69 15.81 0.179 9.70 9.89 0.835 30.85b 34.38 0.058 13.00 13.89 0.364 15.12 16.31 0.184
Maryland 10.22 10.68 0.350 7.78 7.13 0.385 27.34 26.24 0.496 7.83 8.71 0.117 10.47 11.04 0.287
Massachusetts 11.85a 13.38 0.015 8.68 8.91 0.806 27.58 30.27 0.115 9.45a 10.94 0.041 12.14a 13.78 0.015
Michigan 10.55a 11.61 0.010 7.98 7.73 0.685 22.07a 24.24 0.038 8.89a 9.95 0.037 10.81a 12.00 0.009
Minnesota 7.32 7.71 0.363 5.88 5.81 0.904 17.42 19.12 0.246 5.88 6.13 0.617 7.47 7.91 0.353
Mississippi 5.69a 6.96 0.001 4.95 5.05 0.865 14.46 15.79 0.254 4.23a 5.67 0.001 5.77a 7.17 0.001
Missouri 8.13 8.42 0.509 6.23 5.80 0.533 18.42 18.57 0.914 6.65 7.08 0.410 8.32 8.68 0.452
Montana 12.02 13.01 0.121 8.43 8.80 0.676 23.89 25.13 0.441 10.48 11.52 0.157 12.36 13.40 0.132
Nebraska 7.21 7.70 0.248 5.74 6.00 0.624 17.35 18.76 0.308 5.58 5.96 0.450 7.37 7.89 0.270
Nevada 8.25a 11.81 0.000 8.65 8.82 0.831 18.25a 25.86 0.000 6.71a 10.11 0.000 8.21a 12.11 0.000
New Hampshire 12.06 12.90 0.168 8.06 8.64 0.504 28.30 28.93 0.713 9.93 10.86 0.195 12.42 13.28 0.195
New Jersey 6.77 7.15 0.308 5.72 5.16 0.325 20.55 22.34 0.216 4.83 5.12 0.475 6.87 7.35 0.242
New Mexico 10.50a 11.96 0.016 9.46 9.74 0.764 22.85 24.39 0.362 8.55a 10.19 0.024 10.61a 12.20 0.018
New York 9.68 9.47 0.548 7.28 6.75 0.306 23.38 23.35 0.971 7.65 7.50 0.703 9.90 9.72 0.626
North Carolina 7.72 7.92 0.584 5.80 6.04 0.678 19.92 19.04 0.489 5.98 6.40 0.341 7.92 8.12 0.624
North Dakota 5.61a 6.44 0.036 5.63 4.99 0.327 13.92 14.50 0.643 3.80a 4.93 0.008 5.61a 6.57 0.023
Ohio 8.95 8.58 0.297 6.41 6.33 0.881 20.79 21.27 0.674 7.35 6.83 0.206 9.21 8.81 0.301
Oklahoma 5.99a 6.90 0.015 5.20 5.38 0.770 14.02a 16.80 0.035 4.68 5.39 0.101 6.07a 7.06 0.015
Oregon 15.71a 19.23 0.000 9.77 10.35 0.581 30.60 33.15 0.138 14.07a 18.07 0.000 16.26a 20.04 0.000
Pennsylvania 8.20 8.23 0.935 6.25 5.59 0.165 20.04 21.38 0.192 6.55 6.48 0.842 8.38 8.47 0.803
Rhode Island 15.21 15.75 0.458 10.50 9.49 0.320 32.00 31.86 0.942 12.65 13.51 0.319 15.63 16.30 0.394
South Carolina 6.82 6.66 0.692 6.40 5.47 0.148 19.66 18.38 0.381 4.81 4.97 0.717 6.86 6.77 0.850
South Dakota 7.60 7.13 0.264 6.72 5.94 0.208 17.09 18.25 0.392 6.06 5.40 0.177 7.70 7.26 0.342
Tennessee 7.82 8.00 0.683 6.16 5.75 0.512 18.34 19.49 0.423 6.32 6.44 0.806 7.99 8.23 0.621
Texas 5.91 5.98 0.804 5.94a 4.86 0.010 14.58 14.63 0.959 4.33 4.59 0.381 5.91 6.11 0.477
Utah 5.25a 6.25 0.007 4.32 4.71 0.444 12.07a 14.71 0.029 3.86b 4.63 0.078 5.38a 6.47 0.009
Vermont 16.96a 18.64 0.041 9.44 10.75 0.236 38.16 38.80 0.772 14.00b 15.91 0.057 17.60b 19.30 0.056
Virginia 6.86 6.96 0.779 5.35 5.48 0.807 17.94 18.47 0.653 5.22 5.28 0.876 7.01 7.10 0.805
Washington 12.02a 15.30 0.000 7.93 8.96 0.256 23.30a 26.48 0.044 10.69a 14.28 0.000 12.41a 15.90 0.000
West Virginia 6.76b 7.59 0.073 5.94 5.45 0.417 16.56 16.94 0.779 5.39a 6.44 0.049 6.83b 7.78 0.060
Wisconsin 7.38 7.89 0.243 6.96 5.91 0.122 17.26 18.82 0.265 5.80 6.33 0.303 7.42 8.09 0.163
Wyoming 6.27b 7.10 0.062 5.81 5.76 0.946 15.00 16.50 0.270 4.88b 5.77 0.080 6.31b 7.24 0.057
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 4 – Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 28.41a 26.91 0.000 27.17a 25.75 0.000 14.32a 12.89 0.000 30.92a 29.35 0.000 28.54a 27.03 0.000
Northeast 26.44a 25.33 0.008 26.85a 25.34 0.006 12.56b 11.80 0.083 28.67a 27.51 0.025 26.40a 25.33 0.019
Midwest 25.56a 23.80 0.000 26.44a 24.74 0.000 12.50a 11.04 0.000 27.67a 25.82 0.000 25.46a 23.70 0.000
South 32.09a 30.51 0.000 29.75a 28.31 0.002 16.68a 15.12 0.000 34.94a 33.27 0.000 32.34a 30.74 0.000
West 26.59a 25.14 0.000 23.90a 22.83 0.048 13.58a 11.89 0.000 29.16a 27.64 0.002 26.87a 25.38 0.001
Alabama 34.79a 30.57 0.000 34.45b 31.66 0.097 17.52 15.68 0.127 37.71a 32.88 0.001 34.82a 30.46 0.001
Alaska 18.17 17.51 0.432 18.88 18.75 0.917 11.95 11.67 0.776 19.24 18.36 0.412 18.09 17.38 0.435
Arizona 28.75 27.91 0.454 27.10 26.53 0.713 14.64 14.26 0.757 31.37 30.37 0.479 28.92 28.05 0.478
Arkansas 31.41b 29.61 0.095 31.12a 28.14 0.036 16.91a 14.32 0.037 33.88 32.32 0.258 31.44 29.76 0.155
California 29.38a 27.84 0.009 23.78 23.15 0.461 14.32a 12.36 0.005 32.71a 31.04 0.025 29.96a 28.32 0.011
Colorado 17.44 16.53 0.299 17.87 16.21 0.163 8.33 7.34 0.222 18.94 18.08 0.436 17.39 16.56 0.380
Connecticut 23.76 22.00 0.114 24.73 22.39 0.111 11.29 10.42 0.324 25.69 23.86 0.187 23.66 21.96 0.157
Delaware 26.54a 24.32 0.041 24.10 23.69 0.768 12.77 12.21 0.601 28.94a 26.21 0.046 26.77a 24.38 0.044
District of Columbia 16.97 16.85 0.894 19.61 20.18 0.699 9.84b 7.99 0.058 18.28 18.38 0.932 16.81 16.66 0.867
Florida 32.52a 30.74 0.015 26.58 25.43 0.241 16.66a 14.31 0.003 35.37a 33.53 0.040 33.04a 31.20 0.020
Georgia 30.99 32.22 0.224 31.44 32.81 0.327 15.24 15.05 0.858 33.68 35.06 0.279 30.94 32.15 0.268
Hawaii 29.55 29.53 0.985 26.16 23.81 0.138 14.69 13.68 0.406 32.09 32.30 0.883 29.85 30.04 0.884
Idaho 27.92 26.60 0.184 30.91 29.05 0.233 15.74a 13.29 0.038 29.58 28.49 0.393 27.56 26.30 0.252
Illinois 28.63a 25.11 0.000 27.44a 23.37 0.000 14.11a 12.25 0.034 31.20a 27.43 0.000 28.76a 25.29 0.000
Indiana 25.39 25.57 0.852 26.86 27.07 0.886 12.60 11.82 0.431 27.48 27.81 0.796 25.23 25.41 0.866
Iowa 27.22a 23.42 0.000 29.42a 25.38 0.006 15.37a 11.75 0.001 29.10a 25.29 0.003 26.99a 23.22 0.001
Kansas 26.17 24.51 0.105 28.32 26.59 0.246 14.09 12.28 0.104 28.10 26.45 0.211 25.93 24.28 0.140
Kentucky 27.73 27.84 0.916 29.05 28.52 0.726 13.54 12.62 0.377 29.94 30.26 0.805 27.60 27.77 0.877
Louisiana 31.80a 29.08 0.010 31.97a 27.75 0.007 17.75a 14.73 0.014 34.19b 31.63 0.058 31.78a 29.22 0.026
Maine 19.65 18.07 0.119 20.37 19.33 0.421 7.86 7.90 0.959 21.19 19.33 0.131 19.59 17.96 0.135
Maryland 25.89 25.11 0.480 26.24 26.24 0.999 11.60 12.66 0.322 28.11 26.90 0.379 25.86 24.99 0.469
Massachusetts 22.14a 19.61 0.013 23.37a 20.33 0.024 11.56a 9.02 0.006 23.86b 21.37 0.051 22.02a 19.54 0.023
Michigan 23.43a 21.88 0.036 23.21 23.50 0.790 11.53a 9.81 0.009 25.50b 23.74 0.056 23.45a 21.72 0.030
Minnesota 20.47 19.25 0.168 23.99 21.73 0.105 10.28b 8.70 0.063 21.70 20.64 0.344 20.11 18.99 0.246
Mississippi 38.26a 35.07 0.007 36.16a 32.44 0.024 23.48 21.42 0.208 41.19a 37.81 0.025 38.50a 35.36 0.016
Missouri 27.38a 24.67 0.008 29.41a 26.41 0.043 11.67 11.87 0.856 29.76a 26.56 0.012 27.17a 24.49 0.015
Montana 20.98 20.30 0.467 21.98 20.91 0.424 10.28 9.22 0.205 22.64 22.02 0.603 20.89 20.24 0.526
Nebraska 26.16b 24.15 0.052 28.21b 25.60 0.074 13.51 11.93 0.118 28.19 26.16 0.127 25.93b 23.99 0.087
Nevada 25.83a 23.32 0.021 20.83b 18.55 0.063 14.78a 10.63 0.001 28.10b 25.73 0.079 26.34a 23.80 0.032
New Hampshire 18.78 18.97 0.835 23.74 22.78 0.487 7.79 7.55 0.762 20.01 20.36 0.753 18.33 18.63 0.758
New Jersey 32.12 32.09 0.972 30.66 29.71 0.487 14.16 13.18 0.334 35.00 35.18 0.891 32.27 32.32 0.964
New Mexico 28.65a 25.75 0.008 24.06a 20.76 0.027 14.34 13.00 0.274 31.65a 28.49 0.024 29.14a 26.28 0.016
New York 28.51b 27.18 0.074 27.79 26.53 0.200 14.43 13.35 0.160 30.97 29.52 0.117 28.58b 27.24 0.095
North Carolina 31.72b 29.98 0.064 29.52 27.42 0.120 16.64 16.47 0.881 34.44b 32.43 0.089 31.94b 30.24 0.098
North Dakota 27.01a 23.18 0.000 30.91a 27.78 0.044 13.52a 11.06 0.020 29.54a 25.20 0.001 26.65a 22.75 0.000
Ohio 25.67 24.68 0.153 26.15 25.70 0.676 11.52 10.53 0.181 27.90 26.83 0.217 25.62 24.58 0.169
Oklahoma 29.64 28.11 0.142 25.48 25.44 0.982 16.37 14.47 0.121 32.53 30.82 0.203 30.10 28.40 0.140
Oregon 18.61b 17.00 0.076 20.25a 16.94 0.012 9.17 7.96 0.143 19.89 18.38 0.175 18.45 17.01 0.137
Pennsylvania 24.78 24.10 0.356 26.68 25.24 0.163 10.88 11.67 0.309 26.78 25.92 0.346 24.60 23.99 0.448
Rhode Island 20.84 21.01 0.866 21.72 22.26 0.712 9.75 10.00 0.801 22.79 22.88 0.943 20.76 20.90 0.898
South Carolina 31.67b 29.68 0.069 29.80 27.59 0.133 15.29 14.69 0.591 34.53 32.27 0.101 31.85b 29.89 0.099
South Dakota 27.20 26.48 0.494 29.37 27.66 0.236 14.01 12.79 0.238 29.25 28.68 0.666 26.98 26.35 0.591
Tennessee 30.23b 28.40 0.089 29.47 27.15 0.116 16.45a 13.80 0.018 32.57 30.88 0.213 30.30 28.52 0.129
Texas 36.51a 34.66 0.005 32.04b 30.06 0.058 19.43a 17.37 0.017 40.29a 38.44 0.026 37.05a 35.21 0.011
Utah 32.85a 28.41 0.000 40.35a 36.57 0.039 19.18b 16.27 0.059 34.69a 29.76 0.000 31.79a 27.27 0.000
Vermont 18.23a 15.46 0.004 20.62a 17.10 0.006 7.70 6.83 0.289 19.85a 16.82 0.012 18.02a 15.32 0.008
Virginia 27.73b 25.97 0.057 26.30 25.60 0.597 13.58b 11.73 0.057 30.23b 28.31 0.097 27.87b 26.01 0.062
Washington 18.92 18.79 0.889 18.40 18.89 0.685 11.00 9.94 0.250 20.26 20.16 0.933 18.97 18.78 0.852
West Virginia 28.01a 25.70 0.041 25.16 24.82 0.819 13.08 11.51 0.138 30.52b 27.88 0.058 28.26a 25.78 0.042
Wisconsin 23.52 23.26 0.791 24.93 23.98 0.487 12.16b 10.38 0.071 25.26 25.31 0.964 23.38 23.19 0.858
Wyoming 26.96b 25.14 0.094 26.74 26.54 0.894 15.61 15.53 0.956 28.89b 26.52 0.084 26.99b 24.99 0.092
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 5 – First Use of Marijuana, by Age Group and State: Average Annual Initiation Estimates (Expressed as Percentages of the At-Risk Population) and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 1.96b 2.03 0.059 5.25 5.22 0.827 7.74 7.98 0.239 0.39a 0.45 0.020 1.40a 1.48 0.030
Northeast 2.07b 2.17 0.069 5.34 5.34 0.999 8.85 9.06 0.497 0.44a 0.53 0.036 1.54b 1.65 0.059
Midwest 2.04a 2.21 0.001 5.25b 5.51 0.078 8.16a 8.74 0.034 0.38a 0.46 0.031 1.47a 1.62 0.005
South 1.70 1.70 0.947 4.91 4.75 0.220 6.78 6.59 0.370 0.29a 0.35 0.029 1.17 1.20 0.580
West 2.24 2.33 0.197 5.75 5.66 0.664 8.18a 8.89 0.034 0.53 0.57 0.477 1.62 1.73 0.112
Alabama 1.53 1.55 0.794 4.19 3.91 0.386 6.39 6.30 0.874 0.27b 0.35 0.070 1.12 1.18 0.491
Alaska 3.56 3.22 0.152 7.79 7.09 0.213 10.76b 8.96 0.070 0.81 1.05 0.178 2.51 2.31 0.430
Arizona 2.01 1.87 0.230 5.12a 4.32 0.032 7.31 6.83 0.466 0.50 0.53 0.772 1.46 1.43 0.847
Arkansas 1.72 1.60 0.223 4.56 4.61 0.898 6.71b 5.62 0.057 0.31 0.33 0.589 1.23 1.10 0.178
California 2.08 2.12 0.620 5.68 5.60 0.790 7.57b 8.43 0.078 0.48 0.45 0.613 1.48 1.54 0.493
Colorado 3.84 3.99 0.563 7.74 7.89 0.795 15.97 15.56 0.774 0.83 1.09 0.185 2.99 3.14 0.611
Connecticut 2.31a 2.72 0.004 5.78b 6.65 0.064 9.91 10.92 0.243 0.49a 0.70 0.032 1.68a 1.99 0.032
Delaware 1.93 2.05 0.298 5.88 5.66 0.578 7.76 8.22 0.523 0.37b 0.49 0.086 1.30 1.46 0.171
District of Columbia 3.66 3.99 0.220 6.85 7.35 0.341 14.69 14.57 0.932 0.99b 1.36 0.087 3.24 3.54 0.318
Florida 1.66 1.69 0.677 5.62 5.70 0.779 7.31 7.73 0.376 0.32 0.37 0.314 1.12 1.15 0.585
Georgia 1.76 1.67 0.294 4.62 4.47 0.650 7.07 6.33 0.147 0.29 0.33 0.370 1.25 1.18 0.375
Hawaii 1.96 1.93 0.785 6.56 5.87 0.173 8.25 8.87 0.452 0.42 0.44 0.852 1.31 1.36 0.704
Idaho 1.80b 2.01 0.052 4.20 4.68 0.194 6.28 7.18 0.104 0.39 0.42 0.634 1.31 1.46 0.177
Illinois 1.84a 2.10 0.002 5.04a 5.84 0.010 7.90 8.45 0.324 0.31a 0.41 0.028 1.30b 1.47 0.055
Indiana 2.15a 2.43 0.017 5.55 6.03 0.242 7.88 8.83 0.182 0.40 0.48 0.200 1.52b 1.73 0.074
Iowa 1.83 1.92 0.445 4.45 4.05 0.212 7.77 8.43 0.338 0.31 0.40 0.144 1.40 1.56 0.195
Kansas 1.89 2.06 0.103 4.74 4.98 0.485 6.48b 7.63 0.079 0.48 0.49 0.888 1.39 1.54 0.188
Kentucky 1.83 1.85 0.824 5.04 5.16 0.738 7.17 6.74 0.451 0.31 0.38 0.208 1.28 1.29 0.900
Louisiana 1.66 1.58 0.390 4.68 4.53 0.666 6.45 5.81 0.272 0.28 0.33 0.309 1.15 1.08 0.474
Maine 2.31 2.53 0.140 6.29 6.24 0.885 9.58 10.62 0.234 0.48b 0.70 0.060 1.60b 1.87 0.095
Maryland 2.24 2.15 0.493 5.93 5.88 0.912 10.13 8.99 0.192 0.46 0.51 0.484 1.59 1.52 0.589
Massachusetts 2.80a 3.42 0.001 6.49a 7.88 0.006 10.85a 13.10 0.032 0.72 0.87 0.218 2.15a 2.60 0.022
Michigan 2.29 2.46 0.112 5.74 6.02 0.377 8.06 8.91 0.129 0.54 0.58 0.588 1.65 1.80 0.178
Minnesota 2.19a 2.45 0.035 5.41 5.67 0.443 8.86 10.12 0.125 0.40b 0.52 0.056 1.58a 1.85 0.040
Mississippi 1.56b 1.76 0.051 4.45 4.84 0.265 6.39 6.83 0.484 0.19a 0.27 0.035 1.09 1.24 0.156
Missouri 2.18 2.21 0.806 5.12 4.93 0.614 9.59 8.95 0.414 0.36b 0.47 0.062 1.66 1.72 0.628
Montana 2.91 2.78 0.457 7.02 6.53 0.313 10.46 10.95 0.603 0.63 0.67 0.708 2.11 2.09 0.902
Nebraska 1.87a 2.27 0.000 4.32a 5.20 0.011 8.49b 9.72 0.099 0.29b 0.39 0.066 1.45a 1.73 0.017
Nevada 2.23 2.21 0.857 6.83 6.31 0.276 7.66 8.52 0.316 0.58 0.55 0.748 1.45 1.50 0.706
New Hampshire 2.70 2.83 0.417 5.92 6.37 0.307 10.98 11.37 0.677 0.46 0.57 0.217 2.04 2.13 0.582
New Jersey 1.72 1.78 0.537 4.50 4.23 0.398 8.18 8.54 0.590 0.35 0.39 0.464 1.28 1.38 0.283
New Mexico 2.50b 2.80 0.089 6.99 7.54 0.335 8.79 9.54 0.391 0.60 0.72 0.381 1.69 1.90 0.203
New York 2.04 2.02 0.816 5.58 5.21 0.190 8.54 8.16 0.453 0.42 0.51 0.125 1.50 1.53 0.725
North Carolina 1.86 1.81 0.586 5.10 4.93 0.583 7.27 6.90 0.527 0.37 0.41 0.419 1.31 1.30 0.898
North Dakota 2.06 1.89 0.147 4.61a 3.79 0.021 7.88 7.46 0.519 0.34 0.42 0.177 1.69 1.61 0.565
Ohio 1.91a 2.10 0.029 5.14 5.37 0.423 8.04 8.80 0.166 0.30b 0.39 0.063 1.33a 1.51 0.040
Oklahoma 1.83 1.88 0.708 4.59 4.66 0.855 5.78 6.64 0.128 0.50 0.47 0.753 1.33 1.37 0.718
Oregon 2.67a 3.18 0.005 6.46 6.85 0.386 10.18a 12.36 0.021 0.66 0.87 0.141 1.96a 2.45 0.010
Pennsylvania 1.80 1.83 0.731 4.56 4.39 0.523 8.08 7.99 0.862 0.35 0.41 0.190 1.35 1.40 0.529
Rhode Island 2.77 2.79 0.887 7.23 6.51 0.144 9.57 10.10 0.530 0.68 0.81 0.269 2.00 2.17 0.336
South Carolina 1.73 1.64 0.310 4.81 4.55 0.471 7.68 6.85 0.200 0.32 0.35 0.469 1.25 1.18 0.480
South Dakota 1.94 1.84 0.377 4.75 4.65 0.763 7.32 7.02 0.651 0.45 0.42 0.689 1.46 1.37 0.427
Tennessee 1.64 1.68 0.651 4.96 4.77 0.565 6.53 6.37 0.792 0.27 0.31 0.367 1.11 1.16 0.656
Texas 1.50 1.54 0.568 4.52 4.21 0.230 5.50 5.56 0.868 0.18a 0.27 0.009 0.97 1.06 0.164
Utah 1.63 1.70 0.563 3.47 3.19 0.340 5.71 6.10 0.538 0.29 0.36 0.211 1.26 1.40 0.284
Vermont 3.08 3.35 0.183 6.53 7.25 0.175 12.40 12.14 0.823 0.70 0.88 0.179 2.41 2.60 0.413
Virginia 1.86 1.82 0.637 4.92 4.52 0.212 7.61 7.06 0.332 0.33b 0.41 0.097 1.34 1.35 0.931
Washington 2.44a 2.91 0.009 5.39 5.81 0.319 8.54a 10.30 0.042 0.74a 1.02 0.048 1.88a 2.36 0.013
West Virginia 1.73a 1.52 0.040 5.53a 4.61 0.030 7.41a 5.95 0.020 0.28 0.33 0.271 1.16 1.05 0.245
Wisconsin 2.27 2.16 0.367 5.91 5.56 0.389 8.68 8.34 0.645 0.44 0.50 0.410 1.62 1.57 0.667
Wyoming 1.93 1.87 0.570 4.96 4.45 0.211 7.66 7.28 0.559 0.41 0.50 0.261 1.42 1.42 0.978
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
NOTE: Average annual initiation of marijuana (%) = 100 × {[X1 ÷ (0.5 × X1 + X2)] ÷ 2}, where X1 is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months and X2 is the number of individuals who never used marijuana (with the at-risk population defined as 0.5 × X1 + X2). Both of the computation components, X1 and X2, are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent's age at the time of the interview, not his or her age at first use. For details, see Section B of the "2016-2017 NSDUH: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology" at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 6 – Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 3.42 3.38 0.478 2.71a 2.43 0.012 7.32 7.07 0.228 2.86 2.88 0.776 3.50 3.47 0.732
Northeast 3.46 3.41 0.666 2.25 2.05 0.200 7.73 7.74 0.978 2.90 2.86 0.792 3.57 3.53 0.760
Midwest 3.17 3.28 0.258 2.73a 2.41 0.038 6.94 7.21 0.321 2.58 2.73 0.218 3.21 3.37 0.149
South 3.30 3.17 0.193 2.88a 2.53 0.015 6.95 6.63 0.191 2.75 2.70 0.648 3.34 3.24 0.332
West 3.83 3.76 0.592 2.74 2.55 0.308 7.92a 7.16 0.028 3.26 3.34 0.593 3.94 3.88 0.681
Alabama 3.35 3.43 0.749 2.10 2.71 0.134 8.14b 6.85 0.097 2.70 2.96 0.405 3.47 3.51 0.912
Alaska 3.84 3.54 0.289 3.62a 2.42 0.006 7.97 7.17 0.322 3.11 3.08 0.923 3.86 3.66 0.523
Arizona 3.92 3.46 0.114 2.72 2.31 0.268 7.62a 5.89 0.027 3.44 3.19 0.482 4.05 3.58 0.142
Arkansas 3.30 3.66 0.256 3.22 3.14 0.840 6.47 6.40 0.919 2.78 3.27 0.189 3.31 3.71 0.236
California 3.99 3.82 0.362 2.67 2.46 0.447 8.21a 7.00 0.024 3.41 3.45 0.872 4.12 3.96 0.409
Colorado 3.77 3.93 0.594 2.74 2.63 0.796 8.77 9.03 0.795 3.06 3.25 0.556 3.88 4.06 0.569
Connecticut 3.68 3.73 0.850 2.65 2.27 0.283 9.27 9.26 0.993 2.89 3.00 0.728 3.78 3.87 0.753
Delaware 3.47 3.41 0.848 2.48 2.31 0.671 7.22 6.61 0.432 3.00 3.05 0.869 3.56 3.51 0.883
District of Columbia 4.79 5.36 0.171 2.18a 3.23 0.049 10.02 9.57 0.656 3.89 4.68 0.106 4.94 5.48 0.215
Florida 3.42 3.18 0.231 2.86 2.54 0.278 6.35 6.34 0.991 3.06 2.81 0.281 3.47 3.23 0.277
Georgia 3.53b 3.08 0.060 2.55 2.27 0.405 6.93a 5.52 0.017 3.07 2.77 0.313 3.64b 3.17 0.073
Hawaii 3.21a 2.67 0.037 3.11 2.50 0.181 7.38 6.17 0.128 2.61 2.21 0.173 3.22b 2.69 0.055
Idaho 3.31 2.99 0.203 2.95 2.59 0.374 7.11 5.99 0.136 2.72 2.55 0.564 3.35 3.04 0.255
Illinois 3.25 3.19 0.779 2.54 2.40 0.653 8.57 9.19 0.396 2.46 2.32 0.537 3.32 3.27 0.823
Indiana 3.35 3.76 0.131 2.90 2.34 0.185 7.30 8.07 0.357 2.71 3.19 0.141 3.40b 3.91 0.083
Iowa 2.77 3.02 0.239 2.78 2.25 0.148 5.90 6.58 0.338 2.21 2.48 0.277 2.77 3.10 0.152
Kansas 2.83 2.90 0.764 2.88 2.33 0.173 5.38 5.15 0.720 2.36 2.57 0.462 2.82 2.96 0.593
Kentucky 3.21 2.96 0.340 2.41 2.30 0.741 6.34 5.64 0.312 2.78 2.60 0.552 3.29 3.03 0.356
Louisiana 3.83 3.48 0.225 3.02 2.61 0.325 8.57a 6.87 0.036 3.13 3.03 0.768 3.92 3.57 0.272
Maine 2.75 2.97 0.323 2.61 2.14 0.185 6.32 7.40 0.166 2.28 2.45 0.495 2.76 3.04 0.245
Maryland 3.31 3.35 0.876 2.92 2.54 0.286 7.22 8.06 0.279 2.75 2.72 0.939 3.35 3.43 0.767
Massachusetts 3.75b 4.26 0.074 2.25 2.29 0.910 8.44 9.19 0.392 3.10 3.62 0.121 3.89b 4.44 0.077
Michigan 3.38 3.68 0.144 2.64 2.58 0.835 7.33 7.23 0.863 2.79b 3.22 0.088 3.45 3.80 0.134
Minnesota 3.18 3.17 0.958 3.07 2.58 0.215 7.07 7.46 0.636 2.57 2.56 0.959 3.19 3.23 0.882
Mississippi 3.29 3.35 0.821 2.79 2.89 0.789 6.17 6.32 0.829 2.84 2.89 0.880 3.35 3.40 0.852
Missouri 3.20 3.32 0.697 4.26a 3.07 0.027 5.90 5.52 0.576 2.62 2.99 0.320 3.09 3.34 0.444
Montana 3.18 3.59 0.106 3.09 2.92 0.701 6.93 7.76 0.313 2.57 2.99 0.160 3.18b 3.65 0.094
Nebraska 3.13 2.87 0.270 2.60 2.24 0.310 6.37 6.34 0.970 2.62 2.33 0.318 3.19 2.93 0.333
Nevada 3.57 3.89 0.271 4.07 3.35 0.135 6.73 7.58 0.303 3.03 3.41 0.290 3.52 3.94 0.185
New Hampshire 3.88 3.66 0.431 2.28 2.63 0.375 11.40 10.37 0.336 2.86 2.73 0.682 4.02 3.76 0.367
New Jersey 2.91 2.74 0.394 2.14 1.92 0.487 7.48 6.68 0.242 2.32 2.25 0.763 2.99 2.82 0.446
New Mexico 3.57 3.68 0.668 3.25 2.56 0.115 8.16 8.09 0.932 2.84 3.10 0.403 3.60 3.80 0.490
New York 3.42 3.30 0.577 2.22 1.91 0.251 6.91 6.89 0.969 2.96 2.87 0.695 3.53 3.43 0.661
North Carolina 3.52 3.28 0.267 2.99 2.52 0.177 7.17 6.87 0.657 3.00 2.80 0.446 3.58 3.36 0.347
North Dakota 2.80 2.97 0.484 3.08a 2.31 0.047 5.67 5.92 0.732 2.15 2.43 0.296 2.78 3.03 0.322
Ohio 3.08 3.16 0.673 2.08 2.14 0.800 6.34 6.56 0.688 2.68 2.74 0.773 3.18 3.27 0.695
Oklahoma 3.24 3.22 0.926 2.59 2.43 0.663 6.90b 8.24 0.098 2.68 2.45 0.411 3.31 3.30 0.981
Oregon 4.01b 4.55 0.069 2.71 3.21 0.312 9.00 9.76 0.380 3.38 3.91 0.137 4.12b 4.67 0.091
Pennsylvania 3.59 3.36 0.259 2.20 2.02 0.489 7.61 7.79 0.768 3.11 2.81 0.224 3.72 3.48 0.283
Rhode Island 4.23 4.31 0.793 2.64 2.84 0.647 9.63 8.90 0.473 3.41 3.64 0.546 4.37 4.44 0.835
South Carolina 3.78 3.73 0.861 3.84 3.38 0.319 9.09 8.18 0.331 2.92 3.07 0.645 3.77 3.76 0.974
South Dakota 3.21 3.19 0.927 3.29 3.00 0.547 7.35 6.51 0.317 2.48 2.65 0.604 3.20 3.21 0.993
Tennessee 3.58 3.48 0.661 2.51 2.60 0.834 8.01 7.79 0.791 2.99 2.89 0.732 3.69 3.56 0.634
Texas 2.89 2.81 0.659 3.24a 2.47 0.014 6.40 6.12 0.582 2.20 2.27 0.733 2.85 2.86 0.969
Utah 3.31 3.09 0.361 2.07 2.20 0.729 6.06 5.78 0.670 2.90 2.64 0.384 3.48 3.21 0.311
Vermont 4.68 4.71 0.930 2.15 2.40 0.578 13.92 14.55 0.626 3.32 3.23 0.798 4.90 4.91 0.987
Virginia 2.94 3.01 0.723 2.46 2.27 0.543 6.61 6.77 0.809 2.39 2.50 0.680 2.99 3.09 0.664
Washington 3.58 3.86 0.289 2.57 2.71 0.755 7.18 7.21 0.967 3.12 3.47 0.271 3.67 3.97 0.307
West Virginia 2.95 2.94 0.976 2.43 1.89 0.116 6.29 6.30 0.994 2.51 2.56 0.844 2.99 3.04 0.867
Wisconsin 2.96 3.00 0.842 2.38 2.06 0.362 6.18 6.64 0.529 2.49 2.51 0.931 3.01 3.10 0.746
Wyoming 3.05 2.87 0.443 2.52 2.03 0.166 6.23 5.49 0.300 2.59 2.56 0.912 3.117 2.96 0.563
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
NOTE: Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana Use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 7 – Cocaine Use in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 1.84a 2.03 0.001 0.58 0.53 0.302 5.46a 5.88 0.024 1.39a 1.59 0.002 1.97a 2.19 0.000
Northeast 2.26 2.34 0.382 0.58 0.53 0.433 6.67 6.69 0.974 1.73 1.85 0.279 2.42 2.51 0.369
Midwest 1.51a 1.77 0.000 0.55 0.51 0.552 4.40a 5.22 0.000 1.14a 1.34 0.007 1.61a 1.90 0.000
South 1.60a 1.75 0.022 0.45 0.42 0.521 4.75 4.99 0.268 1.22a 1.39 0.036 1.72a 1.89 0.019
West 2.22a 2.49 0.006 0.81 0.71 0.317 6.61b 7.24 0.077 1.64a 1.92 0.013 2.36a 2.67 0.005
Alabama 1.21a 1.62 0.004 0.33 0.36 0.661 2.96a 3.84 0.042 1.02a 1.41 0.009 1.30a 1.75 0.004
Alaska 2.12 2.32 0.369 0.89 0.71 0.219 5.83 5.76 0.918 1.61 1.95 0.128 2.26 2.50 0.323
Arizona 2.07 2.11 0.832 0.79 0.66 0.300 6.22 5.85 0.615 1.52 1.67 0.488 2.20 2.27 0.791
Arkansas 1.23b 1.48 0.083 0.47 0.51 0.539 3.15 3.75 0.182 1.01 1.23 0.124 1.31b 1.58 0.086
California 2.42b 2.71 0.065 0.75 0.69 0.565 7.16 7.99 0.144 1.80 2.05 0.115 2.59b 2.91 0.058
Colorado 2.42 2.68 0.304 1.01 0.79 0.227 8.18 8.32 0.881 1.62 1.98 0.135 2.56 2.87 0.263
Connecticut 2.48 2.74 0.278 0.62 0.60 0.860 9.07 8.36 0.426 1.62b 2.08 0.054 2.66 2.95 0.277
Delaware 1.93 2.02 0.651 0.41 0.37 0.584 6.10 6.20 0.886 1.46 1.58 0.541 2.08 2.18 0.639
District of Columbia 3.46a 4.34 0.030 0.18 0.22 0.592 6.75 7.00 0.789 3.00a 4.10 0.014 3.64a 4.57 0.031
Florida 1.63a 1.96 0.012 0.45 0.45 0.985 5.35b 6.22 0.067 1.22a 1.52 0.028 1.73a 2.09 0.011
Georgia 1.90 1.74 0.389 0.36 0.34 0.706 4.61 4.45 0.765 1.64 1.46 0.399 2.08 1.89 0.391
Hawaii 1.98 1.88 0.629 0.84 0.58 0.151 5.01 5.22 0.755 1.65 1.55 0.626 2.08 1.99 0.698
Idaho 1.26 1.37 0.409 0.83 0.66 0.234 3.84 4.24 0.417 0.88 0.99 0.407 1.31 1.45 0.327
Illinois 1.74 1.94 0.199 0.53 0.48 0.495 4.92b 5.84 0.081 1.36 1.49 0.437 1.87 2.09 0.186
Indiana 1.32a 1.90 0.001 0.53 0.55 0.822 3.94a 5.72 0.002 0.96a 1.41 0.005 1.41a 2.05 0.001
Iowa 1.19b 1.43 0.068 0.58 0.55 0.681 3.75 4.53 0.119 0.80 0.99 0.117 1.25b 1.52 0.062
Kansas 1.24a 1.58 0.017 0.63 0.55 0.400 3.83a 4.89 0.044 0.84a 1.13 0.033 1.30a 1.70 0.013
Kentucky 1.65 1.60 0.759 0.59 0.54 0.598 5.09 4.74 0.531 1.21 1.21 0.980 1.75 1.70 0.776
Louisiana 1.69 1.43 0.139 0.29 0.28 0.835 4.41 3.69 0.162 1.40 1.19 0.261 1.84 1.55 0.137
Maine 1.82 1.86 0.826 0.86 0.70 0.231 6.44 6.62 0.766 1.30 1.33 0.814 1.91 1.96 0.772
Maryland 1.80 2.11 0.146 0.36 0.35 0.854 5.26 6.20 0.162 1.42 1.69 0.227 1.94 2.29 0.144
Massachusetts 2.80 3.05 0.369 0.73 0.64 0.427 9.07 9.35 0.783 1.94 2.22 0.267 2.99 3.27 0.355
Michigan 1.45b 1.70 0.051 0.44 0.44 0.991 3.79a 4.75 0.017 1.17 1.33 0.226 1.55b 1.82 0.051
Minnesota 1.77 1.70 0.694 0.70 0.57 0.224 5.53 4.79 0.208 1.30 1.35 0.772 1.88 1.82 0.744
Mississippi 1.27 1.29 0.885 0.25 0.24 0.925 2.66 2.90 0.507 1.16 1.15 0.952 1.38 1.41 0.885
Missouri 1.29a 1.59 0.041 0.48 0.47 0.913 3.90 4.44 0.275 0.95a 1.26 0.034 1.37a 1.71 0.040
Montana 1.80 1.91 0.551 1.08 0.89 0.296 5.71 5.81 0.878 1.25 1.39 0.362 1.87 2.00 0.488
Nebraska 1.40b 1.68 0.071 0.62 0.60 0.846 4.48a 5.65 0.041 0.95 1.11 0.256 1.49b 1.80 0.066
Nevada 1.84a 2.33 0.015 0.66 0.62 0.692 4.82b 5.83 0.100 1.53a 2.02 0.018 1.96a 2.50 0.013
New Hampshire 2.78a 2.20 0.015 1.13 0.89 0.277 10.84a 8.81 0.049 1.69b 1.32 0.078 2.93a 2.32 0.016
New Jersey 1.93 1.87 0.711 0.55 0.49 0.457 6.63 6.48 0.810 1.38 1.34 0.791 2.06 2.01 0.731
New Mexico 1.88 2.02 0.473 0.96 0.74 0.173 5.42 5.58 0.827 1.40 1.59 0.303 1.98 2.15 0.405
New York 2.37 2.46 0.609 0.45 0.44 0.910 5.77 5.79 0.959 2.01 2.13 0.529 2.55 2.65 0.613
North Carolina 1.88 1.86 0.903 0.39 0.40 0.869 5.67 5.17 0.386 1.45 1.51 0.740 2.03 2.01 0.891
North Dakota 1.23b 1.51 0.067 0.81 0.61 0.149 3.84 4.68 0.127 0.72b 0.96 0.060 1.27a 1.60 0.049
Ohio 1.66 1.76 0.419 0.48 0.50 0.807 4.86 5.17 0.480 1.29 1.37 0.532 1.78 1.89 0.429
Oklahoma 1.40b 1.70 0.055 0.53 0.48 0.500 4.17a 5.39 0.023 1.03 1.22 0.192 1.50a 1.83 0.048
Oregon 2.51a 2.98 0.038 1.00 1.01 0.976 7.96 8.86 0.237 1.83a 2.30 0.046 2.64a 3.16 0.037
Pennsylvania 1.87 1.98 0.438 0.56 0.54 0.742 5.22 5.57 0.463 1.48 1.58 0.532 1.99 2.12 0.430
Rhode Island 2.79 2.66 0.649 0.84 0.70 0.341 8.90 7.68 0.161 1.88 1.97 0.714 2.96 2.84 0.671
South Carolina 1.69 1.95 0.162 0.34 0.38 0.628 5.31 5.95 0.288 1.26 1.50 0.209 1.82 2.10 0.166
South Dakota 1.22 1.14 0.535 0.75 0.56 0.162 3.65 3.45 0.666 0.85 0.82 0.760 1.27 1.20 0.624
Tennessee 1.69 1.87 0.341 0.49 0.50 0.913 4.66 5.26 0.311 1.35 1.49 0.458 1.81 2.01 0.341
Texas 1.41 1.47 0.648 0.57 0.46 0.177 4.69 4.42 0.542 0.93 1.08 0.228 1.51 1.59 0.575
Utah 1.28a 1.71 0.005 0.81 0.69 0.364 3.53a 4.67 0.024 0.85a 1.23 0.009 1.34a 1.85 0.003
Vermont 3.02 3.50 0.116 1.14 0.93 0.302 10.83 12.24 0.245 1.84 2.23 0.145 3.18 3.72 0.103
Virginia 1.48a 1.93 0.005 0.43 0.43 0.976 4.31a 5.26 0.045 1.15a 1.57 0.010 1.59a 2.08 0.005
Washington 1.94b 2.33 0.067 0.79 0.70 0.539 5.75 6.52 0.248 1.47b 1.87 0.064 2.05b 2.49 0.060
West Virginia 1.55 1.65 0.539 0.70 0.61 0.481 5.29 5.07 0.749 1.08 1.26 0.262 1.62 1.75 0.507
Wisconsin 1.38a 2.02 0.000 0.68 0.58 0.384 4.34a 6.19 0.002 0.97a 1.50 0.001 1.45a 2.16 0.000
Wyoming 1.42 1.59 0.219 0.98 0.83 0.293 4.81 4.83 0.977 0.91a 1.17 0.047 1.47 1.67 0.175
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 8 – Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 71.89 71.55 0.104 56.54 56.01 0.132 65.07a 63.91 0.002 74.84 74.62 0.365 73.44 73.11 0.137
Northeast 69.12 68.92 0.600 56.41 55.84 0.364 61.75a 60.02 0.012 71.69 71.73 0.938 70.30 70.12 0.660
Midwest 72.18a 71.40 0.007 55.60 54.66 0.106 64.94a 63.40 0.012 75.40b 74.73 0.061 73.89a 73.11 0.013
South 75.25 75.44 0.443 58.39 57.72 0.201 68.70 68.49 0.708 78.36 78.68 0.316 76.99 77.26 0.326
West 68.37a 67.48 0.018 54.52 54.58 0.935 62.01a 60.09 0.011 71.12b 70.23 0.058 69.78a 68.78 0.014
Alabama 78.48b 76.69 0.055 60.04 58.73 0.481 73.25 71.28 0.199 81.54 79.67 0.101 80.35b 78.50 0.066
Alaska 66.96 66.25 0.503 53.40 52.81 0.739 62.37 60.84 0.419 69.59 68.89 0.602 68.47 67.73 0.529
Arizona 69.86 71.38 0.135 55.56 58.15 0.137 63.55 65.19 0.349 72.70 74.02 0.304 71.37 72.76 0.215
Arkansas 77.49 77.28 0.809 59.64 56.96 0.121 74.13b 71.37 0.070 80.24 80.74 0.643 79.36 79.41 0.960
California 68.92a 67.53 0.019 54.68 54.97 0.782 62.42a 59.87 0.021 71.76a 70.31 0.048 70.37a 68.79 0.013
Colorado 65.76 64.77 0.348 53.03 52.21 0.649 57.01 56.00 0.585 68.72 67.66 0.421 67.03 66.02 0.379
Connecticut 68.78 67.67 0.321 55.12 54.86 0.887 59.81a 56.31 0.049 71.82 70.97 0.541 70.13 68.91 0.317
Delaware 71.79 71.31 0.629 54.21 56.17 0.282 66.07 66.82 0.652 74.59 73.60 0.428 73.44 72.71 0.504
District of Columbia 61.35 60.19 0.330 54.72 56.65 0.341 55.51 53.11 0.226 62.99 61.78 0.411 61.71 60.36 0.286
Florida 75.42b 76.45 0.088 59.31 57.88 0.190 68.92 67.40 0.189 77.95a 79.51 0.033 76.82b 78.04 0.061
Georgia 76.15a 77.72 0.034 59.66 61.39 0.271 71.67 70.90 0.570 79.09a 81.00 0.038 77.99b 79.54 0.055
Hawaii 68.25 67.73 0.650 55.60 53.74 0.342 64.47 64.35 0.948 70.11 69.62 0.725 69.38 68.97 0.740
Idaho 70.78 71.25 0.625 56.18 55.81 0.833 64.93 65.02 0.960 73.82 74.45 0.609 72.53 73.10 0.595
Illinois 71.99 70.93 0.124 55.13 55.10 0.983 64.22 63.08 0.392 75.31 74.09 0.150 73.73 72.55 0.114
Indiana 73.01 73.31 0.726 56.55 55.61 0.605 66.88 65.43 0.379 76.18 76.92 0.503 74.78 75.21 0.650
Iowa 71.58 70.59 0.278 57.10 54.58 0.184 63.34 61.50 0.278 74.80 74.13 0.564 73.05 72.22 0.400
Kansas 73.08 71.79 0.129 56.50 55.70 0.636 69.10b 66.16 0.073 75.98 74.88 0.303 74.92 73.56 0.146
Kentucky 74.91 75.46 0.541 58.70 58.35 0.843 67.45 67.12 0.844 78.05 78.82 0.491 76.54 77.18 0.519
Louisiana 75.14 73.91 0.152 56.87 55.03 0.315 68.26 68.05 0.899 78.58 77.18 0.193 77.07 75.88 0.204
Maine 70.93 70.18 0.482 56.47 56.63 0.928 62.04 59.87 0.220 73.55 72.86 0.594 72.17 71.31 0.459
Maryland 70.72 71.40 0.484 57.94 56.74 0.519 63.82 62.63 0.462 73.25 74.40 0.349 71.97 72.83 0.415
Massachusetts 64.73 63.65 0.305 56.13 54.52 0.368 57.31a 53.75 0.045 66.93 66.31 0.639 65.50 64.46 0.361
Michigan 72.88 72.99 0.867 53.45 53.65 0.881 64.23 64.53 0.806 76.66 76.67 0.993 74.85 74.92 0.923
Minnesota 66.90 66.23 0.499 52.59 52.26 0.858 59.12 59.13 0.995 69.84 69.00 0.497 68.35 67.64 0.516
Mississippi 79.88 79.47 0.564 60.85 58.42 0.164 75.35 73.37 0.203 83.16 83.23 0.938 81.97 81.76 0.786
Missouri 73.83 73.04 0.405 57.38 56.40 0.599 66.75b 63.83 0.069 76.95 76.49 0.696 75.49 74.71 0.443
Montana 68.49 68.34 0.886 55.88 53.99 0.303 58.53 58.89 0.829 71.47 71.38 0.940 69.65 69.65 0.999
Nebraska 72.22 70.79 0.129 53.87 53.66 0.904 63.65a 60.13 0.048 76.10 74.88 0.302 74.20 72.65 0.131
Nevada 69.49 69.95 0.655 51.21 52.63 0.446 64.21 62.63 0.372 72.41 73.00 0.646 71.33 71.68 0.760
New Hampshire 66.93 67.04 0.920 54.49 54.96 0.794 55.87b 52.47 0.079 69.98 70.53 0.670 68.05 68.10 0.964
New Jersey 71.57 71.77 0.822 58.44 59.02 0.723 62.05 61.95 0.953 74.51 74.69 0.874 72.88 73.03 0.878
New Mexico 69.06 69.51 0.659 53.08 53.07 0.997 62.86 62.23 0.720 72.09 72.73 0.619 70.75 71.24 0.663
New York 69.27 68.85 0.545 56.21 55.98 0.846 63.15 62.06 0.337 71.69 71.31 0.654 70.46 70.01 0.546
North Carolina 73.90 74.58 0.389 58.45b 55.45 0.062 67.00 68.62 0.273 76.85 77.78 0.341 75.47 76.52 0.225
North Dakota 72.93b 71.37 0.075 58.24 55.62 0.130 63.34 61.09 0.190 76.63 75.22 0.198 74.25 72.80 0.126
Ohio 73.09 72.47 0.354 58.18 56.65 0.231 66.85 64.96 0.128 75.86 75.51 0.669 74.61 74.06 0.449
Oklahoma 73.49 72.51 0.308 57.02 58.38 0.457 68.94 69.33 0.816 76.38 74.84 0.197 75.27 74.03 0.239
Oregon 63.35 62.53 0.447 52.72 50.99 0.350 56.20 53.98 0.213 65.57 65.01 0.675 64.32 63.56 0.519
Pennsylvania 69.88 70.58 0.323 55.90 54.27 0.193 63.56 61.55 0.121 72.37 73.71 0.133 71.17 72.07 0.243
Rhode Island 68.96 67.52 0.169 57.65 56.01 0.381 61.92 59.38 0.176 71.42 70.15 0.341 69.95 68.51 0.207
South Carolina 76.74 76.02 0.411 57.75 56.23 0.390 68.88 68.14 0.615 80.16 79.46 0.523 78.59 77.93 0.487
South Dakota 70.81 70.25 0.550 52.85 52.86 0.994 64.34 64.61 0.871 74.12 73.34 0.507 72.67 72.07 0.556
Tennessee 76.41 76.08 0.693 60.19 57.66 0.157 69.22 69.51 0.856 79.48 79.25 0.830 78.04 77.91 0.888
Texas 76.44 76.43 0.977 58.07 58.18 0.926 69.70 70.22 0.632 80.27 80.10 0.790 78.63 78.59 0.947
Utah 74.02a 71.99 0.020 60.86 60.13 0.676 70.43a 66.83 0.030 77.08b 75.15 0.096 75.85a 73.63 0.023
Vermont 65.56 65.64 0.944 55.27 54.56 0.692 51.77 52.19 0.837 69.00 69.05 0.967 66.42 66.55 0.919
Virginia 71.06 71.21 0.865 54.93 56.28 0.401 61.68 63.35 0.260 74.45 74.16 0.781 72.64 72.66 0.986
Washington 65.19 63.73 0.199 52.24 50.67 0.397 58.96b 55.63 0.071 67.62 66.41 0.393 66.43 64.96 0.234
West Virginia 76.14 75.25 0.343 56.74 53.96 0.103 67.03 66.57 0.783 79.47 78.68 0.493 77.86 77.13 0.470
Wisconsin 71.93a 69.23 0.006 54.36b 50.67 0.055 64.74a 61.09 0.027 75.18a 72.72 0.043 73.69a 71.07 0.013
Wyoming 72.78 71.96 0.380 55.68 55.91 0.898 64.83 64.39 0.799 76.10 75.04 0.366 74.49 73.58 0.366
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 9 – Heroin Use in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 0.33 0.34 0.708 0.07 0.05 0.334 0.64 0.64 0.968 0.31 0.32 0.621 0.36 0.37 0.662
Northeast 0.46 0.45 0.668 0.08 0.05 0.142 0.81 0.77 0.619 0.45 0.44 0.818 0.50 0.48 0.711
Midwest 0.33 0.35 0.435 0.08 0.05 0.252 0.65 0.65 0.942 0.30 0.33 0.319 0.35 0.38 0.376
South 0.28b 0.33 0.063 0.07 0.05 0.399 0.58 0.67 0.107 0.26 0.30 0.120 0.30b 0.35 0.053
West 0.32 0.27 0.101 0.05 0.06 0.873 0.59 0.49 0.117 0.30 0.26 0.213 0.34b 0.29 0.093
Alabama 0.31 0.30 0.748 0.01 0.02 0.356 0.68 0.58 0.398 0.29 0.29 0.960 0.35 0.33 0.721
Alaska 0.75a 0.44 0.005 0.09 0.10 0.675 1.33a 0.91 0.040 0.73a 0.41 0.012 0.82a 0.48 0.005
Arizona 0.45b 0.35 0.091 0.03 0.05 0.380 0.88 0.77 0.464 0.43b 0.32 0.081 0.50b 0.38 0.085
Arkansas 0.20 0.25 0.161 0.05 0.05 0.971 0.45 0.49 0.641 0.18 0.23 0.117 0.22 0.27 0.160
California 0.24b 0.19 0.069 0.04 0.05 0.601 0.43b 0.30 0.066 0.23 0.18 0.162 0.26b 0.20 0.063
Colorado 0.35 0.28 0.147 0.03 0.04 0.346 0.66 0.54 0.249 0.34 0.26 0.191 0.38 0.30 0.141
Connecticut 0.71 0.70 0.965 0.07 0.06 0.575 1.21 1.31 0.675 0.70 0.68 0.861 0.77 0.77 0.967
Delaware 0.73 0.84 0.494 0.09 0.06 0.579 1.49 1.56 0.844 0.68 0.82 0.449 0.79 0.92 0.487
District of Columbia 0.44 0.37 0.342 0.02 0.01 0.271 0.23 0.32 0.176 0.51 0.40 0.247 0.47 0.39 0.347
Florida 0.24b 0.29 0.095 0.22a 0.14 0.006 0.58 0.63 0.555 0.19a 0.26 0.050 0.24b 0.30 0.069
Georgia 0.17 0.19 0.285 0.03 0.02 0.862 0.35 0.37 0.727 0.15 0.19 0.242 0.18 0.21 0.282
Hawaii 0.24 0.24 0.957 0.01a 0.05 0.023 0.72 0.56 0.256 0.20 0.22 0.587 0.26 0.26 0.974
Idaho 0.33 0.33 0.990 0.09 0.06 0.254 0.64 0.58 0.580 0.31 0.32 0.774 0.35 0.36 0.937
Illinois 0.25 0.25 1.000 0.04 0.04 0.710 0.49 0.45 0.687 0.24 0.25 0.860 0.27 0.27 0.990
Indiana 0.43a 0.64 0.004 0.07 0.07 0.775 0.86a 1.26 0.012 0.40a 0.60 0.009 0.47a 0.70 0.004
Iowa 0.20 0.23 0.330 0.06 0.05 0.416 0.51 0.48 0.709 0.16 0.20 0.134 0.21 0.24 0.313
Kansas 0.27 0.29 0.457 0.08 0.06 0.311 0.55 0.52 0.773 0.24 0.29 0.262 0.29 0.32 0.418
Kentucky 0.47 0.37 0.106 0.04 0.05 0.710 0.86 0.67 0.134 0.45 0.36 0.156 0.51 0.41 0.102
Louisiana 0.22 0.22 0.896 0.06 0.04 0.197 0.39 0.40 0.873 0.20 0.21 0.838 0.23 0.24 0.844
Maine 0.48 0.51 0.682 0.02 0.05 0.187 1.15 1.24 0.610 0.43 0.45 0.785 0.52 0.55 0.712
Maryland 0.54 0.54 0.996 0.11a 0.05 0.010 0.86 1.03 0.329 0.54 0.52 0.842 0.58 0.58 0.958
Massachusetts 0.36 0.42 0.322 0.03 0.03 0.508 0.66 0.62 0.780 0.35 0.43 0.219 0.39 0.46 0.332
Michigan 0.35 0.31 0.316 0.09 0.06 0.201 0.63 0.52 0.265 0.34 0.30 0.481 0.38 0.33 0.344
Minnesota 0.29b 0.23 0.084 0.03 0.03 0.780 0.72b 0.51 0.054 0.25 0.21 0.219 0.32b 0.25 0.085
Mississippi 0.22 0.21 0.773 0.01 0.01 0.422 0.43 0.42 0.913 0.21 0.20 0.747 0.24 0.23 0.745
Missouri 0.33 0.30 0.441 0.05 0.04 0.871 0.68 0.54 0.200 0.30 0.29 0.709 0.36 0.32 0.441
Montana 0.32 0.33 0.780 0.10 0.08 0.537 0.78 0.71 0.561 0.27 0.30 0.521 0.34 0.36 0.756
Nebraska 0.24 0.22 0.496 0.12a 0.07 0.041 0.49 0.40 0.238 0.22 0.21 0.863 0.26 0.24 0.605
Nevada 0.33a 0.50 0.022 0.05 0.09 0.152 0.74a 1.16 0.018 0.30b 0.45 0.063 0.36a 0.54 0.026
New Hampshire 0.87 0.68 0.121 0.14 0.09 0.334 1.90 1.43 0.152 0.79 0.62 0.201 0.94 0.73 0.125
New Jersey 0.51 0.45 0.388 0.09b 0.05 0.083 0.92 0.82 0.536 0.50 0.44 0.455 0.55 0.49 0.415
New Mexico 0.37 0.34 0.571 0.17b 0.10 0.064 0.82 0.81 0.949 0.32 0.29 0.620 0.39 0.37 0.657
New York 0.42a 0.30 0.018 0.08b 0.04 0.051 0.63b 0.46 0.068 0.42a 0.30 0.043 0.45a 0.32 0.021
North Carolina 0.34a 0.45 0.014 0.04 0.04 0.750 0.71a 0.96 0.022 0.32a 0.42 0.037 0.37a 0.49 0.015
North Dakota 0.32a 0.46 0.010 0.12b 0.07 0.071 0.62a 0.86 0.049 0.27a 0.42 0.010 0.33a 0.50 0.008
Ohio 0.41 0.45 0.463 0.11 0.07 0.146 0.78 0.83 0.690 0.38 0.44 0.419 0.44 0.49 0.418
Oklahoma 0.31a 0.43 0.015 0.06 0.07 0.679 0.66a 0.99 0.006 0.28b 0.38 0.054 0.33a 0.47 0.016
Oregon 0.47 0.37 0.122 0.09 0.07 0.440 0.92a 0.61 0.021 0.44 0.36 0.290 0.50 0.40 0.127
Pennsylvania 0.44a 0.58 0.033 0.11 0.08 0.220 0.84 1.04 0.171 0.41a 0.57 0.038 0.47a 0.63 0.031
Rhode Island 0.44 0.43 0.918 0.09 0.06 0.208 0.74 0.69 0.700 0.42 0.43 0.966 0.47 0.47 0.944
South Carolina 0.24b 0.19 0.094 0.07 0.04 0.116 0.54 0.40 0.109 0.21 0.17 0.209 0.26 0.20 0.109
South Dakota 0.36a 0.25 0.014 0.10 0.06 0.160 0.81a 0.51 0.007 0.31b 0.23 0.085 0.39a 0.27 0.018
Tennessee 0.26b 0.34 0.060 0.05 0.05 0.953 0.59 0.66 0.520 0.23a 0.32 0.043 0.28b 0.37 0.061
Texas 0.20a 0.30 0.004 0.04 0.04 0.863 0.44a 0.67 0.008 0.19a 0.27 0.016 0.22a 0.33 0.003
Utah 0.31 0.37 0.170 0.06 0.04 0.328 0.49 0.58 0.327 0.31 0.38 0.197 0.34 0.41 0.160
Vermont 0.56 0.48 0.299 0.15 0.08 0.107 1.19 1.05 0.436 0.49 0.42 0.394 0.59 0.51 0.328
Virginia 0.38 0.36 0.761 0.01 0.02 0.518 0.76 0.72 0.734 0.35 0.34 0.808 0.41 0.39 0.746
Washington 0.46 0.42 0.633 0.08 0.07 0.517 0.81 0.72 0.481 0.44 0.42 0.749 0.49 0.46 0.644
West Virginia 0.57 0.69 0.201 0.02 0.05 0.333 1.27 1.45 0.444 0.52 0.64 0.205 0.62 0.75 0.207
Wisconsin 0.30 0.37 0.170 0.14a 0.06 0.009 0.66 0.69 0.779 0.26b 0.35 0.084 0.32 0.40 0.129
Wyoming 0.33 0.31 0.692 0.09 0.08 0.515 0.76 0.62 0.231 0.29 0.29 0.909 0.35 0.34 0.723
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 10 – Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 85.44a 86.00 0.000 65.41 65.92 0.134 82.80 82.76 0.882 88.23a 88.85 0.000 87.45a 88.00 0.000
Northeast 85.10a 86.02 0.000 66.03 66.55 0.412 82.74 82.95 0.680 87.53a 88.58 0.001 86.86a 87.80 0.001
Midwest 85.53a 86.13 0.006 65.34 65.55 0.695 82.49b 83.20 0.093 88.46a 89.05 0.021 87.60a 88.21 0.006
South 86.73a 87.44 0.000 66.78 67.09 0.527 83.73 83.90 0.675 89.61a 90.42 0.000 88.78a 89.51 0.000
West 83.57 83.57 0.993 62.86b 63.93 0.085 81.68a 80.48 0.028 86.36 86.39 0.944 85.68 85.54 0.655
Alabama 88.18 88.31 0.817 67.66 67.42 0.885 85.75 85.69 0.965 91.00 91.16 0.816 90.25 90.40 0.814
Alaska 82.71 83.35 0.421 62.05 63.59 0.380 81.64 81.02 0.690 85.62 86.28 0.490 85.00 85.52 0.547
Arizona 84.64a 86.57 0.004 65.29 66.92 0.337 82.60 84.37 0.212 87.36a 89.31 0.017 86.67a 88.60 0.008
Arkansas 86.48 86.57 0.875 66.62 65.33 0.413 85.07b 82.32 0.051 89.14 89.85 0.322 88.56 88.79 0.717
California 84.00 83.56 0.294 62.70 64.20 0.126 82.06b 80.44 0.058 86.88 86.35 0.302 86.16 85.49 0.142
Colorado 82.56 83.12 0.474 61.33 62.01 0.704 79.79 79.58 0.893 85.50 86.13 0.503 84.68 85.21 0.528
Connecticut 85.01b 86.32 0.058 65.55 66.16 0.714 81.40 82.15 0.584 87.85b 89.28 0.082 86.94b 88.28 0.069
Delaware 86.20 87.19 0.107 63.66b 66.91 0.083 82.93 84.25 0.363 89.14 89.78 0.383 88.31 89.06 0.249
District of Columbia 83.38 82.28 0.202 64.21 65.64 0.426 79.76 77.54 0.187 85.40 84.29 0.279 84.43 83.18 0.167
Florida 87.67a 89.00 0.001 67.97 67.56 0.692 84.27 84.15 0.901 90.09a 91.74 0.001 89.37a 90.83 0.001
Georgia 87.18a 88.64 0.002 69.98 70.97 0.498 84.97 86.24 0.281 89.81a 91.33 0.008 89.09a 90.60 0.003
Hawaii 82.32 82.41 0.920 63.33 62.18 0.536 82.05 80.72 0.357 84.31 84.68 0.727 84.02 84.20 0.848
Idaho 83.74b 85.00 0.061 65.62 66.98 0.423 79.03 79.97 0.541 87.07 88.34 0.113 85.90b 87.15 0.086
Illinois 85.91 86.10 0.680 63.19 64.51 0.294 82.62 84.00 0.191 89.19 89.00 0.722 88.26 88.30 0.923
Indiana 85.78 86.63 0.128 65.74 65.84 0.950 83.26 84.35 0.447 88.75 89.63 0.186 87.93 88.84 0.122
Iowa 83.31 83.64 0.642 65.07 62.86 0.198 79.54 79.56 0.987 86.16 86.85 0.439 85.15 85.74 0.448
Kansas 84.95 85.17 0.728 64.05 64.65 0.719 82.72 83.11 0.776 88.08 88.19 0.883 87.25 87.42 0.806
Kentucky 87.02b 88.12 0.062 66.83 68.30 0.348 84.58 84.46 0.929 89.79b 91.02 0.074 89.05b 90.10 0.093
Louisiana 86.42b 87.54 0.052 64.84 66.18 0.427 82.65 83.82 0.396 89.71 90.74 0.131 88.68b 89.75 0.080
Maine 85.39a 87.04 0.008 63.65 65.70 0.209 82.39 84.65 0.110 87.89a 89.37 0.040 87.23a 88.81 0.017
Maryland 85.70 86.31 0.325 65.98 68.00 0.229 83.02 81.96 0.433 88.35 89.03 0.361 87.63 88.09 0.484
Massachusetts 84.98 85.06 0.912 67.09 66.02 0.540 80.68 81.07 0.786 87.60 87.71 0.899 86.57 86.74 0.836
Michigan 85.47a 86.39 0.033 63.62 63.98 0.776 81.46b 83.21 0.066 88.73 89.52 0.130 87.67a 88.61 0.041
Minnesota 80.45a 82.32 0.014 60.79 61.45 0.702 76.96b 79.72 0.094 83.31a 85.18 0.043 82.43a 84.43 0.016
Mississippi 87.84 87.97 0.814 67.81 67.67 0.932 85.30 84.57 0.572 90.86 91.14 0.678 90.02 90.17 0.808
Missouri 86.94 86.92 0.984 69.95 68.46 0.332 85.26 83.18 0.137 89.20 89.67 0.521 88.64 88.76 0.852
Montana 84.30b 85.44 0.081 63.05 64.59 0.388 78.99b 81.51 0.079 87.45 88.28 0.288 86.26 87.34 0.122
Nebraska 84.75 84.02 0.289 63.76 63.15 0.711 81.49 79.32 0.161 87.99 87.50 0.565 87.00 86.26 0.325
Nevada 84.12 84.05 0.933 62.43 63.18 0.669 83.00 81.30 0.261 86.79 86.82 0.975 86.29 86.12 0.838
New Hampshire 85.80 86.58 0.191 66.23 67.27 0.512 81.18 82.08 0.541 88.56 89.25 0.335 87.56 88.29 0.248
New Jersey 85.47a 86.64 0.035 67.23 68.23 0.495 82.87 83.66 0.496 87.94b 89.17 0.063 87.28a 88.45 0.046
New Mexico 83.81 84.96 0.102 65.68 66.18 0.770 82.68 81.90 0.594 86.23b 87.76 0.072 85.71 86.92 0.110
New York 84.26a 85.22 0.043 65.65 65.92 0.811 82.78 82.54 0.793 86.48a 87.67 0.040 85.95b 86.95 0.051
North Carolina 85.78a 87.00 0.020 64.60 64.58 0.985 81.57 83.23 0.198 88.96a 90.22 0.042 87.93a 89.27 0.017
North Dakota 84.60 84.16 0.485 66.94 65.28 0.289 78.89 79.74 0.576 87.78 87.14 0.415 86.18 85.86 0.646
Ohio 87.85a 88.80 0.029 70.60 70.79 0.871 85.69 86.53 0.362 90.22b 91.25 0.052 89.59a 90.60 0.032
Oklahoma 85.34 84.64 0.262 64.30 66.04 0.339 82.60 83.19 0.664 88.49b 87.24 0.100 87.61 86.64 0.147
Oregon 81.59 81.07 0.523 61.95 60.73 0.499 80.79a 77.33 0.028 83.77 83.72 0.965 83.37 82.89 0.583
Pennsylvania 86.14a 87.26 0.013 65.75 67.00 0.277 84.56 84.70 0.893 88.56a 89.79 0.023 88.02a 89.11 0.024
Rhode Island 85.35 84.99 0.599 64.05 63.68 0.833 82.91 81.28 0.314 88.01 87.84 0.834 87.22 86.83 0.601
South Carolina 88.00 87.94 0.918 66.76 67.90 0.471 83.88 83.81 0.959 91.05 90.81 0.714 90.05 89.86 0.743
South Dakota 83.09 84.13 0.113 60.32b 63.21 0.097 78.71b 81.40 0.077 86.61 87.15 0.511 85.44 86.31 0.221
Tennessee 86.25 86.71 0.426 66.58 65.28 0.445 83.66 82.90 0.576 88.96 89.77 0.243 88.21 88.83 0.320
Texas 86.48 86.97 0.194 66.91 66.87 0.971 83.74 84.45 0.426 89.73 90.23 0.271 88.80 89.35 0.176
Utah 84.65 83.91 0.214 65.94 66.40 0.773 84.00 81.75 0.118 88.01 87.36 0.382 87.26 86.33 0.164
Vermont 84.14 84.69 0.464 64.73 64.37 0.821 79.18 80.56 0.408 86.93 87.38 0.618 85.77 86.37 0.464
Virginia 85.55 85.61 0.906 64.44 65.92 0.328 82.75 81.02 0.166 88.40 88.56 0.817 87.61 87.52 0.888
Washington 81.43 81.28 0.847 59.79 60.23 0.804 79.55 77.58 0.228 84.12 84.13 0.992 83.49 83.26 0.784
West Virginia 88.64b 89.63 0.082 67.96 66.33 0.341 84.79 85.50 0.600 91.30b 92.58 0.052 90.46a 91.67 0.039
Wisconsin 85.41 85.62 0.743 63.49 63.76 0.871 82.07 81.11 0.520 88.51 88.88 0.632 87.59 87.78 0.781
Wyoming 85.08 85.71 0.304 62.68 64.45 0.290 81.96 82.17 0.891 88.20 88.74 0.464 87.31 87.83 0.430
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 11 – Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 0.58 0.56 0.531 0.14 0.16 0.517 0.85 0.93 0.352 0.58 0.55 0.308 0.62 0.60 0.491
Northeast 0.30 0.28 0.718 0.09 0.10 0.856 0.41 0.47 0.492 0.30 0.28 0.547 0.32 0.30 0.696
Midwest 0.45 0.51 0.185 0.09 0.16 0.115 0.70a 0.95 0.011 0.46 0.47 0.690 0.49 0.54 0.231
South 0.57 0.56 0.778 0.15 0.16 0.761 0.91 0.96 0.591 0.57 0.54 0.611 0.61 0.60 0.749
West 0.91 0.81 0.171 0.22 0.21 0.818 1.23 1.20 0.834 0.94 0.82 0.167 0.98 0.87 0.170
Alabama 0.59b 0.78 0.090 0.13 0.24 0.201 0.96 1.12 0.531 0.58 0.79 0.137 0.64 0.83 0.105
Alaska 1.21a 0.84 0.035 0.37 0.24 0.418 1.19 1.10 0.746 1.33a 0.87 0.049 1.31a 0.90 0.039
Arizona 0.78 0.66 0.342 0.16 0.16 0.961 1.42 1.30 0.697 0.75 0.61 0.401 0.85 0.71 0.336
Arkansas 0.87 0.92 0.732 0.12 0.26 0.130 1.06 1.59 0.124 0.93 0.90 0.887 0.95 0.99 0.793
California 0.99 0.81 0.103 0.26 0.20 0.385 1.09 0.96 0.597 1.06 0.85 0.136 1.07 0.87 0.112
Colorado 0.61a 0.85 0.046 0.12 0.22 0.160 1.16 1.34 0.490 0.57b 0.84 0.072 0.65b 0.91 0.052
Connecticut 0.30 0.29 0.844 0.07 0.09 0.564 0.46 0.45 0.889 0.30 0.29 0.833 0.33 0.31 0.807
Delaware 0.23a 0.40 0.012 0.12 0.18 0.348 0.26 0.37 0.287 0.23a 0.43 0.023 0.24a 0.42 0.014
District of Columbia 0.20 0.22 0.673 0.12 0.07 0.157 0.13 0.11 0.759 0.22 0.25 0.621 0.21 0.23 0.643
Florida 0.44 0.47 0.659 0.13 0.15 0.779 0.66 0.75 0.460 0.44 0.47 0.770 0.47 0.50 0.672
Georgia 0.53 0.54 0.843 0.13 0.17 0.570 0.48 0.59 0.363 0.59 0.59 0.984 0.57 0.59 0.877
Hawaii 0.97 0.75 0.206 0.71 0.35 0.142 1.56b 0.94 0.075 0.92 0.77 0.475 1.00 0.79 0.265
Idaho 0.75 0.87 0.366 0.24 0.33 0.447 1.48 1.57 0.742 0.71 0.83 0.450 0.82 0.94 0.400
Illinois 0.31 0.28 0.530 0.09 0.09 0.813 0.30 0.39 0.301 0.34 0.28 0.416 0.34 0.30 0.534
Indiana 0.62 0.58 0.644 0.11 0.19 0.306 0.86 1.21 0.128 0.64 0.52 0.282 0.68 0.62 0.584
Iowa 0.57 0.56 0.890 0.07 0.15 0.204 0.93 1.12 0.413 0.56 0.50 0.594 0.62 0.60 0.825
Kansas 0.90 0.82 0.601 0.15 0.20 0.583 1.39 1.51 0.717 0.91 0.78 0.504 0.98 0.89 0.581
Kentucky 0.97 0.94 0.820 0.12 0.22 0.172 1.52 1.89 0.259 0.98 0.87 0.522 1.06 1.01 0.762
Louisiana 0.49 0.44 0.511 0.15 0.14 0.897 0.63 0.67 0.825 0.51 0.44 0.477 0.53 0.47 0.512
Maine 0.36 0.42 0.391 0.06 0.12 0.288 0.69a 1.17 0.004 0.35 0.35 0.943 0.39 0.45 0.432
Maryland 0.22 0.25 0.452 0.09 0.09 0.973 0.23 0.32 0.232 0.23 0.26 0.592 0.23 0.27 0.444
Massachusetts 0.33 0.33 0.952 0.07 0.13 0.261 0.37 0.33 0.673 0.35 0.36 0.939 0.35 0.35 0.987
Michigan 0.36 0.41 0.367 0.08 0.14 0.254 0.57b 0.76 0.097 0.35 0.38 0.686 0.38 0.44 0.417
Minnesota 0.53a 0.76 0.041 0.11a 0.27 0.049 0.88 1.22 0.183 0.53 0.74 0.126 0.58b 0.81 0.055
Mississippi 0.75 0.61 0.178 0.13 0.14 0.904 0.76 0.95 0.345 0.83 0.61 0.132 0.82 0.66 0.173
Missouri 0.56a 0.88 0.003 0.11a 0.29 0.040 0.76a 1.32 0.017 0.58a 0.88 0.033 0.60a 0.94 0.005
Montana 0.74 0.68 0.558 0.15 0.17 0.802 1.41 1.62 0.498 0.70 0.59 0.386 0.80 0.73 0.541
Nebraska 0.51 0.52 0.905 0.08 0.14 0.276 0.83 1.14 0.215 0.50 0.45 0.659 0.55 0.56 0.952
Nevada 1.10 0.89 0.226 0.25 0.23 0.780 1.94 1.87 0.881 1.07 0.83 0.259 1.18 0.96 0.227
New Hampshire 0.58 0.66 0.398 0.04a 0.20 0.026 1.10 1.31 0.283 0.56 0.60 0.674 0.63 0.70 0.483
New Jersey 0.27 0.24 0.642 0.10 0.08 0.623 0.43 0.35 0.360 0.26 0.25 0.805 0.28 0.26 0.659
New Mexico 0.95 1.19 0.196 0.27 0.31 0.781 2.01 2.25 0.550 0.86 1.12 0.247 1.03 1.28 0.198
New York 0.22 0.20 0.629 0.11 0.08 0.512 0.25 0.27 0.789 0.23 0.20 0.614 0.23 0.21 0.659
North Carolina 0.57 0.63 0.509 0.14 0.18 0.429 0.67 0.83 0.345 0.60 0.65 0.682 0.61 0.68 0.539
North Dakota 0.69a 0.96 0.036 0.13 0.29 0.115 1.16a 1.81 0.037 0.65 0.86 0.205 0.74a 1.02 0.044
Ohio 0.34 0.36 0.717 0.06 0.10 0.368 0.63 0.83 0.131 0.32 0.31 0.900 0.37 0.39 0.766
Oklahoma 0.97 0.77 0.164 0.18 0.22 0.676 1.71 1.75 0.927 0.95 0.68 0.138 1.06 0.84 0.154
Oregon 1.02 1.00 0.880 0.15 0.27 0.192 1.78 1.80 0.933 0.99 0.95 0.810 1.10 1.06 0.821
Pennsylvania 0.37 0.34 0.669 0.08 0.11 0.538 0.55 0.75 0.147 0.37 0.31 0.355 0.40 0.37 0.633
Rhode Island 0.35 0.39 0.572 0.10 0.15 0.485 0.42 0.44 0.910 0.36 0.40 0.634 0.37 0.41 0.611
South Carolina 0.49 0.58 0.281 0.12 0.17 0.382 0.78 1.10 0.167 0.49 0.55 0.573 0.53 0.62 0.307
South Dakota 0.95 0.88 0.640 0.19 0.30 0.345 1.68 1.62 0.852 0.91 0.82 0.640 1.02 0.94 0.592
Tennessee 0.58 0.55 0.725 0.13 0.16 0.663 0.95 1.07 0.637 0.58 0.51 0.599 0.63 0.58 0.703
Texas 0.68 0.56 0.146 0.19 0.13 0.251 1.37 1.12 0.281 0.63 0.52 0.289 0.74 0.62 0.164
Utah 0.73 0.81 0.507 0.11 0.20 0.252 1.26 1.38 0.611 0.71 0.78 0.657 0.82 0.89 0.562
Vermont 0.52 0.49 0.745 0.05 0.13 0.132 1.06 1.27 0.318 0.47 0.39 0.447 0.56 0.53 0.675
Virginia 0.38 0.37 0.904 0.11 0.11 0.981 0.65 0.69 0.803 0.37 0.35 0.859 0.41 0.40 0.903
Washington 0.79 0.73 0.627 0.14 0.19 0.407 0.91 1.20 0.201 0.85 0.72 0.426 0.86 0.78 0.595
West Virginia 0.72 0.85 0.258 0.12 0.27 0.127 1.27a 2.02 0.042 0.70 0.74 0.759 0.77 0.90 0.302
Wisconsin 0.39 0.45 0.403 0.08 0.13 0.290 0.77b 1.08 0.096 0.37 0.38 0.843 0.42 0.48 0.440
Wyoming 0.92 0.81 0.341 0.17 0.23 0.567 1.66 1.58 0.775 0.89 0.75 0.375 1.00 0.86 0.320
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 12 – Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 4.46a 4.17 0.000 3.72a 3.31 0.002 7.82a 7.13 0.000 4.00a 3.79 0.025 4.54a 4.26 0.001
Northeast 4.05a 3.77 0.030 2.82 2.63 0.269 7.19b 6.62 0.071 3.68 3.44 0.117 4.17a 3.88 0.039
Midwest 4.45b 4.26 0.082 4.00a 3.38 0.000 8.17a 7.44 0.011 3.88 3.83 0.744 4.49 4.35 0.221
South 4.43a 4.12 0.002 3.94a 3.40 0.001 7.61b 7.16 0.080 3.96a 3.72 0.038 4.48a 4.19 0.009
West 4.85a 4.48 0.010 3.72 3.56 0.464 8.29a 7.20 0.001 4.40 4.14 0.144 4.97a 4.58 0.012
Alabama 5.14b 4.53 0.066 5.05 4.24 0.129 10.11a 8.11 0.032 4.33 3.98 0.369 5.15 4.56 0.103
Alaska 4.95 4.81 0.688 4.04 3.65 0.365 9.19 8.02 0.225 4.30 4.42 0.767 5.05 4.94 0.772
Arizona 4.69 4.27 0.218 4.21b 3.41 0.095 7.92 7.44 0.557 4.20 3.85 0.388 4.74 4.36 0.308
Arkansas 4.89 5.03 0.695 4.67 4.11 0.240 8.28 7.44 0.311 4.36 4.75 0.366 4.92 5.13 0.590
California 4.69b 4.30 0.059 3.50 3.61 0.739 8.03a 6.77 0.014 4.25 3.97 0.253 4.81a 4.37 0.049
Colorado 5.20 4.87 0.344 4.39 3.86 0.252 9.61 8.36 0.174 4.56 4.43 0.743 5.29 4.98 0.417
Connecticut 4.39 4.21 0.568 3.44 3.23 0.605 7.18 7.52 0.690 4.05 3.79 0.469 4.49 4.31 0.606
Delaware 4.45 4.23 0.456 3.07 2.89 0.608 7.34 6.90 0.592 4.16 3.98 0.608 4.58 4.35 0.490
District of Columbia 4.50 4.39 0.716 2.89a 3.91 0.039 6.89 6.86 0.966 4.12 3.94 0.619 4.59 4.42 0.591
Florida 4.06 4.18 0.607 3.42 3.44 0.937 6.40 6.58 0.721 3.79 3.93 0.635 4.11 4.25 0.612
Georgia 4.10b 3.61 0.058 3.49a 2.74 0.049 6.98 6.47 0.462 3.68 3.24 0.140 4.17 3.71 0.103
Hawaii 3.87b 3.32 0.052 3.16 2.66 0.221 7.01 6.27 0.353 3.48 2.99 0.133 3.93b 3.38 0.070
Idaho 5.09a 4.25 0.008 4.08 3.45 0.157 9.77a 7.20 0.001 4.45 3.87 0.134 5.21a 4.34 0.014
Illinois 4.06b 3.70 0.096 3.99a 3.24 0.027 8.22b 7.12 0.094 3.38 3.20 0.470 4.07 3.74 0.183
Indiana 4.92 4.83 0.773 4.57b 3.69 0.075 9.86 8.82 0.239 4.09 4.27 0.655 4.96 4.95 0.978
Iowa 4.05 4.19 0.593 3.97b 3.17 0.064 7.27 7.55 0.747 3.48 3.72 0.430 4.06 4.30 0.412
Kansas 4.65 4.58 0.785 4.19 3.59 0.170 7.97 7.49 0.565 4.11 4.18 0.831 4.71 4.69 0.947
Kentucky 4.78 4.34 0.194 3.90 3.40 0.232 8.31 7.43 0.265 4.30 3.95 0.382 4.87 4.44 0.241
Louisiana 4.57 4.12 0.172 3.93a 3.00 0.037 7.64 6.83 0.267 4.12 3.81 0.435 4.63 4.24 0.270
Maine 3.96 3.94 0.941 3.12 2.70 0.234 7.37 7.37 0.996 3.58 3.60 0.958 4.03 4.04 0.971
Maryland 4.15 3.90 0.377 3.40 3.05 0.355 7.82 7.32 0.517 3.66 3.47 0.576 4.22 3.98 0.443
Massachusetts 3.90 3.60 0.299 2.78 2.58 0.586 6.76 6.08 0.353 3.53 3.29 0.480 4.01 3.70 0.322
Michigan 4.85a 4.37 0.049 3.99 3.50 0.149 8.65a 7.10 0.016 4.31 4.02 0.310 4.94b 4.46 0.072
Minnesota 4.36 4.19 0.559 3.59 3.17 0.233 7.27 6.36 0.228 3.99 3.97 0.953 4.44 4.30 0.651
Mississippi 4.54 4.25 0.282 4.67 4.31 0.457 7.58 7.30 0.723 3.99 3.71 0.396 4.53 4.24 0.339
Missouri 4.52 4.31 0.515 4.65a 3.53 0.013 8.18 7.14 0.164 3.90 3.94 0.904 4.50 4.39 0.746
Montana 4.97 4.55 0.176 4.03 3.43 0.125 9.48 8.17 0.170 4.34 4.09 0.486 5.06 4.65 0.227
Nebraska 4.28b 3.76 0.053 3.92a 2.98 0.036 8.30 7.18 0.178 3.61 3.25 0.253 4.32 3.84 0.105
Nevada 4.96 4.97 0.976 4.09 3.78 0.497 7.86 8.07 0.812 4.63 4.66 0.944 5.05 5.09 0.916
New Hampshire 4.60 4.22 0.244 3.12 3.00 0.760 8.29 7.06 0.127 4.17 3.91 0.484 4.73 4.33 0.252
New Jersey 3.75 3.57 0.461 2.57 2.46 0.716 7.06 6.52 0.395 3.39 3.26 0.649 3.87 3.68 0.482
New Mexico 4.61 4.15 0.167 3.97 3.32 0.168 8.14 7.76 0.657 4.09 3.66 0.271 4.67 4.24 0.228
New York 3.87a 3.43 0.037 2.67 2.47 0.455 6.91 6.19 0.197 3.49b 3.09 0.094 3.98a 3.52 0.043
North Carolina 4.66 4.28 0.154 4.11 3.60 0.188 8.57 7.59 0.209 4.10 3.84 0.415 4.72 4.35 0.210
North Dakota 4.52 4.06 0.105 4.19a 3.28 0.038 7.19 6.96 0.766 3.98 3.55 0.193 4.55 4.13 0.171
Ohio 4.54 4.67 0.584 3.80 3.49 0.332 7.95 8.00 0.940 4.08 4.28 0.481 4.61 4.79 0.506
Oklahoma 4.81 4.38 0.207 4.38 3.75 0.176 8.75 8.25 0.585 4.17 3.79 0.360 4.85 4.45 0.280
Oregon 5.44 5.35 0.798 3.57 3.68 0.806 10.34a 8.59 0.047 4.90 5.05 0.720 5.62 5.51 0.775
Pennsylvania 4.38 4.24 0.588 2.91 2.73 0.516 7.65 7.18 0.454 4.03 3.95 0.805 4.52 4.38 0.628
Rhode Island 4.75 4.59 0.620 3.55 3.32 0.563 7.99 7.42 0.501 4.29 4.22 0.847 4.86 4.70 0.661
South Carolina 4.56 4.32 0.404 4.14 3.77 0.383 8.85 8.17 0.421 3.91 3.78 0.675 4.60 4.37 0.469
South Dakota 4.55 4.51 0.897 4.05 3.66 0.369 8.36 7.80 0.511 3.94 4.05 0.761 4.60 4.60 0.998
Tennessee 4.75a 4.16 0.050 3.93 3.32 0.146 9.44 8.03 0.109 4.09 3.65 0.203 4.84b 4.25 0.076
Texas 4.48a 4.02 0.018 4.22a 3.39 0.025 6.92 6.94 0.970 4.07a 3.58 0.034 4.51a 4.09 0.050
Utah 4.93 4.66 0.357 3.71 3.45 0.492 8.29 7.49 0.315 4.37 4.23 0.690 5.10 4.83 0.416
Vermont 4.81b 4.22 0.058 3.24 2.76 0.157 9.71b 8.02 0.069 4.10 3.71 0.252 4.94b 4.35 0.075
Virginia 4.14 3.85 0.249 3.58 3.15 0.212 7.36 7.04 0.637 3.68 3.42 0.385 4.20 3.92 0.315
Washington 5.37 4.94 0.208 3.71 3.45 0.539 7.82 6.97 0.302 5.17 4.79 0.360 5.53 5.08 0.231
West Virginia 4.31 4.06 0.421 3.59b 2.86 0.087 8.12 7.19 0.240 3.82 3.73 0.798 4.37 4.17 0.542
Wisconsin 4.03 3.83 0.515 3.39 3.04 0.382 7.18 7.37 0.826 3.58 3.35 0.486 4.09 3.91 0.586
Wyoming 4.53 4.18 0.246 3.80b 3.09 0.081 8.37 7.41 0.273 3.98 3.80 0.608 4.60 4.29 0.348
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
NOTE: Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs.
NOTE: Prescription psychotherapeutic subtypes were revised in 2016; one effect was the comparability of codeine products between 2015 and 2016.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 13 – Alcohol Use in the Past Month, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 51.21 51.21 0.994 9.40 9.54 0.530 57.75a 56.74 0.012 55.10 55.22 0.670 55.48 55.43 0.854
Northeast 56.02 56.44 0.310 10.95 10.64 0.424 63.92 63.24 0.392 59.67 60.30 0.211 60.27 60.71 0.328
Midwest 54.36 54.36 0.988 9.82 10.09 0.384 61.60 60.78 0.241 58.56 58.62 0.886 59.00 58.92 0.855
South 47.48 47.13 0.241 8.71 9.05 0.222 54.56a 52.87 0.013 51.03 50.79 0.514 51.53 51.07 0.178
West 50.67 50.99 0.417 9.06 9.08 0.963 54.76 54.43 0.690 55.01 55.43 0.390 54.98 55.29 0.472
Alabama 40.79 41.98 0.288 8.08 8.88 0.343 50.76 50.18 0.758 43.06 44.56 0.277 44.16 45.34 0.333
Alaska 52.72 51.61 0.315 10.23 10.10 0.885 58.93b 55.68 0.091 57.24 56.35 0.518 57.50 56.25 0.309
Arizona 50.94 50.40 0.644 7.95 8.26 0.698 54.01 52.61 0.462 55.78 55.20 0.689 55.53 54.83 0.595
Arkansas 40.14 39.89 0.828 8.93 8.92 0.986 49.43 48.15 0.460 42.45 42.35 0.940 43.45 43.17 0.822
California 49.74 50.45 0.229 9.08 8.95 0.821 54.10 53.66 0.701 53.88 54.85 0.190 53.91 54.68 0.245
Colorado 57.53b 59.48 0.071 10.16 9.75 0.665 63.75 62.66 0.497 62.10a 64.79 0.046 62.33b 64.49 0.069
Connecticut 59.09 60.21 0.321 11.21 11.42 0.836 67.37 67.03 0.849 63.34 64.73 0.323 63.91 65.05 0.361
Delaware 52.04 51.38 0.567 9.05 8.38 0.424 57.10 54.78 0.216 55.96 55.51 0.752 56.11 55.42 0.588
District of Columbia 68.65b 66.79 0.065 9.70 8.42 0.196 73.63a 69.71 0.033 71.64 70.17 0.222 71.98b 70.08 0.074
Florida 53.43a 51.80 0.022 9.15 9.86 0.260 57.50 56.43 0.403 57.30a 55.30 0.021 57.33a 55.44 0.015
Georgia 45.88 44.78 0.257 6.90 7.76 0.221 53.90a 50.71 0.040 49.67 48.65 0.398 50.30 48.94 0.212
Hawaii 43.98 45.13 0.387 9.10 8.13 0.297 52.01b 55.13 0.089 46.44 47.54 0.493 47.15 48.46 0.365
Idaho 44.62b 46.47 0.088 8.93 9.07 0.869 47.92 49.44 0.410 49.13 51.25 0.125 48.95b 50.99 0.094
Illinois 53.41 54.53 0.166 9.66 10.33 0.299 60.76 59.68 0.424 57.53 59.02 0.138 57.99 59.12 0.206
Indiana 50.48 49.89 0.589 9.32 9.21 0.899 59.42 59.83 0.818 54.18 53.32 0.531 54.97 54.29 0.576
Iowa 57.42 58.44 0.341 9.42 9.68 0.776 65.17 64.91 0.878 61.86 63.21 0.317 62.36 63.46 0.355
Kansas 55.46b 57.20 0.093 10.27 10.27 0.997 58.72 59.53 0.633 60.83 62.94 0.112 60.50b 62.42 0.097
Kentucky 40.94 39.80 0.281 9.35 10.25 0.335 50.84 49.27 0.378 43.06 41.74 0.321 44.16 42.79 0.245
Louisiana 50.36 50.12 0.827 10.55 10.19 0.714 55.58 54.27 0.467 54.42 54.34 0.952 54.59 54.33 0.829
Maine 56.97 56.16 0.504 11.71 11.24 0.638 64.86 64.29 0.730 60.35 59.37 0.510 60.89 59.96 0.485
Maryland 55.88a 53.30 0.023 9.73 9.48 0.780 62.32b 59.08 0.055 60.18a 57.41 0.047 60.47a 57.64 0.023
Massachusetts 59.17b 61.36 0.061 11.31 12.72 0.214 69.57 70.51 0.573 62.48b 64.91 0.091 63.53b 65.73 0.083
Michigan 53.24 53.18 0.939 10.39 10.76 0.588 59.58 58.90 0.583 57.30 57.21 0.934 57.63 57.45 0.842
Minnesota 59.65b 57.93 0.100 10.38 9.78 0.492 66.47 65.46 0.556 64.42 62.46 0.128 64.71 62.87 0.112
Mississippi 36.94 38.22 0.251 7.69 7.65 0.962 46.68 44.24 0.212 39.03 41.12 0.129 40.18 41.58 0.256
Missouri 51.39 50.93 0.669 9.91 10.80 0.346 59.04b 55.78 0.064 55.07 54.87 0.883 55.63 55.00 0.597
Montana 57.49 57.53 0.969 11.05 12.82 0.107 61.98 64.38 0.172 61.82 61.26 0.678 61.84 61.69 0.897
Nebraska 58.92 58.34 0.595 8.99 10.21 0.166 62.44 62.94 0.778 64.70 63.73 0.473 64.36 63.60 0.534
Nevada 50.92a 48.25 0.032 12.28a 9.63 0.005 53.25b 49.94 0.088 55.08b 52.45 0.085 54.85a 52.14 0.049
New Hampshire 63.54 63.12 0.705 11.49 11.30 0.859 69.23 69.33 0.952 68.17 67.56 0.654 68.31 67.80 0.669
New Jersey 53.56 53.13 0.664 10.55 10.87 0.720 61.28 59.91 0.396 57.40 56.99 0.730 57.91 57.37 0.617
New Mexico 48.47 48.98 0.679 9.91 10.32 0.668 54.35 53.37 0.593 52.30 53.04 0.624 52.59 53.09 0.713
New York 54.65 54.73 0.919 11.37a 9.85 0.028 62.60 62.07 0.667 57.99 58.29 0.735 58.65 58.82 0.830
North Carolina 44.34 44.43 0.924 7.25a 8.81 0.045 53.47a 49.57 0.017 47.32 47.85 0.657 48.17 48.09 0.933
North Dakota 59.98 59.70 0.793 11.94 10.97 0.330 68.68 67.58 0.501 63.43 63.52 0.945 64.37 64.20 0.885
Ohio 51.90 51.06 0.297 8.89 9.13 0.705 59.93 58.68 0.345 55.75 54.80 0.344 56.33 55.33 0.259
Oklahoma 42.34a 44.79 0.034 8.71 8.88 0.860 51.94 52.60 0.725 44.99a 48.05 0.032 46.02a 48.72 0.036
Oregon 58.72 58.49 0.822 9.95 10.54 0.536 62.80 62.70 0.953 63.28 62.88 0.747 63.22 62.86 0.748
Pennsylvania 55.78 56.42 0.408 10.02 10.06 0.959 62.27 60.30 0.127 59.72 60.79 0.259 60.07 60.73 0.432
Rhode Island 61.03 60.15 0.450 12.10 11.01 0.312 67.35 67.96 0.720 65.05 63.88 0.416 65.40 64.49 0.468
South Carolina 45.36 45.33 0.979 8.57 8.65 0.930 56.53b 53.32 0.061 47.78 48.23 0.747 48.99 48.91 0.955
South Dakota 58.85 59.47 0.556 10.66 11.27 0.539 64.72 64.44 0.871 63.76 64.59 0.519 63.90 64.57 0.562
Tennessee 42.83 43.68 0.429 7.94 9.01 0.193 49.58 50.52 0.601 45.84 46.63 0.556 46.36 47.16 0.499
Texas 47.14 47.12 0.976 8.86 8.77 0.880 52.66 51.65 0.404 51.58 51.74 0.834 51.74 51.72 0.977
Utah 29.83 29.25 0.611 5.25 5.77 0.494 37.41 36.17 0.534 32.37 31.76 0.685 33.29 32.54 0.561
Vermont 60.17 62.09 0.109 12.86 13.62 0.511 69.00 70.91 0.256 63.39 65.34 0.188 64.22 66.16 0.137
Virginia 52.02 52.31 0.760 10.20 9.62 0.473 61.60b 58.85 0.060 55.28 56.16 0.451 56.17 56.53 0.733
Washington 55.80 55.23 0.606 8.86 10.05 0.219 57.37b 60.41 0.075 60.80 59.42 0.307 60.34 59.55 0.517
West Virginia 40.71 39.73 0.439 10.70 10.10 0.503 54.37 53.31 0.560 41.77 40.78 0.520 43.39 42.38 0.460
Wisconsin 60.86 61.60 0.488 10.90 10.73 0.869 68.59 68.43 0.921 65.45 66.42 0.466 65.90 66.71 0.494
Wyoming 52.00b 49.88 0.080 9.73 9.68 0.962 61.28b 57.76 0.075 55.45 53.37 0.159 56.28b 53.97 0.083
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 14 – Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 24.58 24.37 0.267 5.33b 5.06 0.097 38.69a 37.62 0.006 24.52 24.49 0.860 26.54 26.33 0.287
Northeast 26.28 26.45 0.634 6.16 5.83 0.235 44.03 43.73 0.671 25.61 25.92 0.468 28.18 28.36 0.614
Midwest 26.48 26.42 0.834 5.87 5.59 0.244 42.30 41.48 0.195 26.33 26.43 0.783 28.63 28.57 0.862
South 23.26b 22.81 0.068 4.83 4.60 0.253 35.80a 34.00 0.002 23.43 23.19 0.443 25.18b 24.69 0.074
West 23.68 23.47 0.515 5.09 4.82 0.277 36.08 35.35 0.302 23.82 23.73 0.828 25.61 25.39 0.529
Alabama 21.21 21.40 0.811 4.45 4.43 0.968 33.51 31.46 0.215 21.18 21.78 0.549 22.93 23.13 0.825
Alaska 24.96 24.20 0.350 5.59 5.08 0.397 38.37 35.75 0.147 25.08 24.75 0.745 27.14 26.33 0.373
Arizona 22.56 23.10 0.541 4.43 4.66 0.659 34.25 33.39 0.617 22.84 23.66 0.464 24.49 25.04 0.574
Arkansas 20.29 19.49 0.326 4.99 4.59 0.510 32.92 31.55 0.394 20.08 19.34 0.469 21.91 21.06 0.346
California 23.97 23.52 0.352 5.10 4.62 0.192 35.97 34.99 0.346 24.16 23.82 0.583 25.91 25.44 0.378
Colorado 26.52 26.97 0.604 5.75 5.59 0.819 43.80b 40.44 0.073 26.08 27.28 0.267 28.62 29.12 0.603
Connecticut 27.03 28.30 0.182 6.09 6.38 0.697 46.05 47.02 0.610 26.39 27.78 0.232 29.14 30.47 0.202
Delaware 22.63 22.51 0.888 4.61 4.30 0.595 38.98 37.87 0.543 22.09 22.19 0.919 24.34 24.23 0.902
District of Columbia 37.90 37.01 0.432 5.56 4.84 0.287 53.48 53.01 0.820 36.88 36.07 0.550 39.72 38.83 0.449
Florida 25.34 24.66 0.277 4.93 5.11 0.666 37.28 35.56 0.131 25.70 25.09 0.418 27.14 26.36 0.253
Georgia 21.54 20.61 0.192 3.83 3.52 0.482 33.79b 31.39 0.068 21.78 21.05 0.413 23.55 22.54 0.201
Hawaii 20.61 20.44 0.835 4.89 4.42 0.424 33.73 34.09 0.833 20.32 20.19 0.896 22.04 21.88 0.860
Idaho 20.87 21.70 0.316 4.95 5.07 0.853 31.87 32.82 0.562 21.28 22.20 0.379 22.81 23.71 0.326
Illinois 26.25b 27.53 0.065 5.92 5.72 0.694 43.08 42.92 0.903 25.96a 27.67 0.046 28.38b 29.80 0.064
Indiana 23.43 23.06 0.648 5.62 5.09 0.406 37.97 38.24 0.880 23.14 22.69 0.657 25.37 25.00 0.684
Iowa 29.14 29.66 0.578 6.15 5.90 0.727 46.79 46.38 0.820 28.77 29.56 0.503 31.51 32.10 0.561
Kansas 25.75 26.13 0.654 6.36 6.36 0.999 39.90 39.68 0.904 25.74 26.30 0.602 27.91 28.33 0.660
Kentucky 22.10 21.79 0.706 5.61 5.95 0.623 35.05 33.83 0.471 21.93 21.70 0.823 23.78 23.39 0.671
Louisiana 26.31 26.72 0.640 5.64 5.21 0.503 36.98 35.73 0.476 27.07 27.87 0.466 28.51 28.98 0.619
Maine 24.80 23.53 0.154 6.61 5.94 0.347 41.30 40.11 0.509 24.36 22.99 0.205 26.37 25.02 0.162
Maryland 25.75a 23.77 0.013 5.36 4.63 0.207 43.03a 39.58 0.036 25.38b 23.53 0.062 27.77a 25.66 0.016
Massachusetts 28.50a 31.50 0.002 6.35 7.43 0.183 46.81a 50.76 0.038 27.69a 30.73 0.008 30.52a 33.67 0.002
Michigan 25.40 25.16 0.709 6.20 5.46 0.144 40.09 39.18 0.482 25.20 25.12 0.924 27.36 27.14 0.753
Minnesota 27.96b 26.32 0.074 5.32 5.14 0.750 46.30 44.81 0.400 27.73 25.91 0.111 30.29b 28.50 0.076
Mississippi 19.21b 20.62 0.092 4.11 3.73 0.470 27.10 25.76 0.388 19.78a 21.91 0.047 20.89b 22.48 0.085
Missouri 25.05 25.23 0.834 5.62 5.82 0.765 40.61 37.98 0.122 24.79 25.45 0.537 27.04 27.20 0.863
Montana 28.13 29.29 0.217 6.80 7.54 0.396 45.16 45.86 0.708 27.69 28.99 0.254 30.13 31.31 0.247
Nebraska 28.81 29.00 0.839 6.18 6.56 0.564 43.51 43.56 0.977 29.09 29.31 0.856 31.28 31.46 0.863
Nevada 24.64 23.62 0.276 6.56b 5.41 0.076 33.83 31.43 0.154 25.37 24.58 0.495 26.48 25.45 0.319
New Hampshire 28.05 28.58 0.565 6.37 5.79 0.407 45.24 46.36 0.541 27.64 28.20 0.618 30.04 30.63 0.550
New Jersey 23.28 24.21 0.235 5.65 5.48 0.778 40.29 40.32 0.983 22.78 23.97 0.217 25.06 26.09 0.231
New Mexico 25.57 24.41 0.198 5.77 5.50 0.706 35.57 33.01 0.126 26.36 25.33 0.363 27.68 26.42 0.202
New York 25.60 25.00 0.320 6.67a 5.45 0.014 43.75 42.52 0.302 24.61 24.22 0.605 27.35 26.78 0.388
North Carolina 21.34 20.35 0.169 4.32 4.61 0.588 35.58a 30.89 0.001 21.08 20.56 0.555 23.09 21.97 0.150
North Dakota 31.86 31.21 0.470 6.80 6.24 0.457 49.86 48.14 0.328 30.74 30.50 0.838 34.15 33.52 0.517
Ohio 26.17a 24.85 0.039 5.55 5.12 0.351 40.76 39.22 0.228 26.29b 24.89 0.078 28.30a 26.86 0.041
Oklahoma 21.05 22.05 0.187 4.90 4.92 0.971 32.39 33.61 0.481 21.14 22.27 0.246 22.82 23.93 0.188
Oregon 23.38b 24.95 0.078 5.28 5.44 0.793 37.65 40.17 0.130 23.13 24.72 0.148 25.05b 26.73 0.083
Pennsylvania 27.80 26.81 0.160 5.51 5.54 0.962 44.66b 42.51 0.090 27.56 26.66 0.296 29.88 28.78 0.152
Rhode Island 28.34 29.07 0.443 6.54 6.30 0.736 44.37 44.38 0.995 27.73 28.70 0.414 30.29 31.08 0.444
South Carolina 22.66 23.47 0.331 4.67 4.87 0.741 37.50 35.60 0.269 22.34 23.68 0.192 24.43 25.29 0.348
South Dakota 29.37 30.84 0.152 6.82 7.10 0.733 47.51 45.58 0.280 28.99b 31.29 0.073 31.73 33.36 0.152
Tennessee 20.40 20.40 0.998 4.53 4.84 0.586 31.20 29.48 0.310 20.51 20.77 0.806 22.00 21.96 0.965
Texas 23.68 23.35 0.538 4.95b 4.27 0.093 34.68 33.67 0.342 24.34 24.20 0.842 25.94 25.64 0.623
Utah 16.49 16.22 0.704 3.54 3.57 0.962 27.81 27.32 0.758 16.18 15.93 0.795 18.32 18.00 0.688
Vermont 26.90 27.32 0.649 7.82 7.15 0.411 47.52 49.25 0.383 25.21 25.50 0.803 28.53 29.02 0.630
Virginia 24.53 23.47 0.161 5.32 4.83 0.339 40.75 39.01 0.232 24.10 23.12 0.298 26.44 25.31 0.174
Washington 23.48 22.71 0.353 4.83 5.02 0.768 36.15 37.90 0.325 23.56 22.33 0.225 25.28 24.41 0.331
West Virginia 22.59 21.51 0.195 6.13 5.67 0.490 39.98 37.79 0.226 21.71 20.76 0.352 24.06 22.93 0.209
Wisconsin 30.15 30.81 0.499 6.13 6.02 0.872 47.04 46.92 0.950 30.18 31.05 0.476 32.57 33.29 0.501
Wyoming 24.96 23.81 0.182 5.64 5.23 0.500 42.28 39.41 0.106 24.38 23.52 0.430 26.92 25.70 0.199
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
NOTE: Binge Alcohol Use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. In 2015, the definition for females changed from five to four drinks.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 15 – Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 44.30 44.50 0.346 43.30 43.83 0.150 36.91b 37.53 0.090 45.66 45.72 0.809 44.41 44.57 0.477
Northeast 43.01 43.05 0.920 42.95 43.83 0.176 34.19 34.58 0.514 44.45 44.32 0.791 43.02 42.98 0.930
Midwest 39.62b 40.29 0.059 39.60 40.45 0.117 32.12b 33.09 0.054 40.89 41.46 0.190 39.62b 40.27 0.090
South 46.17 46.33 0.577 45.48 45.73 0.600 39.22a 40.45 0.014 47.40 47.36 0.919 46.24 46.40 0.631
West 46.52 46.42 0.812 43.36 43.77 0.521 39.56 39.10 0.473 48.09 47.96 0.784 46.84 46.69 0.731
Alabama 46.56a 43.61 0.007 44.37 42.67 0.309 39.94 38.05 0.246 47.93a 44.62 0.015 46.79a 43.70 0.009
Alaska 41.66 42.84 0.261 39.14 39.50 0.827 34.77 33.32 0.384 43.27 44.89 0.222 41.95 43.22 0.266
Arizona 47.83 46.03 0.112 46.50 44.68 0.299 38.70 39.90 0.478 49.56b 47.23 0.098 47.98 46.18 0.143
Arkansas 43.53 43.12 0.707 44.59 43.94 0.686 35.27 35.33 0.971 44.78 44.31 0.732 43.42 43.04 0.747
California 48.89 49.13 0.701 43.97 45.59 0.126 41.87 41.11 0.466 50.72 50.91 0.798 49.40 49.49 0.894
Colorado 41.73 43.08 0.192 40.90 40.21 0.689 32.12 34.02 0.218 43.44 44.89 0.265 41.81 43.36 0.167
Connecticut 42.93 43.48 0.647 43.21 43.24 0.988 32.40 32.61 0.894 44.61 45.27 0.657 42.90 43.50 0.645
Delaware 43.71 43.30 0.698 44.38 44.43 0.975 38.74 38.59 0.929 44.40 43.88 0.685 43.64 43.20 0.692
District of Columbia 41.99 41.95 0.969 46.20 46.59 0.831 34.34 33.04 0.457 43.29 43.38 0.945 41.75 41.69 0.952
Florida 47.14 46.21 0.217 45.02 44.36 0.570 40.64 40.48 0.889 48.27 47.17 0.229 47.33 46.37 0.238
Georgia 46.14a 49.32 0.001 49.66a 53.04 0.020 41.67 43.24 0.295 46.45a 49.86 0.005 45.74a 48.90 0.003
Hawaii 48.02 46.91 0.346 47.04 46.31 0.702 40.79 41.08 0.871 49.18 47.77 0.328 48.11 46.96 0.367
Idaho 43.68 42.66 0.344 42.91 42.22 0.682 38.21 36.12 0.213 44.72 43.81 0.498 43.77 42.71 0.367
Illinois 43.73 43.00 0.352 41.10 43.07 0.113 34.37 35.67 0.277 45.60 44.18 0.149 44.01 42.99 0.238
Indiana 41.98 42.42 0.688 41.13 41.25 0.943 33.51 35.01 0.331 43.59 43.86 0.843 42.07 42.54 0.693
Iowa 35.16 35.26 0.923 37.66 36.98 0.684 27.88 29.92 0.185 36.16 36.01 0.904 34.90 35.08 0.872
Kansas 37.33 37.88 0.606 37.43 37.81 0.819 31.99 31.04 0.543 38.30 39.12 0.542 37.32 37.89 0.626
Kentucky 42.34 43.67 0.201 42.20 42.75 0.741 35.41 35.80 0.803 43.50 45.06 0.233 42.35 43.76 0.215
Louisiana 44.48 43.99 0.653 45.81 44.76 0.525 39.49 39.19 0.845 45.16 44.70 0.726 44.33 43.91 0.718
Maine 40.00 40.32 0.781 37.08 37.72 0.696 27.99 29.16 0.426 41.90 42.05 0.913 40.25 40.54 0.815
Maryland 45.97 46.20 0.835 46.90 45.50 0.407 37.32b 39.93 0.093 47.22 47.23 0.992 45.88 46.26 0.745
Massachusetts 39.83 39.76 0.953 40.28 41.92 0.332 30.30 31.01 0.669 41.44 41.05 0.758 39.78 39.57 0.847
Michigan 39.10 39.79 0.394 39.67 40.74 0.389 32.83 33.91 0.349 40.11 40.67 0.575 39.04 39.70 0.460
Minnesota 38.00 37.89 0.920 38.78 39.30 0.751 29.94 30.19 0.873 39.19 38.94 0.851 37.91 37.74 0.882
Mississippi 48.16 47.88 0.793 48.42 47.23 0.493 44.02 43.59 0.804 48.88 48.71 0.904 48.14 47.95 0.875
Missouri 39.44 40.75 0.224 40.47 41.11 0.699 31.42 33.64 0.142 40.65 41.86 0.366 39.34 40.71 0.235
Montana 34.46 35.94 0.162 35.43 36.01 0.735 25.86 27.03 0.420 35.76 37.36 0.229 34.37 35.94 0.174
Nebraska 37.44b 39.15 0.098 37.63 38.31 0.672 29.75 30.87 0.490 38.81 40.74 0.140 37.42 39.24 0.106
Nevada 44.56 46.22 0.151 40.83a 45.75 0.007 43.72 44.43 0.700 45.12 46.53 0.323 44.93 46.26 0.295
New Hampshire 38.59 37.94 0.541 37.95 37.48 0.769 29.37 28.93 0.768 40.11 39.39 0.575 38.64 37.98 0.561
New Jersey 47.81 46.84 0.332 45.93 45.62 0.843 35.69 36.72 0.489 49.85 48.49 0.266 48.00 46.97 0.340
New Mexico 48.35 47.84 0.637 44.67 43.41 0.491 41.72 41.30 0.805 49.92 49.46 0.731 48.74 48.31 0.711
New York 45.22 45.30 0.904 43.72a 46.58 0.013 37.80 37.22 0.605 46.62 46.49 0.874 45.36 45.19 0.826
North Carolina 46.38 45.25 0.244 45.14 45.51 0.800 38.25 40.14 0.194 47.84 46.03 0.131 46.50 45.23 0.224
North Dakota 39.47a 37.10 0.015 39.77b 36.97 0.071 29.31 28.57 0.615 41.67a 38.90 0.027 39.44a 37.12 0.027
Ohio 39.88a 42.07 0.003 40.30 41.96 0.166 33.57 34.33 0.520 40.84a 43.32 0.007 39.83a 42.08 0.005
Oklahoma 44.51 44.60 0.930 43.47 42.90 0.741 36.41 38.87 0.142 46.06 45.81 0.848 44.62 44.78 0.887
Oregon 41.91 41.16 0.481 39.42 38.23 0.471 33.13 30.77 0.117 43.51 43.02 0.702 42.14 41.42 0.534
Pennsylvania 39.32 40.00 0.370 42.49 41.23 0.304 31.71 33.11 0.227 40.17 40.93 0.413 39.02 39.88 0.293
Rhode Island 40.97 39.63 0.255 41.26 41.58 0.850 34.38 34.74 0.827 42.14 40.31 0.210 40.94 39.46 0.239
South Carolina 43.64 44.10 0.683 42.31 42.44 0.935 36.89 37.85 0.544 44.87 45.26 0.781 43.77 44.26 0.687
South Dakota 37.37 37.62 0.816 38.82 37.21 0.321 27.04b 29.57 0.086 39.00 39.04 0.975 37.22 37.66 0.698
Tennessee 46.99 46.88 0.925 47.71 44.99 0.109 38.38 38.82 0.773 48.30 48.38 0.951 46.91 47.07 0.894
Texas 48.57 49.11 0.393 45.93 47.06 0.322 41.75a 44.19 0.033 50.20 50.29 0.910 48.88 49.35 0.497
Utah 48.95 47.76 0.269 51.32 49.33 0.277 43.19 42.77 0.829 49.86 48.61 0.378 48.61 47.54 0.370
Vermont 35.76 37.10 0.234 34.64b 37.55 0.063 25.03 27.04 0.211 37.75 38.81 0.448 35.85 37.06 0.318
Virginia 42.32 43.46 0.222 42.74 43.89 0.436 33.39 35.26 0.196 43.74 44.72 0.391 42.28 43.41 0.263
Washington 40.94 39.92 0.362 38.32 36.32 0.217 35.26 33.76 0.348 42.14 41.26 0.528 41.19 40.26 0.443
West Virginia 40.75b 43.00 0.054 37.44 37.80 0.832 31.12a 35.27 0.010 42.51 44.65 0.131 41.04b 43.46 0.055
Wisconsin 34.51 36.01 0.202 35.67 35.40 0.876 28.72 28.37 0.815 35.33 37.33 0.165 34.39 36.07 0.185
Wyoming 41.92 42.45 0.636 39.69 40.58 0.601 35.21 35.80 0.712 43.29 43.73 0.755 42.14 42.64 0.684
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 16 – Alcohol Use and Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month among Individuals Aged 12 to 20, by State: Percentages and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
Alcohol Use in
Past Month
(2015-2016)
Alcohol Use in
Past Month
(2016-2017)
Alcohol Use in
Past Month
(P Value)
Binge Alcohol Use in
Past Month
(2015-2016)
Binge Alcohol Use in
Past Month
(2016-2017)
Binge Alcohol Use in
Past Month
(P Value)
Total U.S. 19.83 19.50 0.287 12.71a 12.00 0.007
Northeast 23.98a 22.91 0.015 15.62b 14.94 0.091
Midwest 20.92 21.36 0.213 13.93 13.70 0.476
South 18.39b 17.83 0.074 11.49a 10.28 0.000
West 18.18 18.09 0.827 11.50 11.16 0.342
Alabama 17.32 18.36 0.313 10.94 10.80 0.858
Alaska 22.08a 19.53 0.013 13.07a 11.44 0.042
Arizona 16.74 17.63 0.304 10.44 10.70 0.740
Arkansas 15.18 15.57 0.677 9.84 9.45 0.574
California 17.87 17.90 0.967 11.29 11.16 0.814
Colorado 21.48 20.73 0.458 13.66 12.93 0.353
Connecticut 26.24a 23.92 0.037 16.60 15.82 0.426
Delaware 21.03a 17.47 0.000 13.28a 10.75 0.000
District of Columbia 26.93a 24.17 0.049 17.62 17.43 0.874
Florida 20.64 20.26 0.598 12.26 11.44 0.128
Georgia 15.73 15.65 0.920 9.61a 8.36 0.037
Hawaii 18.19 16.73 0.137 11.82b 10.46 0.075
Idaho 16.74 16.94 0.818 10.65 10.42 0.747
Illinois 20.56 20.67 0.894 13.75 13.64 0.869
Indiana 20.89 20.16 0.418 13.86b 12.50 0.054
Iowa 19.07a 21.72 0.008 13.63 14.88 0.154
Kansas 20.78 20.59 0.846 14.33 13.54 0.310
Kentucky 19.57 19.63 0.959 13.16 12.92 0.786
Louisiana 22.73a 19.51 0.001 13.59a 11.35 0.004
Maine 24.83 24.13 0.497 16.22 15.16 0.263
Maryland 21.61a 19.12 0.006 13.32a 10.72 0.000
Massachusetts 29.24a 31.78 0.033 18.32a 22.14 0.000
Michigan 20.96a 22.47 0.045 14.18 14.15 0.963
Minnesota 21.57 22.63 0.265 13.04 14.41 0.125
Mississippi 16.02a 13.92 0.011 9.36a 7.74 0.017
Missouri 20.88 21.05 0.862 13.78 13.25 0.520
Montana 22.04a 24.66 0.020 15.38 16.15 0.466
Nebraska 20.86 20.72 0.891 14.65 13.86 0.413
Nevada 21.34a 17.08 0.000 12.13a 9.99 0.005
New Hampshire 28.06a 25.45 0.018 17.85a 15.79 0.035
New Jersey 21.18 20.97 0.840 13.08 12.35 0.333
New Mexico 20.80b 19.04 0.084 12.88a 10.60 0.005
New York 23.24a 20.64 0.000 15.43a 13.36 0.002
North Carolina 15.97a 17.58 0.048 10.66 10.05 0.363
North Dakota 31.69a 28.14 0.003 22.13a 19.66 0.024
Ohio 19.86 20.14 0.706 13.11 12.48 0.310
Oklahoma 18.04a 16.13 0.031 10.84a 9.48 0.041
Oregon 20.33 20.83 0.644 12.21 12.63 0.594
Pennsylvania 22.43b 20.92 0.051 15.25a 13.85 0.043
Rhode Island 24.94 25.70 0.546 15.98 17.22 0.264
South Carolina 19.77a 17.90 0.047 12.64 11.40 0.116
South Dakota 23.58 23.23 0.761 16.91 15.63 0.169
Tennessee 17.34 16.99 0.684 11.21a 9.79 0.025
Texas 17.29 16.99 0.642 10.91a 9.48 0.008
Utah 10.71 12.11 0.172 8.13 8.51 0.620
Vermont 28.86 28.12 0.576 20.65 19.60 0.376
Virginia 19.63 18.45 0.153 12.23 11.21 0.129
Washington 18.43 18.70 0.792 11.93 10.98 0.261
West Virginia 22.57a 20.38 0.038 15.33a 13.04 0.008
Wisconsin 22.44 23.26 0.433 14.71 15.01 0.761
Wyoming 21.76 21.56 0.850 13.90 13.11 0.338
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
NOTE: Binge Alcohol Use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. In 2015, the definition for females changed from five to four drinks.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 17 – Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 23.72a 22.99 0.000 5.66a 5.10 0.000 31.48a 29.52 0.000 24.58a 24.04 0.016 25.56a 24.80 0.000
Northeast 22.75a 21.91 0.012 5.39a 4.59 0.003 31.65a 29.91 0.002 23.21b 22.50 0.092 24.38a 23.52 0.018
Midwest 26.56a 25.69 0.004 6.68a 5.91 0.002 35.22a 32.75 0.000 27.52b 26.90 0.097 28.62a 27.73 0.006
South 25.43a 24.66 0.003 5.91a 5.46 0.037 32.37a 30.60 0.000 26.65a 26.02 0.048 27.46a 26.65 0.004
West 19.18 18.74 0.165 4.52 4.12 0.139 26.69a 24.68 0.000 19.68 19.50 0.653 20.70 20.24 0.184
Alabama 28.79 30.12 0.169 7.65 7.90 0.776 36.26 35.28 0.541 30.09 31.91 0.133 30.96 32.38 0.181
Alaska 29.64a 26.68 0.004 9.68 8.69 0.349 37.95b 34.77 0.086 30.78a 27.67 0.018 31.89a 28.69 0.005
Arizona 21.60 21.19 0.648 4.35 3.60 0.187 30.19 27.99 0.155 22.29 22.22 0.951 23.44 23.04 0.686
Arkansas 31.40 30.69 0.508 7.40 7.52 0.890 36.64b 33.90 0.094 33.50 33.01 0.722 33.95 33.14 0.496
California 16.98 16.23 0.112 3.91 3.45 0.209 23.10a 20.56 0.003 17.49 17.02 0.427 18.32 17.53 0.125
Colorado 21.16 20.15 0.215 4.64 4.66 0.965 32.83 32.03 0.623 21.16 20.03 0.260 22.83 21.71 0.204
Connecticut 22.25 21.24 0.255 5.40b 4.13 0.056 33.85 31.68 0.187 22.33 21.52 0.449 23.95 22.94 0.297
Delaware 22.55 21.77 0.390 4.68 4.02 0.270 29.86 27.74 0.190 23.37 22.80 0.606 24.24 23.44 0.417
District of Columbia 22.43 23.55 0.257 4.35 3.71 0.349 28.28 28.77 0.763 22.46 23.86 0.237 23.45 24.66 0.243
Florida 20.59 20.49 0.861 4.44 4.62 0.689 26.37 25.51 0.409 21.39 21.36 0.969 22.00 21.86 0.817
Georgia 24.76 24.08 0.363 5.82 5.45 0.519 31.56 30.46 0.412 26.10 25.45 0.490 26.90 26.17 0.378
Hawaii 18.32 17.11 0.146 4.04 3.41 0.246 25.73 25.14 0.700 18.72 17.40 0.191 19.61 18.34 0.158
Idaho 21.04b 22.65 0.068 5.70 5.99 0.708 31.23 32.96 0.297 21.50 23.29 0.106 22.90b 24.67 0.071
Illinois 22.76 22.44 0.617 6.04 5.21 0.105 31.53a 29.09 0.048 23.35 23.45 0.899 24.51 24.23 0.689
Indiana 28.72a 26.80 0.045 7.73b 6.43 0.093 37.35a 33.29 0.012 29.89 28.26 0.167 31.01b 29.00 0.056
Iowa 27.73 26.39 0.166 6.54a 5.01 0.034 37.94 37.22 0.653 28.48 27.05 0.245 29.92 28.59 0.212
Kansas 24.62 24.75 0.884 5.86 5.37 0.465 32.22 31.73 0.751 25.71 26.05 0.773 26.71 26.91 0.845
Kentucky 34.28 33.73 0.590 9.61 9.61 0.999 43.43b 40.64 0.078 35.71 35.45 0.842 36.80 36.18 0.580
Louisiana 30.58 30.20 0.707 7.94 6.90 0.230 35.74 34.52 0.465 32.52 32.34 0.892 32.99 32.65 0.766
Maine 24.18 24.21 0.977 8.32 7.90 0.655 35.17 35.21 0.982 24.26 24.30 0.967 25.55 25.59 0.972
Maryland 22.04a 19.10 0.001 5.57b 4.45 0.077 31.95a 26.10 0.000 22.38a 19.69 0.012 23.67a 20.54 0.001
Massachusetts 20.46 20.70 0.764 4.79 4.31 0.471 31.03 29.16 0.205 20.30 20.97 0.502 21.89 22.17 0.742
Michigan 26.78 26.18 0.393 6.63a 5.52 0.039 34.00a 30.32 0.001 27.96 27.91 0.960 28.84 28.26 0.450
Minnesota 23.60 22.77 0.348 5.63 5.24 0.549 33.82 34.44 0.696 24.11 23.01 0.311 25.45 24.57 0.364
Mississippi 30.70 31.32 0.559 8.11 7.62 0.580 35.01 33.81 0.484 32.88 33.95 0.432 33.20 33.93 0.533
Missouri 29.51a 27.07 0.013 8.45 7.27 0.193 38.91a 31.33 0.000 30.46 28.71 0.157 31.66a 29.08 0.017
Montana 28.82b 27.11 0.093 10.13b 8.33 0.069 38.90 38.20 0.679 29.22 27.36 0.135 30.57 28.86 0.119
Nebraska 26.33 26.34 0.987 5.20 4.96 0.674 33.89 35.90 0.239 27.69 27.40 0.806 28.63 28.68 0.960
Nevada 23.47 24.12 0.526 5.51 4.61 0.190 28.56 27.75 0.629 24.81 25.84 0.405 25.30 26.09 0.482
New Hampshire 24.31a 22.47 0.033 6.97 6.38 0.467 36.02 33.53 0.138 24.31b 22.43 0.075 25.90a 23.92 0.033
New Jersey 19.25a 20.78 0.050 4.64 4.14 0.337 30.27 29.89 0.794 19.31a 21.34 0.033 20.73a 22.45 0.044
New Mexico 25.01 25.08 0.934 4.81 4.76 0.939 34.50b 31.42 0.060 25.93 26.56 0.586 27.17 27.24 0.937
New York 22.04a 19.64 0.000 4.89a 3.72 0.005 28.26a 26.09 0.027 22.85a 20.27 0.000 23.62a 21.09 0.000
North Carolina 25.99 24.78 0.116 5.89 5.88 0.996 35.79 33.90 0.184 26.82 25.58 0.196 28.07 26.71 0.110
North Dakota 28.98a 26.66 0.010 7.51 6.99 0.550 38.37b 35.27 0.057 29.33a 27.07 0.046 30.94a 28.47 0.012
Ohio 29.61 28.75 0.218 6.94 6.85 0.867 39.07a 36.60 0.041 30.81 30.09 0.405 31.95 30.99 0.206
Oklahoma 30.95a 28.81 0.035 7.31 6.19 0.171 35.50 33.92 0.360 33.19b 30.83 0.068 33.53a 31.28 0.046
Oregon 22.75 23.11 0.672 6.18 5.50 0.341 34.41 32.31 0.176 22.73 23.57 0.410 24.28 24.71 0.636
Pennsylvania 26.96 26.48 0.475 6.36 5.88 0.397 36.17 34.60 0.150 27.74 27.43 0.706 28.89 28.39 0.496
Rhode Island 24.16a 22.31 0.049 6.17b 4.90 0.069 33.62a 28.22 0.001 24.34 23.06 0.274 25.77b 23.84 0.059
South Carolina 27.98 26.94 0.284 7.37 6.73 0.441 38.97a 34.25 0.006 28.57 28.09 0.679 30.00 28.92 0.299
South Dakota 29.08 29.08 1.000 8.32 8.36 0.965 39.58 39.09 0.766 29.80 29.94 0.909 31.25 31.27 0.986
Tennessee 30.41 29.89 0.598 7.48 7.11 0.645 36.40 36.05 0.828 32.13 31.56 0.640 32.73 32.18 0.607
Texas 23.10 22.55 0.309 4.42 3.75 0.102 28.86 27.24 0.106 24.71 24.38 0.629 25.35 24.81 0.369
Utah 15.45 15.24 0.791 3.36 3.61 0.656 21.30 20.35 0.531 16.22 16.10 0.911 17.15 16.87 0.754
Vermont 27.99 26.56 0.161 8.59 7.50 0.243 43.90 42.76 0.560 27.16 25.62 0.216 29.65 28.16 0.173
Virginia 23.81a 21.29 0.000 5.63 5.06 0.296 32.30 30.23 0.133 24.52a 21.71 0.002 25.61a 22.89 0.001
Washington 19.97 20.53 0.532 5.38 5.46 0.911 29.79 28.07 0.247 20.05 21.03 0.365 21.38 21.97 0.541
West Virginia 38.25 37.92 0.782 12.38a 9.45 0.009 44.33 43.82 0.781 40.01 39.97 0.978 40.57 40.46 0.935
Wisconsin 25.44 25.23 0.812 6.21 5.51 0.312 32.18 32.32 0.927 26.58 26.36 0.842 27.38 27.20 0.859
Wyoming 28.61 26.98 0.117 8.09b 6.62 0.085 40.21 38.59 0.346 29.11 27.54 0.227 30.69 29.06 0.152
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
NOTE: Tobacco Products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or "snus"), cigars, or pipe tobacco.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 18 – Cigarette Use in the Past Month, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 19.23a 18.47 0.000 3.80a 3.29 0.000 25.12a 22.90 0.000 20.09a 19.54 0.012 20.81a 20.01 0.000
Northeast 18.46a 17.54 0.004 3.44a 2.94 0.011 24.93a 22.38 0.000 19.05b 18.34 0.076 19.87a 18.90 0.005
Midwest 21.31a 20.61 0.012 4.70a 4.04 0.002 27.66a 25.03 0.000 22.26 21.88 0.281 23.04a 22.32 0.019
South 20.57a 19.78 0.001 3.88a 3.44 0.011 25.95a 23.74 0.000 21.71b 21.11 0.064 22.31a 21.48 0.002
West 15.82a 15.18 0.026 3.13a 2.63 0.009 21.72a 20.10 0.005 16.35 15.86 0.189 17.13a 16.46 0.035
Alabama 22.65 23.46 0.393 4.83 4.80 0.958 27.51 25.60 0.198 23.98 25.32 0.264 24.48 25.36 0.399
Alaska 23.35a 19.65 0.000 7.20 5.98 0.112 30.46 27.57 0.109 24.19a 20.11 0.000 25.16a 21.18 0.000
Arizona 17.98 16.92 0.186 2.94 2.33 0.152 23.81 21.92 0.214 18.87 17.88 0.329 19.59 18.45 0.201
Arkansas 25.90 24.65 0.168 5.30 4.86 0.485 29.90 27.38 0.121 27.79 26.64 0.320 28.09 26.74 0.180
California 14.30a 13.34 0.018 2.66a 2.08 0.030 19.32a 17.04 0.009 14.84 14.06 0.130 15.50a 14.49 0.024
Colorado 16.76 15.82 0.222 3.44 3.22 0.674 25.62 25.51 0.950 16.86 15.72 0.232 18.12 17.09 0.225
Connecticut 17.95 16.84 0.159 3.54a 2.49 0.018 27.43a 23.71 0.018 18.10 17.38 0.463 19.40 18.27 0.187
Delaware 19.03 18.36 0.432 3.22 2.56 0.142 23.53 21.69 0.237 20.07 19.56 0.634 20.53 19.84 0.464
District of Columbia 18.36 18.70 0.706 2.05 1.78 0.449 21.72 22.42 0.669 18.79 19.12 0.759 19.28 19.65 0.698
Florida 16.62 16.68 0.914 2.93 2.76 0.601 20.36 19.08 0.168 17.46 17.72 0.705 17.82 17.89 0.915
Georgia 19.72 18.90 0.279 3.73 3.43 0.502 25.15 23.29 0.156 20.91 20.20 0.455 21.53 20.64 0.286
Hawaii 14.86b 13.62 0.099 2.98 2.63 0.453 22.86 22.95 0.956 14.92 13.45 0.112 15.93 14.61 0.102
Idaho 17.17 18.24 0.185 4.49 4.35 0.828 24.66 27.15 0.141 17.71 18.72 0.323 18.71 19.92 0.180
Illinois 18.74 18.19 0.363 3.93a 3.13 0.046 26.46a 23.57 0.013 19.28 19.13 0.849 20.29 19.75 0.418
Indiana 22.82 21.37 0.106 5.60b 4.55 0.093 28.32a 24.26 0.008 24.06 23.00 0.348 24.70 23.18 0.126
Iowa 21.54 20.97 0.487 4.60 3.70 0.114 29.66 28.58 0.492 22.14 21.71 0.676 23.28 22.75 0.551
Kansas 18.83 19.68 0.291 3.91 3.43 0.334 23.75 23.90 0.922 19.90 21.06 0.260 20.49 21.49 0.265
Kentucky 28.27b 26.66 0.098 6.51 5.88 0.403 35.74a 31.46 0.019 29.63 28.33 0.281 30.49 28.77 0.107
Louisiana 25.84a 23.92 0.046 5.65a 4.36 0.034 29.82 27.11 0.111 27.67 25.79 0.124 27.98b 25.98 0.059
Maine 19.97 20.16 0.827 6.29 6.17 0.870 28.52 27.60 0.568 20.15 20.50 0.741 21.15 21.35 0.838
Maryland 17.78a 15.70 0.006 3.46b 2.68 0.078 24.05a 19.79 0.002 18.44a 16.56 0.047 19.20a 16.99 0.008
Massachusetts 16.71 16.57 0.848 3.00 2.66 0.427 23.76b 21.12 0.056 16.95 17.25 0.738 17.95 17.82 0.862
Michigan 22.09 21.63 0.481 4.58a 3.68 0.037 26.86a 23.56 0.002 23.37 23.42 0.950 23.88 23.44 0.535
Minnesota 18.59 18.26 0.653 4.19 3.82 0.478 25.47 25.90 0.781 19.21 18.76 0.628 20.07 19.74 0.683
Mississippi 24.12 24.55 0.640 5.08 4.71 0.558 28.23 26.43 0.271 25.88 26.79 0.431 26.23 26.73 0.618
Missouri 22.98b 21.33 0.061 6.06 5.20 0.208 30.61a 24.06 0.000 23.74 22.79 0.389 24.71b 22.97 0.070
Montana 20.95 20.53 0.619 7.08 6.03 0.177 27.70 28.45 0.660 21.36 20.83 0.603 22.25 21.88 0.684
Nebraska 21.20 20.81 0.645 3.93 3.68 0.594 26.28 26.25 0.983 22.52 22.05 0.664 23.09 22.69 0.670
Nevada 19.76 19.54 0.807 3.43 2.78 0.183 23.03 22.33 0.662 21.17 21.06 0.918 21.42 21.22 0.844
New Hampshire 19.16b 17.68 0.087 5.04 4.87 0.790 27.46 25.55 0.233 19.35 17.80 0.142 20.45b 18.84 0.083
New Jersey 15.82 16.67 0.209 2.90 2.50 0.295 25.05 24.00 0.442 15.93 17.21 0.127 17.12 18.09 0.193
New Mexico 20.28 20.06 0.810 2.95 2.74 0.690 28.80a 25.33 0.044 21.01 21.34 0.760 22.13 21.91 0.820
New York 18.08a 16.16 0.000 3.14a 2.41 0.026 22.22a 19.30 0.002 19.00a 17.10 0.003 19.46a 17.41 0.000
North Carolina 21.31b 20.08 0.100 3.74 3.45 0.486 28.40a 25.55 0.037 22.27 21.19 0.250 23.12 21.79 0.101
North Dakota 21.88b 20.23 0.055 5.96 5.22 0.296 26.64 25.49 0.489 22.62b 20.82 0.093 23.33b 21.61 0.066
Ohio 23.79 22.89 0.175 4.93 4.71 0.630 30.98a 28.04 0.022 24.89 24.22 0.413 25.74 24.74 0.172
Oklahoma 24.61b 22.91 0.059 4.78 4.36 0.465 28.74 26.63 0.201 26.44 24.66 0.117 26.78b 24.94 0.064
Oregon 18.21 18.69 0.531 4.33 3.74 0.278 27.34 26.59 0.632 18.29 19.06 0.405 19.49 20.05 0.499
Pennsylvania 21.47 20.55 0.142 3.91 3.71 0.624 28.06a 25.32 0.013 22.34 21.61 0.357 23.11 22.11 0.143
Rhode Island 19.19b 17.66 0.065 3.69 2.97 0.147 24.92a 21.15 0.015 19.79 18.56 0.239 20.58b 18.95 0.072
South Carolina 22.59 21.85 0.393 4.91 4.42 0.428 30.13a 25.15 0.002 23.40 23.31 0.929 24.33 23.56 0.409
South Dakota 23.53 22.56 0.285 7.17 6.48 0.385 31.67 29.34 0.160 24.14 23.40 0.519 25.25 24.26 0.320
Tennessee 24.78 23.40 0.125 5.07 4.72 0.582 29.32 27.56 0.291 26.36 24.91 0.200 26.78 25.27 0.129
Texas 18.60 18.33 0.611 2.90 2.41 0.128 23.86 22.38 0.108 19.87 19.87 0.998 20.49 20.25 0.679
Utah 13.43 13.34 0.898 2.85 2.66 0.677 18.63 17.78 0.549 14.09 14.20 0.911 14.92 14.84 0.917
Vermont 22.33b 20.55 0.057 6.23 5.75 0.518 35.63 33.38 0.272 21.62b 19.77 0.097 23.70b 21.79 0.058
Virginia 19.52a 17.02 0.000 3.77 3.36 0.324 26.72a 23.78 0.020 20.15a 17.50 0.001 21.08a 18.37 0.000
Washington 15.89 16.50 0.436 3.61 3.40 0.691 23.08 21.96 0.426 16.12 17.11 0.309 17.07 17.76 0.427
West Virginia 29.79 29.93 0.896 7.84b 6.42 0.087 35.80 33.51 0.220 31.14 31.81 0.623 31.75 32.03 0.814
Wisconsin 20.51 20.23 0.747 4.33 3.85 0.365 24.34 23.46 0.559 21.79 21.61 0.876 22.15 21.88 0.776
Wyoming 21.73a 19.95 0.036 5.88a 4.48 0.042 29.36 29.28 0.964 22.34b 20.29 0.057 23.34b 21.52 0.052
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 19 – Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016.2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 72.80a 72.21 0.002 68.71 68.24 0.163 68.29a 67.57 0.034 74.04a 73.44 0.010 73.22a 72.61 0.004
Northeast 74.59 74.26 0.321 71.53 71.19 0.557 69.57 69.24 0.590 75.74 75.39 0.391 74.88 74.54 0.350
Midwest 68.94 68.59 0.283 67.33a 65.71 0.004 65.05b 64.09 0.084 69.78 69.67 0.782 69.10 68.88 0.529
South 72.41a 71.87 0.038 67.79 67.62 0.719 67.64 67.14 0.302 73.75b 73.14 0.053 72.88a 72.31 0.039
West 75.55a 74.44 0.001 69.47 69.45 0.962 71.20b 70.09 0.084 77.03a 75.76 0.002 76.17a 74.95 0.001
Alabama 70.28 68.99 0.161 67.98 66.83 0.435 63.96 64.33 0.831 71.60 70.00 0.156 70.52 69.21 0.191
Alaska 70.37 70.11 0.789 60.68 63.29 0.142 66.46 63.68 0.157 72.37 72.08 0.800 71.45 70.87 0.570
Arizona 73.79 73.41 0.683 69.14 70.53 0.352 68.63 70.17 0.393 75.24 74.30 0.413 74.28 73.71 0.576
Arkansas 69.81b 68.13 0.093 66.84 64.80 0.191 66.58a 63.01 0.049 70.72 69.38 0.271 70.12 68.48 0.131
California 78.22a 76.63 0.002 70.69 71.04 0.724 74.37 73.17 0.227 79.81a 77.87 0.002 78.99a 77.19 0.001
Colorado 73.90 73.50 0.631 68.48 67.77 0.648 67.13 67.84 0.694 75.68 75.09 0.564 74.45 74.08 0.679
Connecticut 75.07 74.30 0.413 71.27 72.10 0.595 70.14 70.71 0.730 76.32 75.13 0.304 75.45 74.51 0.361
Delaware 71.98 71.90 0.933 68.02 69.23 0.432 70.32 70.28 0.985 72.66 72.42 0.839 72.35 72.14 0.847
District of Columbia 76.92 76.51 0.608 62.78 64.77 0.242 72.67 70.88 0.308 78.75 78.39 0.708 77.71 77.16 0.516
Florida 77.23 76.68 0.367 71.33 71.49 0.868 71.73 72.05 0.761 78.59 77.82 0.292 77.74 77.13 0.350
Georgia 72.33 71.73 0.437 68.70 70.74 0.116 66.87 67.48 0.666 73.75 72.57 0.218 72.74 71.83 0.286
Hawaii 72.51 72.77 0.801 65.84 65.69 0.931 66.99 65.31 0.359 74.01 74.51 0.679 73.11 73.40 0.792
Idaho 71.86 71.52 0.701 67.70 68.24 0.736 66.60 64.12 0.161 73.34 73.21 0.904 72.37 71.91 0.646
Illinois 72.98 72.82 0.809 68.62 67.26 0.209 68.93 67.63 0.304 74.17 74.33 0.849 73.43 73.39 0.960
Indiana 68.61 67.84 0.400 65.98b 63.23 0.091 63.33 63.72 0.823 69.88 69.15 0.526 68.89 68.34 0.580
Iowa 65.76 65.98 0.826 65.75 64.61 0.469 61.23 60.73 0.771 66.58 67.08 0.682 65.76 66.12 0.739
Kansas 66.96b 68.69 0.076 69.13 69.04 0.959 64.46 63.87 0.735 67.13b 69.50 0.053 66.72b 68.65 0.070
Kentucky 64.61 64.98 0.728 63.55 62.19 0.420 60.10 59.84 0.891 65.47 66.14 0.609 64.71 65.26 0.636
Louisiana 68.68 67.72 0.313 66.19a 62.51 0.018 66.72a 63.36 0.049 69.32 69.08 0.837 68.94 68.26 0.515
Maine 70.93 70.78 0.889 68.94 68.37 0.709 63.64 63.42 0.896 72.10 71.99 0.931 71.09 70.98 0.919
Maryland 76.56 76.27 0.715 71.55 71.94 0.797 71.31 72.33 0.525 77.96 77.36 0.548 77.06 76.69 0.680
Massachusetts 74.23 73.58 0.457 71.04 70.92 0.939 69.56 71.11 0.358 75.38 74.28 0.307 74.51 73.81 0.457
Michigan 69.54 68.84 0.318 67.15 68.13 0.390 65.65 65.64 0.991 70.48 69.46 0.242 69.78 68.91 0.249
Minnesota 69.80 68.67 0.241 69.10a 63.77 0.001 64.97b 61.93 0.084 70.65 70.31 0.776 69.87 69.17 0.505
Mississippi 69.46 68.80 0.463 61.76 61.77 0.999 66.44 65.68 0.674 71.01 70.25 0.504 70.31 69.57 0.454
Missouri 65.96 67.40 0.163 66.37 66.65 0.868 61.94 61.22 0.695 66.58 68.49 0.130 65.92 67.48 0.165
Montana 70.08 69.38 0.456 65.01 63.20 0.278 63.43b 60.11 0.062 71.72 71.52 0.867 70.56 69.95 0.553
Nebraska 67.12 66.83 0.778 66.44 64.08 0.129 64.42 63.42 0.572 67.69 67.79 0.938 67.19 67.12 0.954
Nevada 73.54 71.86 0.106 65.70 66.17 0.776 70.94 69.77 0.521 74.84 72.82 0.108 74.33b 72.43 0.091
New Hampshire 72.62 71.37 0.155 71.36 70.42 0.535 66.68 66.00 0.689 73.69 72.30 0.196 72.74 71.46 0.179
New Jersey 77.37 77.11 0.722 73.43 74.20 0.567 70.18 68.46 0.240 78.91 78.73 0.843 77.77 77.40 0.641
New Mexico 72.69 71.37 0.142 64.28 62.42 0.281 65.75 64.74 0.566 74.91 73.57 0.230 73.59 72.32 0.198
New York 76.70 76.63 0.905 72.36 72.35 0.992 71.13 70.47 0.549 78.09 78.08 0.986 77.09 77.01 0.899
North Carolina 70.91 69.92 0.232 67.29 66.26 0.450 65.74 65.06 0.658 72.18 71.12 0.300 71.29 70.29 0.273
North Dakota 66.95 66.19 0.440 67.22 64.63 0.113 65.86a 62.17 0.031 67.16 67.20 0.978 66.92 66.33 0.578
Ohio 66.81 66.50 0.675 66.27 64.37 0.114 63.56 63.59 0.980 67.39 67.20 0.840 66.86 66.71 0.853
Oklahoma 67.71 67.89 0.850 62.04 61.00 0.547 64.26 65.93 0.346 69.04 69.11 0.953 68.32 68.64 0.765
Oregon 71.66 70.91 0.424 69.76b 67.04 0.084 64.90 64.17 0.662 72.89 72.32 0.614 71.84 71.26 0.569
Pennsylvania 70.22 69.83 0.574 69.84b 67.74 0.059 67.52 67.40 0.919 70.68 70.42 0.760 70.25 70.02 0.756
Rhode Island 74.94 73.68 0.153 68.14 68.47 0.837 69.71 68.66 0.538 76.61 75.12 0.162 75.54 74.13 0.137
South Carolina 70.58 69.46 0.226 66.20 64.24 0.202 66.17 64.61 0.351 71.78 70.79 0.382 71.00 69.96 0.299
South Dakota 67.58 66.33 0.185 64.95b 61.82 0.054 62.21 61.46 0.665 68.84 67.71 0.336 67.86 66.80 0.312
Tennessee 69.41 68.93 0.620 66.21 64.36 0.233 64.53 63.99 0.755 70.58 70.24 0.781 69.74 69.39 0.744
Texas 73.49 72.85 0.244 67.55 68.07 0.628 68.97 67.36 0.140 75.16 74.51 0.340 74.20 73.42 0.194
Utah 75.31 74.93 0.657 73.13 74.79 0.296 70.97b 68.10 0.094 76.69 76.48 0.851 75.62 74.94 0.482
Vermont 70.78 71.36 0.551 69.26 68.10 0.436 66.16 65.33 0.645 71.74 72.72 0.397 70.91 71.63 0.489
Virginia 71.96 72.64 0.349 69.07 69.65 0.655 67.81 68.82 0.499 72.97 73.59 0.480 72.24 72.93 0.380
Washington 71.37 70.82 0.539 67.88 65.64 0.135 67.87 65.05 0.109 72.31 72.27 0.970 71.70 71.31 0.685
West Virginia 65.62 65.07 0.607 65.59 65.37 0.887 60.25 59.93 0.859 66.41 65.78 0.629 65.62 65.04 0.618
Wisconsin 69.60a 67.56 0.040 68.35a 64.76 0.019 66.71a 63.06 0.034 70.22 68.62 0.191 69.72b 67.83 0.080
Wyoming 66.52 67.68 0.232 64.36 62.36 0.234 64.20 61.79 0.169 67.16b 69.24 0.075 66.74 68.22 0.157
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 20 – Illicit Drug Use Disorder in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 2.81 2.76 0.294 3.30a 3.07 0.046 7.14 7.17 0.849 2.04 2.00 0.555 2.76 2.72 0.503
Northeast 2.84 2.79 0.571 2.94 2.84 0.614 7.63 7.67 0.891 2.06 2.00 0.605 2.83 2.78 0.621
Midwest 2.61 2.62 0.938 3.20a 2.86 0.039 6.51 6.62 0.665 1.89 1.93 0.687 2.55 2.60 0.647
South 2.65 2.62 0.765 3.07 2.88 0.192 6.81 6.99 0.475 1.91 1.89 0.819 2.60 2.60 0.947
West 3.24 3.07 0.135 4.01 3.73 0.227 7.84 7.58 0.472 2.36 2.24 0.331 3.16 3.00 0.194
Alabama 2.99 2.86 0.599 2.74 2.73 0.967 7.68 7.25 0.645 2.24 2.16 0.757 3.01 2.87 0.592
Alaska 4.32a 3.69 0.049 4.80 4.55 0.651 8.81 7.88 0.336 3.44 2.88 0.110 4.27b 3.60 0.051
Arizona 3.48a 2.79 0.006 4.69a 3.52 0.023 8.68b 7.07 0.071 2.44b 1.98 0.083 3.35a 2.71 0.017
Arkansas 2.54 2.80 0.249 3.07 3.12 0.927 5.73 6.01 0.716 1.94 2.23 0.221 2.48 2.76 0.236
California 3.27b 2.97 0.062 3.94 3.73 0.560 7.87 7.27 0.272 2.39 2.15 0.173 3.21b 2.89 0.072
Colorado 3.02 3.43 0.128 3.84 3.88 0.949 7.83b 9.66 0.080 2.12 2.37 0.353 2.94 3.39 0.111
Connecticut 3.62 3.47 0.643 4.03 3.48 0.342 10.06 10.16 0.937 2.53 2.38 0.655 3.58 3.47 0.746
Delaware 3.05 3.35 0.311 3.22 3.46 0.617 8.01 8.38 0.693 2.27 2.58 0.307 3.04 3.33 0.333
District of Columbia 3.09a 3.93 0.007 3.40 3.68 0.602 6.14a 8.36 0.013 2.43a 3.08 0.049 3.07a 3.94 0.008
Florida 2.45b 2.71 0.092 3.31 3.62 0.377 6.90 7.19 0.604 1.74b 2.01 0.096 2.38 2.63 0.112
Georgia 2.54 2.39 0.451 2.62 2.43 0.589 5.80 6.06 0.693 1.96 1.77 0.361 2.53 2.39 0.501
Hawaii 2.67b 2.31 0.083 3.25 2.89 0.453 7.54 6.57 0.259 1.89 1.67 0.282 2.61 2.26 0.103
Idaho 2.81 2.63 0.380 3.46 3.10 0.412 6.79 5.94 0.218 2.05 2.01 0.860 2.73 2.57 0.468
Illinois 2.59 2.59 0.973 3.21 2.94 0.390 6.44 6.81 0.586 1.87 1.87 0.964 2.52 2.56 0.854
Indiana 2.47 2.48 0.974 3.13 2.52 0.154 5.89 6.22 0.647 1.78 1.82 0.871 2.40 2.47 0.726
Iowa 2.25 2.35 0.572 2.99 2.76 0.556 5.72 6.27 0.441 1.54 1.60 0.712 2.17 2.31 0.476
Kansas 2.37 2.31 0.746 2.99 2.43 0.143 5.76 5.67 0.896 1.67 1.69 0.947 2.30 2.29 0.966
Kentucky 2.97 2.82 0.502 3.31 2.92 0.357 7.51 7.38 0.874 2.18 2.07 0.632 2.94 2.81 0.596
Louisiana 2.75 2.67 0.736 2.60 2.42 0.647 6.49 6.63 0.869 2.13 2.05 0.742 2.77 2.70 0.787
Maine 2.71 3.03 0.163 3.52 3.55 0.955 7.35 8.00 0.465 2.00 2.32 0.181 2.63 2.99 0.148
Maryland 3.17 2.79 0.126 3.02 2.73 0.468 8.49 8.01 0.561 2.35 1.99 0.189 3.18 2.79 0.147
Massachusetts 3.34 3.22 0.628 3.38 3.13 0.576 8.41 8.33 0.921 2.46 2.34 0.687 3.34 3.22 0.677
Michigan 3.05 2.96 0.616 3.48b 2.91 0.089 7.56 7.16 0.505 2.24 2.26 0.893 3.01 2.97 0.826
Minnesota 2.59 2.36 0.254 3.44 3.10 0.409 6.73 5.99 0.314 1.82 1.69 0.537 2.50 2.28 0.304
Mississippi 2.73 2.73 0.998 2.90 2.88 0.966 6.08 6.54 0.484 2.11 2.05 0.793 2.71 2.71 0.995
Missouri 2.70 2.54 0.439 3.24 2.66 0.142 6.21 6.20 0.994 2.06 1.93 0.584 2.64 2.53 0.596
Montana 3.10 3.11 0.974 4.23 3.93 0.565 7.71 8.10 0.658 2.23 2.22 0.992 3.00 3.03 0.886
Nebraska 2.39 2.54 0.451 2.81 2.71 0.815 6.08 6.95 0.282 1.67 1.73 0.762 2.34 2.52 0.404
Nevada 3.01b 3.48 0.092 4.51 4.17 0.562 6.86a 9.48 0.013 2.26 2.53 0.347 2.86b 3.41 0.062
New Hampshire 3.44 3.15 0.270 3.59 3.44 0.746 9.97 9.57 0.654 2.40 2.13 0.349 3.43 3.13 0.276
New Jersey 2.18 2.28 0.593 2.34 2.46 0.742 6.49 6.80 0.606 1.52 1.58 0.728 2.17 2.26 0.621
New Mexico 3.20 3.17 0.901 4.49 4.11 0.551 8.02 8.41 0.675 2.23 2.18 0.885 3.06 3.07 0.993
New York 2.82 2.73 0.598 2.96 2.87 0.772 7.45 7.67 0.712 2.03 1.92 0.511 2.81 2.72 0.625
North Carolina 2.89 2.72 0.397 3.20 2.99 0.589 8.23 7.49 0.352 2.00 1.94 0.782 2.86 2.69 0.434
North Dakota 2.37 2.52 0.537 2.98 2.93 0.915 4.86 5.65 0.263 1.76 1.82 0.804 2.32 2.48 0.510
Ohio 2.61a 2.97 0.044 2.90 3.10 0.541 6.81 7.51 0.242 1.90b 2.23 0.085 2.58a 2.96 0.049
Oklahoma 2.63 2.77 0.612 2.95 3.09 0.777 5.78 6.94 0.165 2.04 2.01 0.934 2.60 2.74 0.634
Oregon 3.79 3.32 0.103 4.69 3.96 0.164 9.30 7.85 0.146 2.86 2.58 0.369 3.71 3.27 0.146
Pennsylvania 2.65 2.63 0.909 2.46 2.47 0.994 6.88 6.64 0.664 2.01 2.03 0.904 2.67 2.65 0.905
Rhode Island 4.11a 3.46 0.041 4.81 3.88 0.109 9.82 8.45 0.199 3.00 2.52 0.152 4.05b 3.43 0.066
South Carolina 2.91 2.75 0.489 3.27 3.13 0.757 7.70 7.65 0.949 2.10 1.95 0.522 2.87 2.71 0.509
South Dakota 2.89 3.08 0.518 3.59 3.63 0.939 6.07 6.94 0.306 2.26 2.36 0.748 2.82 3.02 0.512
Tennessee 2.80 2.70 0.648 3.28 3.10 0.685 7.30 7.34 0.966 2.02 1.92 0.675 2.75 2.66 0.695
Texas 2.40 2.28 0.413 3.16b 2.56 0.061 6.20 6.56 0.530 1.60 1.48 0.400 2.31 2.25 0.699
Utah 2.66 2.95 0.179 2.60 2.72 0.723 6.85 6.93 0.916 1.72b 2.10 0.081 2.67 2.99 0.187
Vermont 3.79 3.76 0.927 3.87 3.99 0.849 10.99 11.17 0.878 2.52 2.45 0.817 3.78 3.74 0.902
Virginia 2.58 2.74 0.411 2.75 2.57 0.602 6.66 7.38 0.261 1.90 2.01 0.567 2.57 2.75 0.354
Washington 3.19 3.50 0.253 4.11 4.16 0.929 7.17 7.99 0.377 2.46 2.74 0.327 3.10 3.44 0.242
West Virginia 2.67 2.73 0.801 3.47 3.36 0.813 6.82 7.17 0.663 1.97 2.02 0.866 2.60 2.67 0.765
Wisconsin 2.40 2.17 0.251 3.43 2.76 0.117 6.36 5.69 0.397 1.63 1.52 0.608 2.30 2.11 0.381
Wyoming 2.56 2.53 0.913 3.93 3.47 0.382 6.15 5.82 0.667 1.80 1.90 0.638 2.42 2.44 0.926
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
NOTE: Illicit Drug Use Disorder is defined as meeting criteria for illicit drug dependence or abuse. Dependence or abuse is based on definitions found in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV).
NOTE: Illicit Drug Use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 21 – Pain Reliever Use Disorder in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 0.71a 0.63 0.022 0.55 0.50 0.287 1.03b 0.91 0.088 0.67b 0.60 0.080 0.72a 0.65 0.029
Northeast 0.67 0.63 0.334 0.44 0.42 0.679 0.98 0.86 0.203 0.65 0.61 0.540 0.69 0.64 0.350
Midwest 0.71 0.67 0.348 0.55 0.50 0.316 1.05 1.00 0.636 0.67 0.64 0.494 0.73 0.69 0.410
South 0.73a 0.65 0.041 0.59 0.51 0.188 1.04 1.00 0.575 0.69b 0.61 0.075 0.74b 0.66 0.055
West 0.69a 0.59 0.014 0.57 0.55 0.795 1.05a 0.76 0.006 0.65 0.56 0.109 0.71a 0.59 0.014
Alabama 0.94 0.77 0.176 0.47 0.52 0.721 1.49 1.33 0.646 0.90 0.71 0.230 0.98 0.80 0.166
Alaska 0.76 0.67 0.340 0.62 0.60 0.894 1.10 0.79 0.188 0.72 0.66 0.637 0.78 0.68 0.353
Arizona 0.75 0.63 0.214 0.65 0.52 0.359 1.14 0.93 0.350 0.70 0.59 0.409 0.76 0.64 0.256
Arkansas 0.80 0.79 0.947 0.60 0.53 0.594 1.09 1.08 0.948 0.78 0.78 0.987 0.82 0.82 0.994
California 0.63a 0.51 0.028 0.57 0.57 0.972 0.86a 0.56 0.030 0.60 0.49 0.135 0.64a 0.50 0.025
Colorado 0.78 0.67 0.236 0.55 0.49 0.658 1.44 1.19 0.372 0.70 0.60 0.436 0.81 0.68 0.253
Connecticut 0.70 0.62 0.452 0.59 0.48 0.346 0.87 0.95 0.722 0.69 0.58 0.465 0.71 0.63 0.506
Delaware 0.74 0.73 0.947 0.49 0.49 0.968 1.08 0.91 0.437 0.71 0.73 0.891 0.76 0.75 0.949
District of Columbia 0.55 0.55 0.956 0.45 0.45 0.952 0.68 0.66 0.944 0.54 0.53 0.986 0.56 0.56 0.960
Florida 0.67 0.63 0.530 0.60 0.54 0.467 1.04 0.97 0.701 0.62 0.59 0.669 0.68 0.63 0.575
Georgia 0.72 0.62 0.257 0.58 0.48 0.264 0.87 0.87 0.971 0.71 0.60 0.324 0.74 0.64 0.306
Hawaii 0.53 0.47 0.434 0.43 0.54 0.431 0.84 0.58 0.184 0.50 0.44 0.596 0.54 0.46 0.364
Idaho 0.85 0.76 0.436 0.57 0.58 0.927 1.45 1.07 0.155 0.79 0.74 0.741 0.88 0.79 0.433
Illinois 0.63 0.58 0.447 0.66 0.55 0.332 0.83 0.81 0.890 0.60 0.54 0.573 0.63 0.58 0.532
Indiana 0.77 0.74 0.814 0.57 0.49 0.512 1.17 1.23 0.830 0.72 0.69 0.822 0.79 0.77 0.871
Iowa 0.67 0.68 0.919 0.52 0.46 0.583 0.96 0.97 0.973 0.64 0.65 0.884 0.69 0.70 0.874
Kansas 0.73 0.65 0.428 0.52 0.46 0.597 1.13 0.92 0.366 0.68 0.63 0.694 0.75 0.67 0.458
Kentucky 0.90 0.82 0.525 0.49 0.45 0.707 1.21 1.36 0.583 0.89 0.78 0.452 0.94 0.86 0.542
Louisiana 0.83 0.70 0.236 0.50 0.44 0.582 1.04 1.15 0.639 0.83 0.65 0.240 0.86 0.72 0.252
Maine 0.73 0.78 0.621 0.47 0.46 0.953 1.22 1.39 0.584 0.69 0.73 0.762 0.75 0.80 0.619
Maryland 0.72 0.59 0.215 0.57 0.47 0.410 0.90 0.78 0.539 0.71 0.58 0.335 0.73 0.60 0.243
Massachusetts 0.68 0.68 0.998 0.50 0.44 0.590 0.88 0.80 0.665 0.66 0.68 0.879 0.69 0.70 0.960
Michigan 0.78 0.74 0.612 0.50 0.49 0.880 1.19 0.98 0.319 0.75 0.73 0.888 0.81 0.77 0.619
Minnesota 0.66 0.59 0.468 0.52 0.44 0.481 0.96 0.81 0.444 0.63 0.57 0.662 0.67 0.61 0.508
Mississippi 0.86 0.75 0.348 0.53 0.50 0.787 1.04 1.23 0.489 0.87 0.70 0.277 0.90 0.78 0.360
Missouri 0.76 0.69 0.495 0.61 0.50 0.364 0.98 1.04 0.809 0.74 0.65 0.524 0.78 0.70 0.551
Montana 0.75 0.72 0.696 0.55 0.49 0.640 1.37 1.19 0.537 0.68 0.66 0.933 0.77 0.74 0.731
Nebraska 0.67 0.65 0.775 0.54 0.47 0.498 0.94 0.95 0.965 0.64 0.62 0.829 0.69 0.67 0.834
Nevada 0.72 0.69 0.822 0.64 0.61 0.789 1.18 0.93 0.326 0.66 0.67 0.931 0.72 0.70 0.846
New Hampshire 0.79 0.69 0.372 0.52 0.48 0.705 1.30 1.24 0.787 0.74 0.63 0.446 0.82 0.71 0.383
New Jersey 0.67 0.60 0.468 0.44 0.43 0.995 1.08 0.82 0.190 0.64 0.59 0.693 0.70 0.62 0.462
New Mexico 0.64 0.52 0.129 0.65 0.59 0.724 1.09 0.93 0.447 0.57 0.45 0.242 0.64 0.52 0.139
New York 0.61 0.56 0.452 0.41 0.39 0.797 0.80 0.72 0.589 0.61 0.55 0.569 0.63 0.58 0.466
North Carolina 0.73 0.65 0.327 0.49 0.46 0.737 1.10 0.88 0.279 0.70 0.64 0.571 0.75 0.67 0.343
North Dakota 0.75 0.66 0.308 0.51 0.46 0.659 1.17 1.05 0.603 0.69 0.60 0.479 0.78 0.68 0.328
Ohio 0.72 0.73 0.937 0.48 0.51 0.735 1.17 1.20 0.881 0.68 0.68 0.997 0.75 0.75 0.968
Oklahoma 0.72 0.69 0.742 0.54 0.52 0.851 1.08 0.88 0.419 0.67 0.67 0.993 0.73 0.70 0.759
Oregon 0.73 0.69 0.692 0.52 0.51 0.927 1.27 0.87 0.144 0.67 0.69 0.917 0.75 0.71 0.697
Pennsylvania 0.71 0.68 0.726 0.40 0.40 0.971 1.20 1.02 0.348 0.67 0.66 0.953 0.74 0.71 0.720
Rhode Island 0.74 0.61 0.171 0.48 0.43 0.647 1.04 0.84 0.358 0.71 0.59 0.320 0.76 0.63 0.184
South Carolina 0.79 0.73 0.583 0.49 0.49 0.974 1.12 1.30 0.535 0.77 0.67 0.488 0.82 0.75 0.584
South Dakota 0.72 0.69 0.800 0.50 0.51 0.917 1.19 0.93 0.293 0.67 0.68 0.940 0.74 0.71 0.792
Tennessee 0.86 0.76 0.317 0.49 0.49 0.993 1.37 1.34 0.917 0.82 0.69 0.349 0.90 0.78 0.314
Texas 0.64 0.55 0.114 0.73 0.58 0.167 0.96 0.91 0.756 0.58 0.48 0.215 0.63 0.54 0.178
Utah 0.89 0.79 0.349 0.51 0.51 0.996 1.54 1.25 0.321 0.81 0.74 0.623 0.95 0.83 0.347
Vermont 0.90 0.76 0.228 0.40 0.42 0.841 1.82b 1.26 0.081 0.79 0.70 0.560 0.94 0.79 0.220
Virginia 0.65 0.62 0.674 0.53 0.47 0.536 0.88 0.81 0.682 0.63 0.60 0.814 0.66 0.63 0.720
Washington 0.79 0.69 0.296 0.52 0.54 0.879 1.16 0.82 0.148 0.76 0.68 0.539 0.82 0.70 0.283
West Virginia 0.86 0.79 0.529 0.39 0.44 0.694 1.50 1.36 0.655 0.82 0.75 0.618 0.91 0.83 0.509
Wisconsin 0.68 0.62 0.541 0.54 0.45 0.377 1.00 0.98 0.899 0.65 0.59 0.638 0.70 0.64 0.598
Wyoming 0.74 0.67 0.428 0.62 0.53 0.366 1.27 1.02 0.375 0.67 0.64 0.770 0.75 0.69 0.487
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
NOTE: Pain Reliever Use Disorder is defined as meeting criteria for pain reliever dependence or abuse. Dependence or abuse is based on definitions found in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV).
NOTE: Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs.
NOTE: Prescription psychotherapeutic subtypes were revised in 2016; one effect was the comparability of codeine products between 2015 and 2016.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 22 – Alcohol Use Disorder in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 5.73a 5.46 0.002 2.23a 1.87 0.000 10.80a 10.35 0.045 5.31a 5.09 0.039 6.09a 5.82 0.007
Northeast 6.01a 5.61 0.013 2.28a 1.82 0.002 11.69b 10.98 0.078 5.49b 5.17 0.090 6.36a 5.97 0.023
Midwest 5.90 5.82 0.566 2.29a 1.99 0.029 11.66 11.47 0.588 5.37 5.35 0.871 6.28 6.22 0.693
South 5.25a 4.99 0.024 2.08a 1.67 0.001 9.86a 9.28 0.034 4.87 4.69 0.211 5.58b 5.33 0.052
West 6.14a 5.77 0.037 2.38b 2.11 0.100 10.85 10.54 0.421 5.80b 5.42 0.084 6.53a 6.15 0.048
Alabama 4.16 4.51 0.352 1.67 1.54 0.658 9.08 7.93 0.165 3.64 4.30 0.164 4.42 4.81 0.339
Alaska 6.82 6.57 0.605 2.59 2.21 0.359 10.45 11.26 0.471 6.72 6.35 0.557 7.30 7.06 0.656
Arizona 5.34 5.49 0.698 2.28 1.85 0.188 11.46 11.31 0.878 4.68 4.97 0.570 5.66 5.88 0.627
Arkansas 4.98 5.38 0.271 2.14 2.12 0.941 9.82 9.32 0.582 4.52 5.14 0.188 5.28 5.73 0.267
California 6.40a 5.51 0.001 2.33 2.01 0.200 10.64 9.90 0.232 6.15a 5.18 0.004 6.82a 5.87 0.002
Colorado 6.41 6.30 0.820 2.60 2.07 0.140 11.53 12.23 0.498 6.00 5.83 0.773 6.79 6.73 0.897
Connecticut 6.78 6.10 0.147 2.82 2.68 0.755 11.34 11.18 0.886 6.50 5.68 0.150 7.18 6.44 0.148
Delaware 6.13 6.15 0.970 2.08 1.79 0.365 10.54 10.09 0.639 5.89 6.03 0.823 6.51 6.56 0.934
District of Columbia 8.53 9.08 0.369 1.88 1.97 0.822 13.17 13.62 0.712 8.03 8.67 0.379 8.91 9.48 0.373
Florida 5.63 5.29 0.229 2.20 2.03 0.461 9.94 9.95 0.989 5.36 4.97 0.250 5.93 5.57 0.242
Georgia 4.48 4.42 0.824 1.73b 1.27 0.072 8.76 7.83 0.194 4.11 4.26 0.667 4.79 4.78 0.954
Hawaii 5.01 5.23 0.584 2.35 2.15 0.652 9.86 11.26 0.161 4.58 4.72 0.778 5.25 5.51 0.558
Idaho 5.54 5.90 0.405 2.56 2.31 0.513 10.70 10.39 0.737 5.09 5.65 0.310 5.90 6.33 0.372
Illinois 5.60a 6.25 0.028 2.25 2.39 0.661 10.91 12.16 0.127 5.14b 5.76 0.089 5.96a 6.65 0.031
Indiana 5.36 5.24 0.737 2.07 1.58 0.112 11.44 10.69 0.455 4.71 4.75 0.929 5.72 5.63 0.833
Iowa 6.42 7.08 0.153 2.46 2.25 0.589 11.95a 14.25 0.041 5.91 6.39 0.404 6.83 7.58 0.140
Kansas 5.08 5.52 0.213 2.36 2.39 0.929 11.96 11.27 0.495 4.19 4.91 0.111 5.38 5.87 0.217
Kentucky 5.38 4.94 0.299 2.08 1.61 0.169 10.04 8.95 0.193 5.00 4.68 0.551 5.71 5.28 0.345
Louisiana 6.51 6.16 0.414 2.60 2.26 0.375 10.02 10.03 0.997 6.40 6.00 0.475 6.93 6.57 0.452
Maine 5.68 5.62 0.885 2.42 2.26 0.662 11.61 10.50 0.260 5.21 5.29 0.864 5.97 5.91 0.899
Maryland 5.95 5.37 0.147 1.99b 1.44 0.070 11.45 10.46 0.283 5.54 5.04 0.318 6.34 5.76 0.181
Massachusetts 7.52 7.12 0.392 2.56 2.18 0.362 12.93 14.10 0.325 7.11 6.44 0.246 7.97 7.56 0.422
Michigan 5.75 5.49 0.349 2.36a 1.81 0.049 10.83b 9.64 0.078 5.30 5.22 0.835 6.10 5.86 0.438
Minnesota 5.72b 5.06 0.078 2.16 1.70 0.141 12.22 10.94 0.175 5.11 4.53 0.219 6.09b 5.41 0.097
Mississippi 4.56 4.42 0.664 1.68 1.25 0.107 8.39 7.91 0.522 4.25 4.23 0.944 4.88 4.77 0.757
Missouri 5.80 5.33 0.209 2.21 1.86 0.298 11.75a 9.49 0.017 5.24 5.06 0.704 6.17 5.68 0.236
Montana 7.24 7.65 0.410 2.91 3.72 0.151 14.65 13.85 0.521 6.51 7.08 0.345 7.65 8.01 0.495
Nebraska 5.88 5.80 0.839 2.43 2.17 0.486 11.12 12.54 0.197 5.38 5.06 0.523 6.25 6.19 0.890
Nevada 5.33 5.66 0.454 2.59 2.33 0.489 11.04 11.75 0.477 4.79 5.16 0.509 5.61 6.00 0.424
New Hampshire 6.02 6.13 0.798 2.28 1.98 0.405 12.01 12.94 0.402 5.47 5.52 0.941 6.36 6.51 0.764
New Jersey 4.83 4.71 0.721 2.19a 1.54 0.036 11.24 11.11 0.882 4.18 4.13 0.900 5.10 5.03 0.854
New Mexico 6.98a 6.01 0.040 2.76 2.22 0.194 11.56 10.87 0.499 6.74b 5.68 0.080 7.43b 6.42 0.051
New York 6.07 5.67 0.154 2.21b 1.79 0.084 11.16a 9.80 0.037 5.64 5.41 0.513 6.43 6.02 0.187
North Carolina 4.65 4.38 0.401 1.62 1.31 0.265 9.01a 7.34 0.025 4.31 4.28 0.944 4.96 4.69 0.445
North Dakota 6.96 6.55 0.358 2.82b 2.07 0.060 12.74 12.49 0.821 6.17 5.83 0.538 7.34 6.97 0.439
Ohio 6.07 5.60 0.122 2.16 1.71 0.106 11.59 11.41 0.813 5.65 5.13 0.168 6.47 5.99 0.152
Oklahoma 5.45 5.90 0.290 2.09 1.97 0.711 9.73 9.93 0.836 5.13 5.71 0.290 5.82 6.33 0.275
Oregon 7.07 7.46 0.428 2.79 2.94 0.720 11.94 12.49 0.576 6.78 7.18 0.514 7.46 7.87 0.447
Pennsylvania 5.62a 4.97 0.026 2.12a 1.50 0.021 11.99a 10.32 0.030 5.00 4.52 0.172 5.95a 5.29 0.038
Rhode Island 6.84 6.74 0.830 2.32 2.25 0.864 11.98 12.48 0.628 6.39 6.17 0.730 7.25 7.13 0.831
South Carolina 5.75 5.43 0.359 2.11 1.57 0.102 10.88 11.44 0.553 5.35 4.93 0.339 6.11 5.80 0.428
South Dakota 7.27 7.51 0.649 2.87 3.47 0.293 12.96 13.57 0.624 6.82 6.99 0.800 7.73 7.94 0.717
Tennessee 5.05 4.82 0.501 1.85 1.66 0.556 10.22 9.42 0.358 4.59 4.46 0.768 5.38 5.14 0.527
Texas 5.10a 4.58 0.026 2.38a 1.60 0.001 9.69 9.06 0.289 4.65 4.20 0.129 5.43b 4.94 0.062
Utah 4.28b 4.89 0.069 1.87 1.75 0.690 8.74 8.92 0.825 3.69b 4.52 0.057 4.62b 5.33 0.060
Vermont 6.80 7.26 0.373 2.60 2.53 0.888 15.21 16.03 0.549 5.75 6.20 0.478 7.16 7.65 0.372
Virginia 5.70 5.49 0.499 2.08 1.90 0.535 10.85 10.77 0.920 5.28 5.05 0.580 6.06 5.84 0.528
Washington 5.73 6.09 0.389 2.30 2.29 0.994 10.70 10.55 0.879 5.32 5.82 0.335 6.06 6.45 0.390
West Virginia 4.47 4.44 0.950 2.14 1.67 0.189 11.09b 9.28 0.067 3.73 4.02 0.554 4.68 4.69 0.974
Wisconsin 7.16 6.96 0.666 2.63 2.27 0.369 14.03 14.44 0.721 6.56 6.28 0.633 7.62 7.43 0.713
Wyoming 6.54 6.34 0.641 2.86 2.68 0.694 12.83 11.90 0.399 5.94 5.88 0.915 6.92 6.71 0.668
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
NOTE: Alcohol Use Disorder is defined as meeting criteria for alcohol dependence or abuse. Dependence or abuse is based on definitions found in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV).
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 23 – Substance Use Disorder in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 7.62a 7.35 0.007 4.61a 4.13 0.000 15.20 14.97 0.375 6.72b 6.49 0.059 7.93a 7.68 0.024
Northeast 7.93b 7.63 0.097 4.24b 3.84 0.089 16.73 16.35 0.453 6.91 6.64 0.237 8.28 7.98 0.133
Midwest 7.74 7.63 0.527 4.75a 4.09 0.002 15.53 15.33 0.642 6.79 6.78 0.962 8.05 8.00 0.782
South 7.00b 6.77 0.097 4.21a 3.82 0.046 14.19 13.97 0.547 6.16 5.97 0.286 7.29 7.08 0.153
West 8.26a 7.82 0.021 5.40b 4.85 0.053 15.36 15.20 0.750 7.39b 6.95 0.059 8.55a 8.12 0.039
Alabama 6.35 6.59 0.569 3.87 3.96 0.855 13.79 12.09 0.152 5.41 6.01 0.251 6.60 6.86 0.583
Alaska 9.58 8.98 0.253 8.33a 6.54 0.037 15.85 16.53 0.602 8.60 8.04 0.388 9.72 9.26 0.418
Arizona 7.57 7.45 0.780 5.62 4.77 0.146 16.66 15.98 0.597 6.28 6.36 0.884 7.78 7.73 0.915
Arkansas 6.67 7.37 0.103 4.16 4.10 0.918 13.13 13.55 0.730 5.91 6.76 0.103 6.94b 7.72 0.098
California 8.45a 7.48 0.001 5.07 4.63 0.257 14.97 14.20 0.303 7.72a 6.69 0.003 8.80a 7.78 0.001
Colorado 8.49 8.76 0.611 6.73 5.60 0.155 16.77b 19.39 0.056 7.32 7.39 0.899 8.67 9.07 0.477
Connecticut 9.17 8.40 0.168 5.00 4.64 0.585 18.42 18.34 0.956 8.16 7.22 0.159 9.59 8.77 0.178
Delaware 7.92 8.53 0.273 4.32 4.32 0.999 16.03 16.08 0.962 7.06 7.86 0.238 8.26 8.93 0.271
District of Columbia 10.33 11.21 0.155 5.72 5.14 0.448 18.19 19.23 0.464 9.02 10.05 0.160 10.59 11.55 0.141
Florida 7.11 6.95 0.611 4.30 4.54 0.582 14.76 14.56 0.801 6.31 6.14 0.652 7.35 7.16 0.559
Georgia 6.25 6.00 0.448 3.74 3.18 0.205 12.36 11.59 0.426 5.53 5.43 0.798 6.54 6.32 0.551
Hawaii 6.99 6.77 0.611 4.28 3.93 0.539 14.98 15.37 0.758 6.10 5.88 0.665 7.23 7.03 0.652
Idaho 7.63 7.79 0.718 5.39 4.65 0.191 14.23 13.18 0.387 6.83 7.34 0.377 7.90 8.18 0.591
Illinois 7.55 7.98 0.243 5.21 4.67 0.289 14.78 16.03 0.199 6.65 7.07 0.331 7.80 8.32 0.189
Indiana 7.12 7.14 0.951 4.23b 3.29 0.076 14.81 14.61 0.871 6.13 6.33 0.706 7.43 7.56 0.790
Iowa 7.73a 8.73 0.027 4.78 4.18 0.274 14.35a 17.23 0.030 6.90 7.76 0.101 8.03a 9.20 0.018
Kansas 6.82 6.92 0.819 4.88 4.09 0.128 15.06 14.05 0.404 5.59 6.02 0.398 7.04 7.24 0.675
Kentucky 7.73 7.12 0.236 4.10 3.62 0.348 14.40 13.72 0.544 7.06 6.46 0.334 8.10 7.47 0.265
Louisiana 8.09 8.02 0.894 4.34 3.89 0.396 13.68 14.25 0.642 7.60 7.50 0.869 8.48 8.46 0.958
Maine 7.63 8.08 0.360 5.02 4.75 0.645 15.73 16.02 0.822 6.79 7.33 0.348 7.85 8.36 0.340
Maryland 8.20 7.49 0.116 3.98 3.45 0.298 17.73 16.84 0.486 7.19 6.52 0.221 8.62 7.89 0.138
Massachusetts 9.83 9.64 0.738 4.54 4.26 0.627 18.77 19.92 0.423 8.84 8.44 0.550 10.31 10.13 0.760
Michigan 7.77 7.56 0.537 4.75a 3.87 0.040 15.62 14.47 0.198 6.79 6.84 0.909 8.08 7.93 0.697
Minnesota 7.71a 6.72 0.019 5.00 4.27 0.188 16.61 14.88 0.148 6.61b 5.72 0.075 7.99a 6.97 0.027
Mississippi 6.41 6.44 0.941 3.87 3.49 0.443 12.16 12.82 0.554 5.72 5.72 0.994 6.69 6.77 0.872
Missouri 7.66 7.29 0.444 4.44 3.72 0.181 15.05b 13.08 0.094 6.82 6.77 0.944 7.99 7.66 0.525
Montana 8.90 8.98 0.879 6.39 6.30 0.898 18.75 17.91 0.525 7.57 7.84 0.654 9.14 9.23 0.868
Nebraska 7.85 7.69 0.718 4.43 4.05 0.468 14.34 16.10 0.168 7.13 6.66 0.405 8.23 8.08 0.781
Nevada 7.26 8.04 0.118 5.45 5.20 0.707 15.43a 18.76 0.019 6.24 6.81 0.350 7.44 8.32 0.106
New Hampshire 8.31 8.32 0.993 4.56 4.25 0.596 18.44 19.33 0.508 7.12 7.04 0.889 8.66 8.69 0.959
New Jersey 6.28 6.23 0.892 3.83 3.34 0.320 15.84 15.80 0.975 5.13 5.14 0.993 6.53 6.52 0.980
New Mexico 8.91b 8.01 0.090 7.15 6.01 0.182 16.72 16.81 0.946 7.81 6.80 0.119 9.09 8.22 0.132
New York 8.00 7.71 0.340 4.46 4.04 0.262 15.85 15.18 0.422 7.07 6.88 0.603 8.33 8.04 0.391
North Carolina 6.75 6.27 0.183 4.13 3.63 0.265 14.29b 12.25 0.057 5.85 5.64 0.628 7.03 6.54 0.218
North Dakota 8.69 8.24 0.338 5.43b 4.39 0.098 15.30 15.13 0.895 7.61 7.25 0.497 8.98 8.60 0.439
Ohio 7.88 7.67 0.544 4.29 3.99 0.489 16.07 15.97 0.915 7.00 6.79 0.609 8.25 8.05 0.588
Oklahoma 6.87 7.44 0.209 4.35 4.36 0.982 13.01 13.93 0.452 6.13 6.72 0.265 7.15 7.78 0.202
Oregon 9.55 9.39 0.764 5.98 5.30 0.295 18.04 17.17 0.509 8.64 8.65 0.985 9.88 9.76 0.836
Pennsylvania 7.44 6.88 0.101 3.55 3.19 0.343 16.61 15.19 0.114 6.42 5.99 0.297 7.80 7.22 0.116
Rhode Island 8.92 8.44 0.327 5.62 4.69 0.140 17.86 17.28 0.672 7.64 7.24 0.492 9.22 8.77 0.401
South Carolina 7.76 7.53 0.611 4.29 4.09 0.713 15.87 16.69 0.509 6.86 6.49 0.499 8.10 7.86 0.631
South Dakota 8.96 9.18 0.694 5.78 5.59 0.782 15.82 17.38 0.262 8.16 8.23 0.913 9.29 9.56 0.660
Tennessee 6.86 6.66 0.620 4.04 3.86 0.722 13.81 14.12 0.778 6.06 5.81 0.587 7.14 6.94 0.643
Texas 6.68b 6.14 0.055 4.54a 3.61 0.017 13.68 13.62 0.944 5.70 5.16 0.104 6.93 6.44 0.111
Utah 6.08b 6.78 0.069 4.16 3.84 0.535 11.82 12.42 0.586 5.11b 6.03 0.053 6.35b 7.19 0.051
Vermont 9.26 9.64 0.500 5.41 5.47 0.940 21.89 22.65 0.644 7.44 7.79 0.592 9.59 9.99 0.509
Virginia 7.38 7.41 0.940 3.71 3.65 0.883 15.27 16.10 0.402 6.51 6.45 0.887 7.74 7.78 0.931
Washington 8.17 8.56 0.402 5.43 5.18 0.715 14.93 15.44 0.676 7.40 7.88 0.387 8.43 8.89 0.374
West Virginia 6.22 6.30 0.859 5.00 4.42 0.337 14.21 13.99 0.848 5.17 5.37 0.691 6.33 6.47 0.772
Wisconsin 8.74 8.13 0.256 5.16 4.23 0.101 17.62 16.68 0.490 7.69 7.18 0.424 9.10 8.52 0.321
Wyoming 8.24 7.80 0.334 6.37 5.40 0.178 15.58 14.37 0.336 7.25 7.04 0.701 8.43 8.05 0.434
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
NOTE: Substance Use Disorder is defined as meeting criteria for illicit drug or alcohol dependence or abuse. Dependence or abuse is based on definitions found in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV).
NOTE: Illicit Drug Use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 24 – Needing But Not Receiving Treatment at a Specialty Facility for Illicit Drug Use in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 2.53 2.45 0.123 3.14a 2.92 0.047 6.62 6.58 0.822 1.78 1.72 0.357 2.47 2.40 0.250
Northeast 2.54 2.48 0.482 2.72 2.65 0.690 6.77 6.73 0.869 1.83 1.78 0.601 2.52 2.46 0.520
Midwest 2.36 2.30 0.423 2.86b 2.56 0.070 6.00 5.91 0.726 1.69 1.67 0.785 2.31 2.27 0.640
South 2.34 2.30 0.646 2.91 2.73 0.220 6.45 6.59 0.554 1.59 1.56 0.740 2.28 2.26 0.824
West 2.98b 2.80 0.082 4.05 3.72 0.198 7.30 7.04 0.434 2.12 1.99 0.262 2.87 2.71 0.134
Alabama 2.64 2.48 0.454 2.52 2.49 0.939 7.15 7.08 0.934 1.91 1.73 0.412 2.66 2.47 0.446
Alaska 3.45 3.07 0.109 4.42 4.15 0.616 8.30 7.33 0.300 2.43 2.21 0.384 3.34 2.95 0.130
Arizona 2.89a 2.32 0.005 4.75a 3.52 0.022 7.91b 6.39 0.072 1.81 1.49 0.106 2.69a 2.19 0.019
Arkansas 2.21 2.26 0.781 2.80 2.74 0.883 5.51 5.37 0.829 1.59 1.69 0.589 2.15 2.21 0.744
California 3.11a 2.80 0.046 4.03 3.79 0.526 7.41 6.73 0.171 2.25 2.02 0.176 3.02b 2.70 0.055
Colorado 2.88b 3.30 0.091 4.05 3.98 0.912 7.33a 9.34 0.034 1.99 2.24 0.350 2.76b 3.24 0.074
Connecticut 3.26 3.11 0.638 3.70 3.25 0.401 8.55 8.71 0.886 2.35 2.18 0.625 3.21 3.09 0.728
Delaware 2.58 2.82 0.312 3.26 3.24 0.961 6.85 7.32 0.559 1.85 2.10 0.319 2.51 2.78 0.301
District of Columbia 2.92b 3.50 0.063 3.08 3.36 0.575 5.97a 7.81 0.019 2.28 2.67 0.269 2.91b 3.51 0.068
Florida 2.27 2.41 0.331 3.29 3.51 0.551 6.40 6.55 0.793 1.58 1.73 0.320 2.17 2.31 0.372
Georgia 2.32 2.18 0.395 2.57 2.39 0.610 5.76 5.93 0.791 1.70 1.51 0.325 2.30 2.15 0.441
Hawaii 2.37b 2.01 0.052 3.39 2.96 0.406 6.95 5.86 0.146 1.59 1.39 0.281 2.28b 1.93 0.071
Idaho 2.56a 2.09 0.016 3.49 2.86 0.153 6.73a 5.33 0.028 1.73 1.45 0.169 2.45a 2.00 0.031
Illinois 2.42 2.32 0.577 2.88 2.68 0.518 5.85 5.88 0.960 1.80 1.70 0.627 2.37 2.29 0.649
Indiana 2.26 2.18 0.685 2.91 2.31 0.139 5.38 5.51 0.855 1.62 1.58 0.843 2.19 2.17 0.922
Iowa 2.12 2.21 0.646 2.56 2.42 0.707 5.34 5.84 0.460 1.49 1.54 0.823 2.08 2.19 0.591
Kansas 2.00 1.91 0.638 2.67 2.24 0.268 5.26 5.02 0.721 1.32 1.32 0.974 1.93 1.88 0.806
Kentucky 2.50 2.41 0.681 2.83 2.55 0.504 6.46 6.58 0.872 1.81 1.72 0.684 2.46 2.40 0.770
Louisiana 2.37 2.37 0.988 2.30 2.15 0.662 6.24 6.39 0.849 1.72 1.74 0.932 2.38 2.40 0.929
Maine 2.45 2.70 0.274 2.93 2.90 0.943 6.63 7.35 0.382 1.84 2.06 0.367 2.41 2.69 0.261
Maryland 2.59 2.44 0.492 2.64 2.56 0.842 7.36 6.98 0.637 1.84 1.74 0.655 2.59 2.43 0.502
Massachusetts 3.15 3.03 0.646 3.00 2.90 0.809 7.54 7.47 0.935 2.41 2.28 0.678 3.17 3.04 0.665
Michigan 2.74 2.49 0.155 3.17b 2.59 0.091 6.97 6.21 0.192 1.97 1.86 0.569 2.70 2.48 0.252
Minnesota 2.35 2.12 0.251 3.03 2.69 0.414 6.28 5.34 0.185 1.64 1.54 0.637 2.28 2.06 0.307
Mississippi 2.54 2.38 0.415 2.51 2.48 0.937 6.43 6.45 0.976 1.85 1.65 0.366 2.54 2.36 0.411
Missouri 2.38 2.27 0.588 2.83 2.34 0.196 5.62 5.81 0.755 1.79 1.69 0.658 2.33 2.27 0.756
Montana 2.67 2.64 0.886 3.55 3.39 0.726 7.41 7.63 0.798 1.80 1.76 0.857 2.58 2.57 0.942
Nebraska 2.12 2.29 0.321 2.60 2.57 0.946 5.81 6.51 0.309 1.39 1.50 0.527 2.06 2.26 0.298
Nevada 2.55a 3.05 0.032 4.30 4.21 0.877 6.43a 9.16 0.007 1.77 2.03 0.273 2.37a 2.94 0.026
New Hampshire 2.87 2.66 0.371 3.05 2.92 0.778 8.17 8.51 0.647 2.02 1.73 0.258 2.85 2.64 0.385
New Jersey 1.84 1.85 0.951 2.41 2.40 0.971 5.59 5.52 0.900 1.22 1.25 0.858 1.79 1.80 0.939
New Mexico 2.76 2.81 0.834 4.55 4.25 0.657 7.66 8.11 0.614 1.72 1.76 0.845 2.57 2.66 0.720
New York 2.49 2.52 0.849 2.76 2.80 0.913 6.78 7.02 0.634 1.75 1.76 0.948 2.47 2.50 0.861
North Carolina 2.40 2.32 0.664 3.01 2.83 0.615 7.60 6.78 0.283 1.49 1.56 0.679 2.34 2.27 0.733
North Dakota 2.05 2.08 0.835 2.39 2.52 0.759 4.83 5.20 0.576 1.40 1.39 0.944 2.02 2.04 0.881
Ohio 2.28 2.53 0.116 2.49 2.69 0.501 6.28 6.77 0.395 1.61 1.84 0.190 2.25 2.51 0.135
Oklahoma 2.05 2.23 0.318 2.96 3.12 0.717 5.50 6.60 0.168 1.33 1.37 0.834 1.95 2.13 0.341
Oregon 3.43b 2.99 0.083 4.72 4.01 0.222 8.35 7.46 0.323 2.55 2.21 0.232 3.31 2.90 0.127
Pennsylvania 2.41 2.23 0.259 2.23 2.14 0.745 6.09 5.47 0.228 1.85 1.74 0.541 2.42 2.24 0.274
Rhode Island 3.68a 3.07 0.039 4.61b 3.64 0.088 8.76 7.70 0.289 2.66 2.18 0.128 3.60b 3.02 0.066
South Carolina 2.66 2.37 0.157 3.06 2.88 0.676 7.48 6.93 0.494 1.85 1.61 0.259 2.62 2.32 0.165
South Dakota 2.30 2.45 0.518 2.99 3.13 0.753 5.79 6.73 0.274 1.61 1.64 0.890 2.23 2.38 0.546
Tennessee 2.49 2.43 0.760 3.02 2.85 0.691 6.81 6.98 0.820 1.72 1.66 0.743 2.43 2.39 0.816
Texas 2.15 2.06 0.449 3.06b 2.52 0.095 6.12 6.47 0.483 1.29 1.20 0.446 2.04 2.00 0.772
Utah 2.43 2.55 0.585 2.54 2.57 0.936 6.38 6.16 0.764 1.51 1.73 0.306 2.41 2.54 0.580
Vermont 3.28 3.30 0.929 3.23 3.25 0.969 9.72 10.33 0.583 2.15 2.09 0.828 3.28 3.31 0.932
Virginia 2.29 2.37 0.601 2.63 2.43 0.551 6.31 7.11 0.205 1.59 1.61 0.920 2.25 2.36 0.510
Washington 2.94 3.15 0.390 3.97 3.92 0.935 6.27 7.35 0.194 2.30 2.42 0.634 2.84 3.08 0.357
West Virginia 2.34 2.32 0.905 2.90 2.78 0.784 5.86 6.00 0.839 1.77 1.74 0.889 2.29 2.28 0.943
Wisconsin 2.31 2.00 0.114 3.22 2.55 0.108 6.05 5.18 0.256 1.59 1.41 0.396 2.22 1.95 0.185
Wyoming 2.17 2.05 0.493 3.74 3.13 0.265 5.81 5.40 0.568 1.38 1.39 0.950 2.01 1.94 0.699
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
NOTE: Respondents were classified as needing illicit drug treatment if they met the criteria for an illicit drug use disorder as defined in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) or received treatment for illicit drug use at a specialty facility (i.e., drug and alcohol rehabilitation facility [inpatient or outpatient], hospital [inpatient only], or mental health center). Needing But Not Receiving Illicit Drug Treatment refers to respondents who are classified as needing illicit drug treatment, but who did not receive illicit drug treatment at a specialty facility. Illicit Drug Use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 25 – Needing But Not Receiving Treatment at a Specialty Facility for Alcohol Use in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 5.48a 5.22 0.004 2.15a 1.79 0.000 10.47a 9.99 0.031 5.05b 4.85 0.059 5.82a 5.57 0.009
Northeast 5.68b 5.40 0.076 2.17a 1.72 0.004 11.16 10.54 0.121 5.17 4.98 0.317 6.01 5.75 0.121
Midwest 5.58 5.52 0.605 2.20a 1.89 0.018 10.64 10.67 0.932 5.14 5.10 0.777 5.93 5.89 0.763
South 5.01a 4.73 0.016 2.06a 1.64 0.001 9.67a 9.09 0.043 4.60 4.40 0.164 5.31a 5.05 0.035
West 5.99a 5.59 0.020 2.23 1.99 0.146 11.06 10.40 0.114 5.58b 5.23 0.091 6.38a 5.96 0.026
Alabama 4.03 4.24 0.491 1.79 1.64 0.637 8.70 7.80 0.317 3.52 3.97 0.247 4.26 4.50 0.469
Alaska 6.54 6.35 0.664 2.28 1.98 0.412 10.06 10.27 0.853 6.47 6.26 0.719 7.02 6.84 0.709
Arizona 5.09 5.16 0.844 2.24 1.82 0.203 11.54 11.30 0.828 4.35 4.55 0.651 5.39 5.51 0.765
Arkansas 4.41 4.73 0.304 2.09 1.99 0.778 9.21 8.94 0.771 3.90 4.37 0.223 4.66 5.01 0.290
California 6.25a 5.41 0.001 2.16 1.95 0.391 11.17b 9.93 0.057 5.88a 5.05 0.009 6.67a 5.76 0.001
Colorado 6.48 6.27 0.634 2.44b 1.88 0.089 11.59 12.01 0.709 6.10 5.86 0.657 6.89 6.72 0.720
Connecticut 6.45 5.77 0.111 2.62 2.41 0.616 10.72 10.21 0.653 6.20 5.44 0.149 6.83 6.10 0.116
Delaware 5.73 5.97 0.576 1.96 1.59 0.195 10.68 9.72 0.347 5.38 5.88 0.353 6.09 6.38 0.528
District of Columbia 8.03 8.19 0.761 1.78 1.74 0.926 14.29 13.64 0.640 7.16 7.56 0.525 8.38 8.55 0.759
Florida 5.23 5.03 0.459 2.14 1.99 0.594 9.56 9.76 0.763 4.93 4.68 0.452 5.50 5.29 0.478
Georgia 4.33 4.10 0.415 1.81b 1.31 0.062 8.81 7.57 0.111 3.89 3.88 0.980 4.61 4.41 0.519
Hawaii 4.85 4.96 0.765 2.12 1.99 0.768 10.86 11.42 0.649 4.26 4.38 0.785 5.10 5.23 0.746
Idaho 5.21 5.41 0.635 2.47 2.03 0.243 9.48 9.32 0.870 4.88 5.23 0.511 5.55 5.81 0.556
Illinois 5.44 5.93 0.101 2.18 2.26 0.775 10.60 11.41 0.330 4.99 5.49 0.171 5.78 6.31 0.106
Indiana 5.00 4.94 0.851 2.09b 1.56 0.099 10.11 9.84 0.794 4.47 4.52 0.914 5.32 5.31 0.977
Iowa 6.28 6.89 0.166 2.31 2.06 0.501 11.06b 13.33 0.062 5.91 6.32 0.459 6.69 7.38 0.149
Kansas 4.96 5.38 0.220 2.39 2.29 0.779 11.74 11.34 0.709 4.07 4.71 0.131 5.25 5.72 0.210
Kentucky 4.80 4.72 0.829 2.06 1.64 0.225 8.81 8.67 0.876 4.47 4.44 0.957 5.08 5.03 0.907
Louisiana 5.99 5.55 0.270 2.50 2.05 0.192 8.87 9.13 0.816 5.93 5.39 0.285 6.36 5.92 0.320
Maine 5.44 5.41 0.940 2.39 2.13 0.469 10.10 9.80 0.782 5.11 5.14 0.957 5.70 5.69 0.972
Maryland 5.66 5.28 0.283 1.85 1.38 0.120 12.06 10.64 0.162 5.09 4.90 0.656 6.04 5.67 0.337
Massachusetts 6.90 6.70 0.624 2.33 2.01 0.388 12.23 13.13 0.439 6.46 6.09 0.465 7.31 7.12 0.665
Michigan 5.44 5.15 0.283 2.32a 1.71 0.023 9.63 8.87 0.296 5.10 4.93 0.610 5.76 5.49 0.375
Minnesota 5.48 4.96 0.150 1.99 1.64 0.269 11.64 10.55 0.288 4.91 4.47 0.320 5.84 5.30 0.175
Mississippi 4.31 4.06 0.375 1.74 1.27 0.106 7.89 7.35 0.513 4.01 3.85 0.649 4.60 4.36 0.463
Missouri 5.36 4.93 0.223 2.20 1.82 0.246 10.64b 8.83 0.073 4.86 4.66 0.658 5.68 5.24 0.258
Montana 6.52 7.08 0.230 2.60 3.27 0.212 12.92 13.06 0.911 5.91 6.54 0.285 6.89 7.44 0.282
Nebraska 5.91 5.66 0.521 2.30 2.03 0.435 10.62 12.01 0.237 5.53 5.00 0.287 6.30 6.06 0.567
Nevada 5.00 5.20 0.595 2.47 2.28 0.600 10.67 10.98 0.778 4.44 4.69 0.596 5.25 5.49 0.568
New Hampshire 5.83 5.95 0.781 2.17 1.84 0.346 10.62 11.83 0.285 5.46 5.46 0.996 6.16 6.32 0.742
New Jersey 4.75 4.61 0.672 2.17b 1.54 0.055 11.74 11.08 0.519 4.00 4.00 0.997 5.01 4.92 0.802
New Mexico 6.23 5.57 0.118 2.57 2.07 0.189 11.78 10.64 0.329 5.76 5.16 0.275 6.62 5.94 0.145
New York 5.60 5.43 0.515 2.09 1.71 0.120 10.38 9.36 0.124 5.18 5.19 0.994 5.93 5.77 0.586
North Carolina 4.43 4.10 0.227 1.67 1.34 0.224 8.86a 7.20 0.044 4.04 3.93 0.748 4.71 4.38 0.269
North Dakota 7.09 6.69 0.323 2.60b 1.91 0.053 12.11 12.20 0.939 6.50 6.09 0.423 7.50 7.14 0.405
Ohio 5.52 5.21 0.241 2.06 1.64 0.104 9.97 10.15 0.813 5.22 4.85 0.257 5.88 5.58 0.298
Oklahoma 5.04 5.28 0.511 2.05 1.88 0.590 9.37 9.39 0.985 4.66 5.01 0.469 5.36 5.66 0.483
Oregon 6.70 7.13 0.357 2.63 2.67 0.936 10.82 11.71 0.401 6.50 6.92 0.483 7.07 7.54 0.365
Pennsylvania 5.48b 4.90 0.060 2.03a 1.41 0.019 11.60b 10.19 0.086 4.89 4.46 0.249 5.80b 5.22 0.085
Rhode Island 6.56 6.49 0.882 2.22 2.10 0.745 11.03 12.05 0.361 6.20 5.95 0.646 6.94 6.88 0.890
South Carolina 5.22 4.98 0.518 2.11b 1.56 0.094 9.88 10.45 0.570 4.82 4.52 0.497 5.52 5.32 0.604
South Dakota 6.91 7.16 0.583 2.44 2.93 0.280 11.55 12.51 0.454 6.66 6.77 0.837 7.38 7.60 0.650
Tennessee 4.67 4.58 0.767 1.90 1.75 0.632 9.47 9.39 0.933 4.22 4.14 0.844 4.95 4.86 0.794
Texas 5.12a 4.46 0.005 2.31a 1.57 0.004 10.03 9.05 0.135 4.62b 4.05 0.056 5.46a 4.81 0.013
Utah 4.48 4.66 0.543 1.85 1.60 0.462 9.06 8.93 0.881 3.89 4.23 0.375 4.85 5.09 0.474
Vermont 6.08 6.65 0.164 2.39 2.32 0.865 13.13 14.44 0.345 5.21 5.72 0.299 6.39 7.01 0.166
Virginia 5.67 5.45 0.515 1.95 1.81 0.633 10.79 10.88 0.927 5.26 5.00 0.521 6.04 5.81 0.534
Washington 5.79 5.97 0.628 2.06 2.00 0.867 10.72 10.31 0.693 5.43 5.74 0.503 6.15 6.35 0.625
West Virginia 4.34 4.26 0.820 2.28 1.74 0.129 10.04 8.89 0.229 3.71 3.84 0.752 4.52 4.48 0.920
Wisconsin 6.68 6.56 0.767 2.41 2.05 0.322 12.29 13.36 0.371 6.26 5.97 0.582 7.12 7.01 0.823
Wyoming 6.38 6.36 0.968 2.61 2.35 0.497 11.71 11.20 0.659 5.94 6.06 0.808 6.76 6.77 0.981
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
NOTE: Respondents were classified as needing alcohol treatment if they met the criteria for an alcohol use disorder as defined in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) or received treatment for alcohol use at a specialty facility (i.e., drug and alcohol rehabilitation facility [inpatient or outpatient], hospital [inpatient only], or mental health center). Needing But Not Receiving Alcohol Treatment refers to respondents who are classified as needing alcohol treatment, but who did not receive alcohol treatment at a specialty facility.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 26 – Needing But Not Receiving Treatment at a Specialty Facility for Substance Use in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
12+
(2015-2016)
12+
(2016-2017)
12+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 7.08a 6.82 0.005 4.38a 3.89 0.000 14.34 14.07 0.279 6.20b 5.98 0.054 7.36a 7.11 0.017
Northeast 7.20 6.94 0.128 4.09a 3.65 0.043 15.59 15.07 0.263 6.19 6.00 0.372 7.50 7.25 0.182
Midwest 7.14 6.99 0.283 4.40a 3.83 0.002 14.75 14.46 0.466 6.20 6.13 0.688 7.43 7.31 0.465
South 6.50 6.28 0.105 4.03a 3.60 0.025 13.38 13.22 0.650 5.67 5.49 0.274 6.76 6.56 0.174
West 7.87a 7.42 0.013 5.13a 4.57 0.035 14.56 14.29 0.578 7.06a 6.62 0.044 8.15a 7.71 0.025
Alabama 5.86 6.09 0.570 3.42 3.42 0.998 13.08 12.18 0.438 4.96 5.42 0.346 6.11 6.36 0.570
Alaska 8.78 8.46 0.536 5.83 5.33 0.420 13.59 14.18 0.656 8.30 7.91 0.546 9.12 8.81 0.596
Arizona 7.30 7.12 0.693 5.23b 4.34 0.094 15.59 15.46 0.917 6.15 6.07 0.880 7.52 7.41 0.827
Arkansas 6.03 6.55 0.231 3.89 3.80 0.842 13.06 13.36 0.782 5.13 5.77 0.212 6.26 6.85 0.216
California 8.09a 7.14 0.001 5.08 4.47 0.117 14.40 13.28 0.136 7.35a 6.42 0.005 8.40a 7.41 0.001
Colorado 8.27 8.57 0.545 5.49 4.89 0.327 16.35b 18.86 0.074 7.24 7.32 0.889 8.55 8.94 0.473
Connecticut 8.47b 7.51 0.060 5.17 4.54 0.298 16.77 16.35 0.775 7.51b 6.42 0.067 8.81b 7.80 0.075
Delaware 7.22 7.70 0.363 4.29 4.00 0.564 14.83 14.61 0.857 6.37 7.07 0.265 7.50 8.05 0.337
District of Columbia 9.80 10.37 0.339 4.61 4.98 0.558 17.45 17.95 0.709 8.57 9.26 0.341 10.09 10.67 0.356
Florida 6.71 6.65 0.831 4.29 4.42 0.742 13.90 13.94 0.960 5.94 5.87 0.836 6.93 6.84 0.796
Georgia 5.93 5.72 0.536 3.45 2.90 0.182 11.53 11.04 0.601 5.30 5.20 0.802 6.22 6.04 0.641
Hawaii 6.51 6.30 0.627 4.47 4.08 0.486 14.15 14.41 0.839 5.60 5.41 0.699 6.70 6.50 0.677
Idaho 7.06 6.98 0.861 4.79 4.04 0.157 13.81 12.39 0.195 6.25 6.49 0.683 7.34 7.33 0.991
Illinois 7.08 7.45 0.285 4.53 4.35 0.661 13.90 14.96 0.274 6.27 6.61 0.407 7.35 7.78 0.264
Indiana 6.56 6.54 0.951 4.06b 3.16 0.064 13.96 13.68 0.813 5.58 5.72 0.769 6.83 6.90 0.878
Iowa 7.26b 8.15 0.068 4.34 3.92 0.405 14.26b 16.82 0.058 6.36 7.11 0.193 7.56b 8.58 0.056
Kansas 6.15 6.32 0.666 4.31 3.89 0.372 14.29 13.62 0.558 4.91 5.33 0.383 6.35 6.59 0.588
Kentucky 6.69 6.34 0.425 4.09 3.53 0.257 13.69 13.20 0.609 5.85 5.56 0.585 6.96 6.63 0.489
Louisiana 7.54 7.22 0.481 4.32b 3.49 0.078 13.11 13.59 0.691 7.00 6.62 0.509 7.88 7.61 0.587
Maine 7.18 7.69 0.285 4.85 4.64 0.682 15.12 15.55 0.728 6.34 6.93 0.299 7.38 7.94 0.275
Maryland 7.38 6.81 0.193 3.83 3.33 0.275 15.68 15.07 0.591 6.49 5.94 0.292 7.74 7.15 0.228
Massachusetts 8.78 8.75 0.954 4.61 4.26 0.516 18.04 19.02 0.445 7.62 7.46 0.795 9.16 9.15 0.993
Michigan 7.33 6.93 0.211 4.55a 3.63 0.016 14.35 13.12 0.130 6.46 6.28 0.636 7.61 7.26 0.315
Minnesota 6.74b 5.97 0.056 4.31 3.75 0.262 15.32 13.67 0.145 5.66 5.01 0.174 6.99b 6.19 0.072
Mississippi 5.94 5.73 0.575 3.70 3.37 0.474 11.63 11.94 0.748 5.22 4.96 0.566 6.18 5.99 0.630
Missouri 7.02 6.54 0.259 4.42b 3.59 0.077 14.68 12.88 0.112 6.07 5.86 0.685 7.29 6.84 0.337
Montana 8.26 8.32 0.891 5.56 5.71 0.828 18.06 17.19 0.510 6.95 7.19 0.686 8.51 8.57 0.914
Nebraska 7.00 6.78 0.610 4.11 3.86 0.619 14.84 16.20 0.261 5.97 5.48 0.344 7.31 7.10 0.652
Nevada 6.95 7.68 0.160 5.81 5.42 0.542 13.23a 16.50 0.016 6.14 6.66 0.401 7.07 7.91 0.138
New Hampshire 7.63 7.80 0.739 4.35 4.17 0.722 16.64 18.13 0.241 6.56 6.58 0.979 7.93 8.13 0.721
New Jersey 5.82 5.74 0.825 3.75 3.21 0.225 14.25 14.07 0.863 4.80 4.79 0.979 6.03 5.99 0.924
New Mexico 8.35b 7.44 0.076 6.22 5.20 0.150 15.78 15.54 0.844 7.37 6.38 0.121 8.58 7.68 0.107
New York 7.13 7.05 0.785 4.10 3.73 0.309 14.75 14.19 0.467 6.18 6.24 0.873 7.41 7.35 0.855
North Carolina 5.84 5.59 0.473 3.80 3.34 0.269 12.95 11.33 0.109 4.94 4.95 0.980 6.05 5.82 0.544
North Dakota 8.12 7.57 0.241 4.72 3.93 0.132 15.30 14.59 0.565 6.94 6.52 0.455 8.43 7.90 0.303
Ohio 7.18 7.04 0.653 4.12 3.74 0.286 15.04 14.76 0.757 6.29 6.20 0.815 7.50 7.37 0.723
Oklahoma 6.25 6.83 0.184 4.13 4.25 0.803 12.71 13.40 0.558 5.39 6.04 0.222 6.48 7.12 0.186
Oregon 9.31 8.88 0.448 6.14 5.24 0.149 16.83 16.54 0.824 8.50 8.12 0.572 9.60 9.22 0.526
Pennsylvania 6.86a 6.12 0.033 3.47 2.97 0.179 15.63a 13.58 0.023 5.85 5.30 0.170 7.18a 6.41 0.042
Rhode Island 8.53 7.96 0.257 5.68b 4.61 0.077 16.48 16.40 0.957 7.39 6.79 0.319 8.79 8.25 0.329
South Carolina 7.21 6.90 0.451 4.28 3.94 0.479 15.08 16.01 0.412 6.29 5.81 0.347 7.50 7.18 0.491
South Dakota 8.12 8.24 0.823 5.03 5.35 0.594 15.86 17.09 0.392 7.15 7.09 0.923 8.44 8.54 0.861
Tennessee 6.20 6.14 0.855 3.90 3.72 0.716 12.93 13.60 0.531 5.39 5.23 0.740 6.44 6.38 0.885
Texas 6.35a 5.72 0.018 4.30a 3.35 0.015 13.14 12.71 0.551 5.41b 4.81 0.066 6.60a 6.01 0.044
Utah 5.57 6.11 0.159 3.19 3.09 0.823 11.59 12.11 0.600 4.62 5.29 0.157 5.91 6.53 0.142
Vermont 8.31 8.75 0.415 4.93 4.87 0.911 20.66 21.49 0.597 6.49 6.91 0.494 8.60 9.07 0.416
Virginia 7.02 7.06 0.909 3.65 3.60 0.904 14.28 15.42 0.243 6.22 6.12 0.827 7.35 7.40 0.901
Washington 7.60 7.97 0.406 4.99 4.99 0.996 13.26 14.09 0.455 6.99 7.36 0.499 7.85 8.26 0.404
West Virginia 5.91 5.98 0.886 4.65 4.27 0.495 13.62 13.05 0.607 4.90 5.12 0.688 6.02 6.13 0.830
Wisconsin 8.26b 7.42 0.082 4.96b 4.00 0.056 17.46 16.52 0.472 7.13 6.32 0.163 8.60 7.76 0.114
Wyoming 7.38 7.12 0.557 5.19 4.48 0.250 14.54 13.23 0.253 6.45 6.46 0.982 7.60 7.39 0.660
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
NOTE: Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met the criteria for a illicit drug or alcohol use disorder as defined in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) or received treatment for illicit drug or alcohol use at a specialty facility (i.e., drug and alcohol rehabilitation facility [inpatient or outpatient], hospital [inpatient only], or mental health center). Needing But Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment refers to respondents who are classified as needing illicit drug or alcohol treatment, but who did not receive illicit drug or alcohol treatment at a specialty facility. Illicit Drug Use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 27 – Serious Mental Illness in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 4.13a 4.38 0.004 5.46a 6.68 0.000 3.91 4.01 0.306
Northeast 4.07 4.16 0.502 5.56a 6.58 0.000 3.83 3.78 0.746
Midwest 4.37a 4.64 0.030 5.94a 7.09 0.000 4.11 4.24 0.360
South 4.05a 4.31 0.017 5.03a 6.25 0.000 3.89 4.00 0.364
West 4.09a 4.43 0.012 5.62a 7.05 0.000 3.82 3.99 0.266
Alabama 4.23 4.80 0.129 5.07 5.95 0.134 4.09 4.62 0.227
Alaska 4.53 5.02 0.195 7.17b 8.53 0.092 4.04 4.43 0.366
Arizona 4.04 4.13 0.788 5.52 6.37 0.190 3.79 3.76 0.935
Arkansas 5.45 5.44 0.995 5.98 6.65 0.331 5.36 5.25 0.829
California 3.61b 3.94 0.083 5.05a 6.61 0.000 3.36 3.48 0.549
Colorado 4.61 5.08 0.239 6.65a 8.67 0.014 4.27 4.49 0.610
Connecticut 3.59b 4.16 0.067 5.44a 7.43 0.006 3.28 3.63 0.317
Delaware 4.23b 4.90 0.079 5.91a 7.70 0.010 3.97 4.48 0.239
District of Columbia 3.92 4.43 0.108 5.38 6.25 0.200 3.61 4.08 0.210
Florida 3.56 3.83 0.254 5.06a 6.41 0.003 3.35 3.48 0.623
Georgia 4.17 4.35 0.585 4.49a 5.83 0.009 4.11 4.09 0.961
Hawaii 3.18 3.49 0.360 4.70a 6.76 0.006 2.96 3.04 0.823
Idaho 4.98a 5.81 0.049 6.70 7.90 0.118 4.69 5.47 0.110
Illinois 3.74 4.14 0.107 5.20a 6.41 0.023 3.49 3.77 0.318
Indiana 4.93 5.19 0.508 6.49b 7.85 0.053 4.66 4.72 0.882
Iowa 3.93b 4.59 0.055 5.59a 6.99 0.038 3.63 4.16 0.172
Kansas 4.37 4.79 0.234 5.91b 7.17 0.076 4.09 4.37 0.491
Kentucky 5.25 5.58 0.453 5.89a 7.53 0.021 5.14 5.26 0.814
Louisiana 4.53 4.72 0.632 4.97 5.47 0.388 4.45 4.60 0.757
Maine 4.35 4.60 0.502 5.62a 7.71 0.007 4.18 4.19 0.980
Maryland 3.41b 3.90 0.075 5.14a 6.48 0.029 3.14 3.51 0.232
Massachusetts 4.32 4.76 0.206 6.08a 7.46 0.047 4.02 4.29 0.482
Michigan 4.44 4.56 0.684 5.83 6.64 0.115 4.21 4.21 0.990
Minnesota 4.25 4.24 0.976 5.96b 7.33 0.052 3.98 3.75 0.502
Mississippi 3.92a 4.64 0.049 4.46a 5.94 0.014 3.82 4.41 0.150
Missouri 4.17b 4.91 0.053 5.53a 6.85 0.049 3.94 4.59 0.134
Montana 5.34 5.18 0.698 6.99 7.75 0.336 5.08 4.77 0.515
Nebraska 4.17 4.30 0.708 5.69 6.58 0.157 3.90 3.89 0.984
Nevada 4.21 4.28 0.856 5.76 6.49 0.288 3.98 3.96 0.958
New Hampshire 5.07 5.28 0.618 8.24 8.90 0.433 4.57 4.72 0.757
New Jersey 3.57 3.67 0.695 5.36 6.31 0.108 3.30 3.28 0.968
New Mexico 4.43 4.39 0.922 5.09b 6.29 0.059 4.32 4.08 0.600
New York 4.08 3.83 0.332 5.24 5.87 0.189 3.88 3.50 0.174
North Carolina 4.72 4.66 0.881 4.42a 6.27 0.001 4.77 4.41 0.386
North Dakota 4.03b 4.61 0.084 5.89a 7.39 0.024 3.63 4.03 0.287
Ohio 5.13 4.95 0.586 6.78 7.60 0.146 4.87 4.53 0.363
Oklahoma 4.60 4.99 0.309 5.41a 7.04 0.016 4.45 4.64 0.676
Oregon 5.19 5.37 0.653 7.84 8.32 0.547 4.79 4.93 0.751
Pennsylvania 4.20 4.44 0.368 5.57a 6.66 0.032 3.98 4.10 0.701
Rhode Island 4.24 4.52 0.437 5.71a 7.07 0.039 3.97 4.06 0.827
South Carolina 3.98 4.36 0.272 4.79a 6.12 0.032 3.85 4.09 0.545
South Dakota 4.12 4.44 0.305 5.61a 7.48 0.010 3.86 3.93 0.839
Tennessee 4.98 5.19 0.602 5.62a 7.12 0.018 4.87 4.89 0.979
Texas 3.26a 3.76 0.020 4.80a 5.90 0.017 2.98 3.38 0.104
Utah 5.20a 6.18 0.021 6.77a 9.51 0.003 4.84 5.43 0.221
Vermont 5.32 5.41 0.826 6.27a 7.78 0.044 5.16 5.00 0.717
Virginia 4.60b 4.01 0.068 5.62 5.99 0.490 4.43a 3.70 0.042
Washington 4.80 5.37 0.153 5.95 7.01 0.127 4.62 5.12 0.268
West Virginia 5.18 5.69 0.293 6.22a 7.55 0.050 5.03 5.41 0.473
Wisconsin 4.24b 4.88 0.059 6.21b 7.53 0.061 3.91 4.45 0.157
Wyoming 4.62 4.84 0.500 6.73 7.66 0.199 4.27 4.39 0.737
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
NOTE: Serious mental illness (SMI) is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder, assessed by the Mental Health Surveillance Study (MHSS) Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Fourth Edition—Research Version—Axis I Disorders (MHSS-SCID), which is based on the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). SMI includes individuals with diagnoses resulting in serious functional impairment. For details, see Section B of the "2016-2017 NSDUH: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology" at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 28 – Any Mental Illness in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 18.07a 18.57 0.007 21.89a 23.93 0.000 17.44 17.69 0.207
Northeast 17.86 18.01 0.670 22.58a 24.10 0.003 17.10 17.03 0.865
Midwest 18.01a 18.78 0.006 22.25a 24.92 0.000 17.30 17.76 0.151
South 17.95 18.18 0.340 20.50a 22.47 0.000 17.53 17.49 0.876
West 18.48a 19.41 0.004 23.21a 25.19 0.000 17.67a 18.45 0.033
Alabama 18.47 19.95 0.120 20.07 21.52 0.240 18.20 19.69 0.165
Alaska 20.01 20.32 0.713 27.17 27.34 0.913 18.70 19.14 0.636
Arizona 17.52 18.02 0.584 20.65 22.39 0.210 16.99 17.30 0.765
Arkansas 21.02 20.73 0.755 22.88 24.46 0.258 20.71 20.11 0.573
California 17.15a 18.18 0.039 22.21a 24.75 0.003 16.26 17.06 0.151
Colorado 20.05 19.86 0.819 25.63 27.72 0.174 19.11 18.58 0.567
Connecticut 18.00 18.18 0.832 23.48 25.56 0.153 17.11 16.98 0.899
Delaware 17.71 18.65 0.264 21.60 23.52 0.193 17.11 17.93 0.391
District of Columbia 18.82a 21.17 0.006 21.11a 23.89 0.042 18.35a 20.65 0.019
Florida 17.30 17.54 0.671 20.57a 22.74 0.014 16.84 16.83 0.981
Georgia 17.74 18.07 0.660 18.88a 21.26 0.028 17.55 17.53 0.987
Hawaii 15.55 16.27 0.395 21.10 22.94 0.198 14.74 15.36 0.509
Idaho 21.62a 25.03 0.001 25.08b 27.79 0.077 21.03a 24.57 0.002
Illinois 15.73b 16.76 0.094 19.43a 22.82 0.001 15.12 15.78 0.343
Indiana 19.95 20.90 0.292 24.86b 27.45 0.066 19.08 19.75 0.520
Iowa 17.72 19.02 0.120 21.52a 25.26 0.005 17.04 17.90 0.360
Kansas 18.17b 19.71 0.068 21.42a 24.72 0.022 17.58 18.81 0.194
Kentucky 22.08 22.29 0.833 21.20 22.83 0.259 22.23 22.21 0.984
Louisiana 17.31a 19.11 0.047 16.91a 19.67 0.027 17.38 19.02 0.109
Maine 17.62 19.01 0.106 21.87a 26.59 0.002 17.04 17.99 0.318
Maryland 16.59 16.94 0.646 21.77 23.18 0.288 15.78 15.99 0.807
Massachusetts 19.34 20.57 0.172 24.09 26.23 0.153 18.51 19.59 0.285
Michigan 17.33 18.34 0.102 21.87a 24.05 0.030 16.55 17.39 0.245
Minnesota 18.24 18.21 0.978 24.49a 28.73 0.003 17.24 16.55 0.445
Mississippi 17.49b 19.04 0.082 17.19b 19.70 0.053 17.55 18.92 0.172
Missouri 18.03a 20.05 0.025 19.43a 23.27 0.004 17.80b 19.52 0.088
Montana 20.57 19.78 0.382 25.39 26.11 0.629 19.79 18.77 0.312
Nebraska 18.39 17.88 0.531 22.75 24.79 0.119 17.61 16.64 0.303
Nevada 18.33 18.87 0.532 22.05a 24.82 0.041 17.77 18.01 0.806
New Hampshire 19.36 19.15 0.809 26.10 26.70 0.690 18.30 17.98 0.745
New Jersey 15.50 16.19 0.326 20.29 20.96 0.566 14.78 15.48 0.372
New Mexico 19.19 17.73 0.128 23.51 24.08 0.671 18.46 16.68 0.102
New York 17.54 17.61 0.901 22.32 23.63 0.147 16.74 16.63 0.865
North Carolina 18.98 18.02 0.235 21.46 22.32 0.482 18.58 17.34 0.173
North Dakota 17.06 18.30 0.121 21.25a 23.90 0.042 16.14 17.15 0.275
Ohio 19.72 19.85 0.838 24.18 25.42 0.232 19.01 18.97 0.957
Oklahoma 18.93 20.02 0.244 21.43 23.59 0.115 18.50 19.40 0.386
Oregon 22.61 23.59 0.332 28.37 27.85 0.749 21.74 22.95 0.280
Pennsylvania 18.76 17.98 0.219 22.65b 24.38 0.071 18.16 16.99 0.103
Rhode Island 19.23 19.59 0.681 23.60 24.76 0.426 18.43 18.67 0.815
South Carolina 18.12 18.56 0.599 21.43b 23.73 0.092 17.59 17.76 0.863
South Dakota 17.83 17.70 0.879 21.97 23.75 0.209 17.11 16.68 0.636
Tennessee 19.63 19.24 0.658 21.79 23.90 0.123 19.28 18.50 0.433
Texas 16.04 16.32 0.568 19.41a 21.62 0.012 15.42 15.37 0.933
Utah 22.27 23.47 0.160 25.20a 28.99 0.014 21.61 22.24 0.521
Vermont 20.85 19.84 0.257 28.30 30.05 0.287 19.55 18.06 0.143
Virginia 19.96 18.78 0.112 23.98 25.39 0.260 19.30b 17.72 0.057
Washington 20.72a 22.81 0.030 25.34 24.81 0.743 19.99a 22.51 0.019
West Virginia 20.90b 22.89 0.067 21.96 23.96 0.163 20.75b 22.73 0.096
Wisconsin 18.51 18.54 0.973 24.00 25.53 0.270 17.61 17.40 0.824
Wyoming 19.46 20.25 0.378 23.71a 26.55 0.049 18.76 19.25 0.629
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
NOTE: Any mental illness (AMI) is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder, assessed by the Mental Health Surveillance Study (MHSS) Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Fourth Edition—Research Version—Axis I Disorders (MHSS-SCID), which is based on the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). For details, see Section B of the "2016-2017 NSDUH: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology" at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 29 – Received Mental Health Services in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 14.28b 14.60 0.056 12.28a 13.90 0.000 14.61 14.72 0.578
Northeast 15.74 15.66 0.805 13.59a 15.18 0.000 16.08 15.74 0.321
Midwest 15.75a 16.45 0.010 14.36a 16.04 0.000 15.99b 16.52 0.090
South 13.52 13.81 0.214 11.18a 12.72 0.000 13.91 13.99 0.770
West 13.06 13.42 0.206 11.21a 12.88 0.000 13.37 13.51 0.682
Alabama 12.98 13.97 0.193 10.60 11.62 0.295 13.38 14.35 0.268
Alaska 13.54 13.02 0.418 13.38 13.42 0.975 13.57 12.95 0.402
Arizona 11.87b 13.24 0.084 10.44 11.31 0.404 12.12 13.56 0.114
Arkansas 15.54 16.07 0.530 12.89 14.44 0.150 15.97 16.34 0.709
California 11.59 11.72 0.745 9.51a 11.34 0.004 11.95 11.78 0.725
Colorado 15.86 15.62 0.767 14.38a 17.01 0.036 16.10 15.39 0.442
Connecticut 17.05 16.61 0.619 15.28a 18.42 0.011 17.33 16.31 0.322
Delaware 15.06 15.95 0.282 12.18a 14.60 0.033 15.50 16.15 0.493
District of Columbia 15.18a 16.82 0.041 12.90b 15.34 0.051 15.65 17.12 0.120
Florida 12.75 13.37 0.240 10.09a 12.49 0.001 13.12 13.48 0.539
Georgia 12.03b 13.17 0.067 9.43a 11.26 0.031 12.48 13.50 0.158
Hawaii 9.03a 10.67 0.017 8.91a 11.77 0.006 9.04b 10.51 0.055
Idaho 16.64 17.28 0.492 16.47 17.22 0.541 16.67 17.29 0.561
Illinois 13.64 14.50 0.111 12.44a 14.49 0.025 13.84 14.51 0.279
Indiana 15.36a 17.64 0.005 13.97a 17.82 0.002 15.61a 17.62 0.034
Iowa 16.75 17.59 0.299 14.91a 18.49 0.006 17.07 17.43 0.705
Kansas 14.20 15.39 0.128 13.92 15.03 0.335 14.25 15.46 0.189
Kentucky 17.94 17.61 0.712 15.45 16.63 0.348 18.35 17.77 0.570
Louisiana 13.35 13.49 0.851 10.71 11.52 0.392 13.80 13.81 0.992
Maine 19.37 19.16 0.812 17.37 19.18 0.180 19.64 19.15 0.629
Maryland 13.66 14.19 0.487 13.61 15.15 0.166 13.67 14.04 0.670
Massachusetts 18.86 19.69 0.379 16.59 17.31 0.594 19.25 20.11 0.436
Michigan 16.12 16.42 0.615 14.95 15.31 0.657 16.31 16.61 0.678
Minnesota 19.08 17.99 0.207 17.41 18.30 0.517 19.35 17.94 0.155
Mississippi 11.98b 13.28 0.088 9.53 10.15 0.547 12.41 13.82 0.110
Missouri 15.70 16.82 0.179 12.28a 15.50 0.006 16.27 17.03 0.419
Montana 16.48 15.23 0.110 16.61 16.24 0.784 16.46 15.07 0.118
Nebraska 15.93 15.77 0.834 15.80 16.63 0.476 15.95 15.61 0.710
Nevada 11.63 12.40 0.302 8.96a 10.98 0.033 12.03 12.60 0.503
New Hampshire 20.72b 19.12 0.094 20.55 19.88 0.640 20.75 19.00 0.115
New Jersey 12.67 12.45 0.744 11.82 12.09 0.787 12.80 12.51 0.703
New Mexico 12.95 12.74 0.772 10.60b 12.32 0.094 13.35 12.80 0.527
New York 14.47 14.16 0.545 12.10a 13.83 0.020 14.86 14.21 0.266
North Carolina 16.01 15.12 0.183 12.69 13.07 0.695 16.55 15.44 0.151
North Dakota 14.48 15.51 0.164 12.92b 15.10 0.059 14.82 15.61 0.367
Ohio 16.50 17.05 0.359 15.07 16.05 0.274 16.73 17.20 0.484
Oklahoma 15.13 14.52 0.453 13.28 13.49 0.858 15.45 14.70 0.421
Oregon 17.52 16.90 0.439 16.00 15.84 0.902 17.75 17.06 0.443
Pennsylvania 16.35 16.39 0.947 13.06a 15.59 0.005 16.86 16.51 0.612
Rhode Island 18.96 19.73 0.428 16.54 18.57 0.142 19.40 19.94 0.629
South Carolina 14.42 14.62 0.792 13.42 13.91 0.662 14.58 14.73 0.861
South Dakota 14.95 15.38 0.563 14.67b 16.86 0.067 15.00 15.14 0.873
Tennessee 15.10 14.92 0.817 12.88 13.53 0.540 15.46 15.14 0.718
Texas 10.97 11.54 0.210 8.91a 11.37 0.000 11.35 11.57 0.667
Utah 15.72a 17.53 0.029 15.70b 18.21 0.059 15.73b 17.38 0.087
Vermont 20.39 21.38 0.338 22.34 23.04 0.686 20.05 21.09 0.374
Virginia 16.54 15.51 0.134 13.97 14.27 0.770 16.95 15.71 0.110
Washington 16.37 17.42 0.244 13.49 14.86 0.276 16.83 17.81 0.334
West Virginia 17.01 17.78 0.387 13.88a 16.68 0.027 17.47 17.94 0.641
Wisconsin 16.07 16.76 0.387 15.55 15.99 0.712 16.15 16.89 0.426
Wyoming 13.98 13.48 0.522 13.20a 15.78 0.031 14.11 13.12 0.251
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
NOTE: Mental Health Services are defined as having received inpatient treatment/counseling or outpatient treatment/counseling or having used prescription medication for problems with emotions, nerves, or mental health. Respondents were not to include treatment for drug or alcohol use.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 30 – Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 4.04b 4.19 0.078 8.57a 9.64 0.000 3.30 3.31 0.910
Northeast 4.03 3.99 0.732 8.81a 9.50 0.036 3.26 3.11 0.297
Midwest 4.14b 4.35 0.077 8.66a 9.98 0.000 3.38 3.41 0.801
South 3.84b 4.03 0.065 8.06a 9.24 0.000 3.15 3.20 0.631
West 4.30 4.45 0.245 9.09a 10.07 0.011 3.48 3.52 0.753
Alabama 3.57 3.89 0.250 7.27b 8.71 0.083 2.96 3.11 0.617
Alaska 5.15 5.34 0.624 11.76 13.26 0.169 3.94 4.01 0.876
Arizona 4.01 4.02 0.975 8.92 9.28 0.667 3.18 3.15 0.915
Arkansas 4.47 4.59 0.711 8.60 9.83 0.153 3.78 3.73 0.889
California 3.96 4.04 0.693 8.54a 9.68 0.049 3.17 3.09 0.691
Colorado 4.88 5.41 0.152 9.56b 11.25 0.085 4.10 4.46 0.372
Connecticut 3.76 4.05 0.363 8.56b 10.03 0.098 2.98 3.08 0.765
Delaware 4.35 4.16 0.558 9.13 9.61 0.573 3.62 3.35 0.452
District of Columbia 4.22 4.11 0.718 7.93 8.55 0.456 3.46 3.24 0.528
Florida 3.34 3.49 0.488 8.12a 9.38 0.027 2.67 2.69 0.949
Georgia 3.94 4.38 0.124 7.02a 8.73 0.010 3.41 3.65 0.432
Hawaii 3.79 4.08 0.409 8.99 10.08 0.262 3.03 3.26 0.548
Idaho 4.84a 5.60 0.034 9.36 10.59 0.202 4.08b 4.78 0.075
Illinois 3.89 3.87 0.931 8.45 9.33 0.207 3.14 2.98 0.523
Indiana 4.58 5.04 0.165 9.12a 11.05 0.031 3.78 3.99 0.565
Iowa 3.94a 4.69 0.029 8.74a 10.58 0.038 3.08 3.64 0.121
Kansas 4.72 4.87 0.652 9.34 10.29 0.310 3.88 3.90 0.963
Kentucky 5.08 4.71 0.289 9.36 10.47 0.220 4.38 3.78 0.118
Louisiana 4.24 4.25 0.984 7.78 8.07 0.697 3.64 3.62 0.948
Maine 3.74 3.99 0.430 7.68a 9.98 0.010 3.22 3.19 0.947
Maryland 3.82 4.00 0.524 8.23 9.04 0.314 3.13 3.23 0.754
Massachusetts 3.97b 4.57 0.075 8.49b 10.07 0.066 3.19 3.63 0.223
Michigan 3.91 3.99 0.731 8.35 9.33 0.120 3.16 3.10 0.783
Minnesota 4.15 4.52 0.225 8.79 10.17 0.134 3.41 3.63 0.494
Mississippi 3.78 4.01 0.393 7.72 8.54 0.248 3.08 3.22 0.635
Missouri 3.47a 4.04 0.050 7.18a 9.75 0.004 2.86 3.11 0.403
Montana 5.29 4.91 0.289 10.47 11.26 0.439 4.45 3.90 0.148
Nebraska 4.42 4.05 0.212 8.12 9.21 0.193 3.76b 3.13 0.051
Nevada 4.29 4.62 0.310 8.90 10.40 0.122 3.60 3.78 0.592
New Hampshire 5.01 4.89 0.750 10.26 10.87 0.517 4.18 3.97 0.591
New Jersey 3.58 3.41 0.500 8.47 9.14 0.376 2.85 2.56 0.285
New Mexico 4.28 4.01 0.380 8.88 8.78 0.911 3.50 3.23 0.391
New York 3.94 3.68 0.252 8.82 9.22 0.503 3.13 2.79 0.161
North Carolina 4.23 4.57 0.287 7.71a 9.67 0.013 3.67 3.77 0.778
North Dakota 4.17 4.57 0.185 8.47b 10.07 0.072 3.24 3.43 0.527
Ohio 4.47 4.56 0.727 9.27 10.09 0.217 3.70 3.68 0.948
Oklahoma 3.77 4.10 0.271 7.54b 9.03 0.095 3.12 3.25 0.657
Oregon 5.07 5.18 0.742 11.52 11.01 0.621 4.09 4.32 0.546
Pennsylvania 4.41 4.28 0.627 9.05 9.30 0.714 3.69 3.51 0.537
Rhode Island 4.49 4.78 0.430 9.55 10.62 0.262 3.57 3.73 0.686
South Carolina 3.73 4.11 0.219 7.25a 9.27 0.015 3.17 3.31 0.672
South Dakota 3.82a 4.40 0.047 7.47a 9.85 0.009 3.19 3.48 0.344
Tennessee 4.55 4.50 0.878 8.33 9.29 0.238 3.94 3.74 0.579
Texas 3.51 3.72 0.263 8.38 9.31 0.132 2.62 2.72 0.601
Utah 5.62 5.99 0.359 10.49 12.23 0.113 4.52 4.60 0.851
Vermont 5.48 5.31 0.648 10.34 11.29 0.358 4.64 4.27 0.374
Virginia 3.96 4.20 0.388 8.57 9.26 0.352 3.21 3.40 0.531
Washington 4.73 5.06 0.336 9.67 10.08 0.663 3.96 4.30 0.354
West Virginia 4.31 4.75 0.227 8.72 10.01 0.136 3.66 3.99 0.413
Wisconsin 4.41 4.60 0.581 9.41 10.87 0.121 3.59 3.57 0.953
Wyoming 4.14 4.39 0.411 8.66a 10.57 0.043 3.39 3.41 0.955
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
NOTE: Respondents were asked, "At any time in the past 12 months, did you seriously think about trying to kill yourself?" If they answered "Yes," they were categorized as having serious thoughts of suicide in the past year.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
180917
Table 31 – Major Depressive Episode in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State
18+
(2015-2016)
18+
(2016-2017)
18+
(P Value)
12-17
(2015-2016)
12-17
(2016-2017)
12-17
(P Value)
18-25
(2015-2016)
18-25
(2016-2017)
18-25
(P Value)
26+
(2015-2016)
26+
(2016-2017)
26+
(P Value)
Total U.S. 6.70b 6.89 0.087 12.63 13.01 0.108 10.59a 11.95 0.000 6.06 6.07 0.911
Northeast 6.80 6.76 0.805 12.13 12.14 0.980 11.08 11.77 0.102 6.11 5.96 0.472
Midwest 6.89b 7.24 0.051 13.53 13.93 0.237 11.01a 12.61 0.000 6.20 6.35 0.469
South 6.60 6.66 0.647 11.90 12.39 0.108 9.91a 10.91 0.001 6.05 5.98 0.667
West 6.61a 7.05 0.020 13.32 13.79 0.267 10.89a 13.11 0.000 5.88 6.05 0.430
Alabama 6.66 7.24 0.278 11.18 11.90 0.402 9.99 10.47 0.597 6.12 6.72 0.313
Alaska 7.39 7.69 0.549 15.22 14.27 0.377 12.85 13.28 0.707 6.40 6.76 0.515
Arizona 6.03 6.53 0.327 11.68 13.06 0.201 8.61a 10.62 0.026 5.60 5.86 0.652
Arkansas 8.13 8.19 0.918 13.05 13.36 0.760 10.60 12.24 0.119 7.72 7.53 0.772
California 6.04 6.48 0.115 12.93 13.23 0.649 10.65a 13.14 0.000 5.23 5.36 0.689
Colorado 7.62 7.70 0.881 14.59 13.89 0.501 12.66b 15.01 0.058 6.78 6.51 0.642
Connecticut 6.84 6.97 0.787 12.52 13.16 0.531 11.73 13.10 0.224 6.05 5.98 0.910
Delaware 6.52 7.07 0.261 11.94 11.58 0.691 10.34 11.82 0.156 5.94 6.37 0.416
District of Columbia 7.28 7.89 0.248 9.91 10.49 0.506 11.88 12.25 0.752 6.34 7.04 0.225
Florida 6.12 6.20 0.812 12.84 13.09 0.706 10.40 11.15 0.265 5.52 5.52 0.990
Georgia 6.72 6.90 0.703 10.14 11.44 0.101 9.39 10.48 0.200 6.26 6.30 0.946
Hawaii 5.37 5.67 0.485 10.99 11.97 0.332 9.43b 11.22 0.077 4.78 4.91 0.771
Idaho 7.62 8.32 0.208 15.93 16.22 0.802 11.17a 14.15 0.013 7.02 7.35 0.590
Illinois 5.62b 6.30 0.054 12.46b 14.00 0.053 9.54a 11.59 0.013 4.97 5.44 0.223
Indiana 7.69 7.98 0.594 14.70 13.77 0.392 12.37 13.52 0.328 6.87 7.02 0.805
Iowa 6.69a 7.73 0.048 14.09 14.10 0.996 10.82a 12.94 0.030 5.96 6.80 0.155
Kansas 7.21 7.58 0.499 12.53 13.84 0.164 10.91 11.87 0.355 6.54 6.81 0.655
Kentucky 7.55 7.87 0.570 11.72 11.94 0.816 11.05 12.09 0.280 6.97 7.19 0.736
Louisiana 6.49 7.17 0.254 10.15 10.76 0.497 7.79 8.80 0.264 6.27 6.90 0.348
Maine 7.21 7.48 0.618 14.25 15.07 0.422 12.28a 15.31 0.016 6.53 6.44 0.883
Maryland 6.71 6.93 0.630 12.69 12.91 0.821 11.41 12.93 0.144 5.97 6.02 0.932
Massachusetts 7.48 7.56 0.878 13.72 13.60 0.901 12.55 14.11 0.183 6.60 6.44 0.770
Michigan 6.84 7.13 0.437 13.27 13.87 0.431 11.34 11.85 0.490 6.08 6.34 0.524
Minnesota 7.02 6.77 0.605 13.39 13.56 0.859 11.12a 15.20 0.000 6.37b 5.44 0.080
Mississippi 6.04b 7.02 0.052 10.78 11.56 0.391 8.28a 10.08 0.047 5.65 6.49 0.135
Missouri 6.99b 7.96 0.087 14.28 14.57 0.788 10.35 11.87 0.134 6.43 7.33 0.160
Montana 7.79 7.94 0.769 13.56 14.07 0.625 11.45a 13.90 0.029 7.19 6.99 0.708
Nebraska 6.96 6.64 0.509 12.97 13.01 0.966 11.04 11.60 0.572 6.23 5.76 0.380
Nevada 7.35 6.74 0.256 15.66 14.97 0.530 10.73b 12.79 0.060 6.84 5.86 0.107
New Hampshire 7.98 8.29 0.604 13.40 13.91 0.619 13.17 14.23 0.355 7.17 7.37 0.756
New Jersey 6.13 6.05 0.846 10.39 11.17 0.344 10.05 10.03 0.981 5.55 5.46 0.852
New Mexico 6.71 6.63 0.862 12.61a 14.88 0.041 9.36b 11.18 0.063 6.27 5.88 0.481
New York 6.68 6.49 0.566 11.91 11.46 0.490 10.65 10.70 0.942 6.02 5.80 0.571
North Carolina 7.07 6.72 0.439 11.70 12.03 0.702 9.05 10.35 0.127 6.75 6.15 0.237
North Dakota 6.80 7.10 0.536 11.25 12.13 0.337 10.33 11.86 0.112 6.03 6.13 0.865
Ohio 7.85 7.56 0.507 13.98 14.35 0.633 11.50 12.63 0.150 7.26 6.76 0.290
Oklahoma 7.50 7.75 0.643 13.53 13.86 0.756 10.29 11.81 0.169 7.02 7.06 0.946
Oregon 7.89 8.49 0.281 15.66 16.34 0.547 13.41 15.16 0.133 7.05 7.49 0.471
Pennsylvania 6.83 6.82 0.993 12.33 12.23 0.886 11.02 12.13 0.173 6.17 6.01 0.686
Rhode Island 7.23 7.41 0.738 13.72 13.30 0.690 11.17 12.06 0.394 6.52 6.57 0.926
South Carolina 6.52 6.76 0.608 10.83 12.31 0.102 9.06b 10.70 0.069 6.11 6.15 0.941
South Dakota 6.86 6.73 0.770 11.79 12.56 0.381 10.90a 13.06 0.048 6.16 5.66 0.303
Tennessee 7.06 7.18 0.814 12.13 12.79 0.483 11.12 12.34 0.200 6.41 6.37 0.942
Texas 5.68 5.76 0.786 11.95 12.19 0.724 9.11 9.89 0.218 5.05 5.02 0.921
Utah 7.78a 9.06 0.017 13.81 15.48 0.120 10.74a 14.95 0.000 7.12 7.75 0.299
Vermont 7.60 7.60 0.996 12.45 12.83 0.684 12.10b 14.33 0.062 6.82 6.43 0.500
Virginia 7.94a 6.77 0.012 12.56 13.22 0.463 11.88 12.35 0.613 7.29a 5.88 0.006
Washington 7.68 8.52 0.154 13.23 13.98 0.484 12.10 12.50 0.737 6.98 7.91 0.155
West Virginia 8.26 8.52 0.674 13.90 14.05 0.890 11.76 13.06 0.231 7.75 7.86 0.870
Wisconsin 6.74 7.50 0.138 14.45 13.66 0.482 11.97b 13.99 0.075 5.88 6.44 0.317
Wyoming 7.54 7.15 0.444 15.00 14.20 0.470 12.71 12.85 0.902 6.69 6.25 0.440
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods.
NOTE: Major depressive episode (MDE) is defined as in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. For details, see Section B of the "2016-2017 NSDUH: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology" at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/.
NOTE: There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older.
a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

Methodology Used to Estimate the Bayes Significance Level for the
Null Hypothesis of No Change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 Population Percentages

Comparisons between the state population percentages displayed in Tables 1 to 31 in this document are based on the 2015 through 2017 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUHs). The moving average state estimates for the overlapping 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 time periods were obtained from independent applications of the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes (SWHB) methodology; that is, the 2016-2017 models were fit independently of the previously fitted 2015-2016 models. This independent analysis approach was followed because there was no desire to revise the previously published 2015-2016 estimates. The same fixed predictor variables were used in the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 models, but annual updates were made when more current versions were available.1 The age group-specific fixed predictor variables were defined at five levels (namely, the person level, census block group level, tract level, county level, and state level). Also, each age group model had 51 state-level random effects and 250 "within-state" area-level random effects.1

To estimate change in state population percentages, let pi 1 sub s and a and pi 2 sub s and a denote the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 prevalence rates, respectively, for state-s and age group-a. The change between pi 1 sub s and a and pi 2 sub s and a is defined in terms of the log-odds ratio (lor sub s and a) as opposed to the simple difference because the posterior distribution of the lor sub s and a is closer to Gaussian than the posterior distribution of the simple difference (Pi 2 sub s and a minus pi 1 sub s and a represents the simple difference between the 2016-2017 and 2015-2016 prevalence rates.). The log odds ratio, lor sub s and a is defined as

Equation 1,     D


where ln denotes the natural logarithm. The p value given is computed to test the null hypothesis of no change (i.e., Pi 2 sub s and a is equal to pi 1 sub s and a. or equivalently Log-odds ratio lor sub s and a is equal to zero.). An estimate of log-odds ratio, lor sub s and a is given by

Equation 2,     D


where the p 1 sub s and a represents the previously published 2015-2016 state estimates2 and the p 2 sub s and a represents the 2016-2017 state estimates. To compute the variance of the estimate of the log-odds ratio, lor hat sub s and a, that is, variance v of the estimate of the log-odds ratio, lor hat sub s and a, let Theta 1 hat equal the ratio of p 1 sub s and a and 1 minus p 1 sub s and a and Theta 2 hat equal the ratio of p 2 sub s and a and 1 minus p 2 sub s and a, then


Equation 3,     D


where the covariance between the natural logarithm of Theta 1 hat and the natural logarithm of Theta 2 hat denotes the covariance between the natural logarithm of Theta 1 hat and the natural logarithm of Theta 2 hat. This covariance is defined in terms of the associated correlation as follows:

Equation 4.     D

Note that variance v of the natural logarithm of Theta 1 hat and variance v of the natural logarithm of Theta 2 hat used here to calculate variance v of the estimate of the log-odds ratio, lor hat sub s and a are the same variances used in calculating the previously published 2015-2016 Bayesian confidence intervals and the 2016-2017 Bayesian confidence intervals, respectively.

The correlation between the natural logarithm of Theta 1 hat and the natural logarithm of Theta 2 hat was obtained by simultaneously modeling the 2015, 2016, and 2017 NSDUH data. Note that these models used the same predictors employed in the 2016-2017 small area estimation model for all 3 years. This simultaneous modeling approach was adopted based on the results of the validation study3 conducted for measuring change in the 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 state population percentages. For this simultaneous model, four age groups (12 to 17, 18 to 25, 26 to 34, and 35 or older) by 3 years (2015, 2016, and 2017), that is, 12 subpopulation-specific models, were fitted, each with its own set of fixed and random effects. In this case, the general covariance matrices for the state and within-state random effects were 12 × 12 matrices corresponding to the 12 element (age group × year) vectors of random effects. Note that the survey-weighted, Bernoulli-type log likelihood employed in the SWHB methodology was appropriate for this simultaneous model because the 12 age group × year subpopulations were nonoverlapping. The correlation between the natural logarithm of Theta 1 hat and the natural logarithm of Theta 2 hat was approximated by the correlation calculated using the posterior distributions of the natural logarithm of pi 1 sub s and a divided by 1 minus pi 1 sub s and a and the natural logarithm of pi 2 sub s and a divided by 1 minus pi 2 sub s and a from the simultaneous model.

To calculate the p value for testing the null hypothesis of no difference (Log-odds ratio lor is equal to zero.), it is assumed that the posterior distribution of log-odds ratio lor is normal with Mean is equal to estimate of the log-odds ratio, lor hat sub s and a. and Variance is equal to variance v of the estimate of the log-odds ratio, lor hat sub s and a.. With the null value (Log-odds ratio lor sub zero equals zero.), the Bayes p value or significance level for the null hypothesis of no difference is The p value is equal to 2 times the probability of realizing a standard normal variate greater than or equal to the absolute value of a quantity z., where capital Z is a standard normal random variate,Quantity z is the estimate of the log-odds ratio, lor hat sub s and a, divided by the square root of the variance v of the estimate of the log-odds ratio, lor hat sub s and a., and absolute value of quantity z denotes the absolute value of quantity z. This Bayesian significance level (or p value) for the null value of log-odds ratio lor, say log-odds ratio lor sub zero, is defined following Rubin4 as the posterior probability for the collection of the log-odds ratio lor values that are less likely or have smaller posterior density d of the log-odds ratio lor than the null (no change) value log-odds ratio lor sub zero. That is, The p value of log-odds ratio lor sub zero is equal to the probability of d of the log-odds ratio lor when it is less than or equal to d of the log-odds ratio lor sub zero.. With the posterior distribution of log-odds ratio lor approximately normal, the p value of log-odds ratio lor sub zero is given by the above expression.

Endnotes

1 For details, see Section B in the "2016-2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology" at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/.

2 Estimates of past year methamphetamine use for 2015-2016 are published for the first time in these tables.

3 See Appendix E, Section E.2, of the following report: Wright, D. (2003). State estimates of substance use from the 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Volume II. Individual state tables and technical appendices (HHS Publication No. SMA 03-3826, NHSDA Series H-20). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies.

4 See the following reference: Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys (Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics: Applied Probability and Statistics). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Long Descriptions for Equations

Long description, Equation 1: The log-odds ratio, lor sub s and a, is defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio of two quantities. The numerator of the ratio is pi 2 sub s and a divided by 1 minus pi 2 sub s and a. The denominator of the ratio is pi 1 sub s and a divided by 1 minus pi 1 sub s and a.

Long description end. Return to Equation 1.

Long description, Equation 2: The estimate of the log-odds ratio, lor hat sub s and a, is defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio of two quantities. The numerator of the ratio is p 2 sub s and a divided by 1 minus p 2 sub s and a. The denominator of the ratio is p 1 sub s and a divided by 1 minus p 1 sub s and a, where p 1 sub s and a represents the 2015-2016 state estimates and p 2 sub s and a represents the 2016-2017 state estimates.

Long description end. Return to Equation 2.

Long description, Equation 3: Variance v of the estimate of the log-odds ratio, lor hat sub s and a, is a function of three quantities: q1, q2, and q3. It is expressed as the sum of q1 and q2 minus q3. Quantity q1 is the variance v of the natural logarithm of Theta 1 hat, quantity q2 is the variance v of the natural logarithm of Theta 2 hat, and quantity q3 is 2 times the covariance between the natural logarithm of Theta 1 hat and the natural logarithm of Theta 2 hat.

Long description end. Return to Equation 3.

Long description, Equation 4: The covariance between the natural logarithm of Theta 1 hat and the natural logarithm of Theta 2 hat is equal to the correlation between the natural logarithm of Theta 1 hat and the natural logarithm of Theta 2 hat multiplied by the square root of the product of the variance v of the natural logarithm of Theta 1 hat and variance v of the natural logarithm of Theta 2 hat.

Long description end. Return to Equation 4.

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