State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 10.36a | 10.90 | 0.000 | 8.34a | 7.88 | 0.014 | 22.75a | 23.69 | 0.003 | 8.54a | 9.18 | 0.000 | 10.57a | 11.21 | 0.000 |
Northeast | 11.20 | 11.55 | 0.140 | 8.45 | 8.06 | 0.280 | 25.93b | 27.12 | 0.061 | 9.11 | 9.45 | 0.252 | 11.45 | 11.87 | 0.107 |
Midwest | 9.77a | 10.32 | 0.005 | 8.28 | 7.82 | 0.101 | 21.68a | 23.06 | 0.006 | 7.95a | 8.50 | 0.018 | 9.93a | 10.57 | 0.002 |
South | 8.87b | 9.15 | 0.096 | 7.82a | 7.29 | 0.034 | 20.26 | 20.75 | 0.248 | 7.13b | 7.51 | 0.072 | 8.98a | 9.34 | 0.046 |
West | 12.62a | 13.73 | 0.000 | 9.14 | 8.73 | 0.288 | 25.25 | 26.29 | 0.114 | 10.89a | 12.24 | 0.000 | 12.98a | 14.24 | 0.000 |
Alabama | 7.10a | 8.67 | 0.001 | 6.99 | 7.21 | 0.767 | 16.91 | 19.11 | 0.104 | 5.50a | 7.15 | 0.003 | 7.12a | 8.82 | 0.001 |
Alaska | 17.62 | 16.81 | 0.351 | 13.22a | 10.61 | 0.013 | 29.81 | 27.92 | 0.291 | 15.97 | 15.75 | 0.836 | 18.11 | 17.50 | 0.520 |
Arizona | 9.97 | 10.77 | 0.165 | 8.79 | 7.80 | 0.254 | 21.05 | 21.28 | 0.879 | 8.24 | 9.39 | 0.102 | 10.10 | 11.09 | 0.118 |
Arkansas | 8.90a | 10.51 | 0.004 | 7.60 | 7.57 | 0.979 | 17.97 | 18.52 | 0.698 | 7.55a | 9.55 | 0.003 | 9.04a | 10.82 | 0.003 |
California | 12.56 | 13.11 | 0.148 | 8.89 | 8.20 | 0.223 | 25.75 | 26.30 | 0.578 | 10.70b | 11.46 | 0.098 | 12.94 | 13.61 | 0.104 |
Colorado | 17.18 | 17.83 | 0.477 | 10.14 | 9.83 | 0.766 | 34.49 | 33.95 | 0.789 | 15.11 | 16.14 | 0.336 | 17.90 | 18.63 | 0.456 |
Connecticut | 10.95a | 12.33 | 0.024 | 9.48 | 9.64 | 0.876 | 28.86a | 32.68 | 0.043 | 8.21 | 9.34 | 0.121 | 11.10a | 12.60 | 0.024 |
Delaware | 10.25a | 11.71 | 0.011 | 9.50 | 9.71 | 0.808 | 25.33 | 26.00 | 0.677 | 8.01a | 9.80 | 0.007 | 10.32a | 11.90 | 0.011 |
District of Columbia | 16.88a | 19.92 | 0.000 | 10.38 | 11.20 | 0.438 | 35.22 | 36.86 | 0.390 | 13.53a | 17.21 | 0.000 | 17.24a | 20.41 | 0.000 |
Florida | 9.75 | 10.36 | 0.117 | 8.58 | 8.89 | 0.588 | 21.84a | 24.30 | 0.016 | 8.16 | 8.60 | 0.355 | 9.85 | 10.49 | 0.130 |
Georgia | 9.40a | 8.34 | 0.009 | 7.88b | 6.57 | 0.062 | 20.71 | 20.23 | 0.684 | 7.66a | 6.57 | 0.028 | 9.58a | 8.54 | 0.020 |
Hawaii | 10.29 | 9.60 | 0.267 | 8.40 | 7.62 | 0.356 | 20.93 | 19.26 | 0.258 | 8.92 | 8.48 | 0.533 | 10.46 | 9.78 | 0.309 |
Idaho | 9.02 | 9.02 | 0.994 | 7.94 | 7.67 | 0.746 | 17.63 | 17.59 | 0.970 | 7.72 | 7.79 | 0.906 | 9.15 | 9.19 | 0.947 |
Illinois | 9.30b | 10.05 | 0.065 | 8.05 | 8.34 | 0.643 | 23.37a | 25.72 | 0.042 | 7.14 | 7.71 | 0.226 | 9.43b | 10.22 | 0.070 |
Indiana | 10.00a | 11.24 | 0.033 | 8.56 | 7.58 | 0.278 | 21.86 | 23.72 | 0.206 | 8.09a | 9.53 | 0.036 | 10.15a | 11.64 | 0.019 |
Iowa | 6.76a | 8.10 | 0.001 | 6.75 | 6.26 | 0.482 | 16.01a | 19.47 | 0.010 | 5.11a | 6.29 | 0.015 | 6.77a | 8.29 | 0.001 |
Kansas | 8.08 | 8.31 | 0.644 | 8.08b | 6.83 | 0.074 | 17.43 | 17.61 | 0.890 | 6.39 | 6.84 | 0.447 | 8.08 | 8.47 | 0.469 |
Kentucky | 8.71 | 9.09 | 0.458 | 8.04 | 7.46 | 0.464 | 18.15 | 18.65 | 0.698 | 7.24 | 7.73 | 0.433 | 8.78 | 9.26 | 0.393 |
Louisiana | 8.92 | 9.29 | 0.443 | 7.29 | 6.95 | 0.649 | 21.50 | 21.05 | 0.757 | 6.98 | 7.64 | 0.244 | 9.09 | 9.54 | 0.399 |
Maine | 14.86b | 16.35 | 0.070 | 10.96 | 10.67 | 0.765 | 31.20a | 36.10 | 0.010 | 13.03 | 14.25 | 0.218 | 15.19b | 16.83 | 0.066 |
Maryland | 11.52 | 11.88 | 0.519 | 9.54 | 9.05 | 0.587 | 29.44 | 28.26 | 0.472 | 8.95 | 9.70 | 0.255 | 11.72 | 12.16 | 0.461 |
Massachusetts | 14.01a | 16.00 | 0.004 | 10.32 | 10.90 | 0.586 | 30.10b | 33.41 | 0.065 | 11.61a | 13.55 | 0.017 | 14.34a | 16.46 | 0.005 |
Michigan | 12.19a | 13.39 | 0.009 | 9.75 | 9.40 | 0.609 | 24.52b | 26.48 | 0.075 | 10.39a | 11.67 | 0.023 | 12.44a | 13.80 | 0.007 |
Minnesota | 9.08 | 9.12 | 0.937 | 7.57 | 7.30 | 0.706 | 20.16 | 20.93 | 0.598 | 7.49 | 7.46 | 0.959 | 9.24 | 9.31 | 0.894 |
Mississippi | 8.04a | 9.27 | 0.012 | 6.83 | 7.02 | 0.800 | 17.78 | 18.85 | 0.442 | 6.47a | 7.90 | 0.015 | 8.18a | 9.51 | 0.012 |
Missouri | 10.34 | 10.36 | 0.961 | 9.90b | 8.26 | 0.079 | 21.31 | 20.72 | 0.651 | 8.57 | 8.93 | 0.590 | 10.38 | 10.58 | 0.744 |
Montana | 13.25 | 14.33 | 0.136 | 10.23 | 10.37 | 0.894 | 25.83 | 27.14 | 0.427 | 11.53 | 12.71 | 0.173 | 13.53 | 14.70 | 0.138 |
Nebraska | 8.61 | 9.04 | 0.382 | 6.87 | 6.65 | 0.726 | 20.00 | 22.11 | 0.134 | 6.80 | 7.02 | 0.695 | 8.80 | 9.30 | 0.355 |
Nevada | 10.38a | 13.42 | 0.000 | 10.34 | 10.15 | 0.837 | 20.36a | 27.74 | 0.000 | 8.88a | 11.72 | 0.001 | 10.38a | 13.75 | 0.000 |
New Hampshire | 13.43 | 14.28 | 0.196 | 8.98 | 9.87 | 0.345 | 32.23 | 32.43 | 0.909 | 10.94 | 11.93 | 0.216 | 13.84 | 14.68 | 0.238 |
New Jersey | 8.13 | 8.45 | 0.451 | 6.90 | 6.37 | 0.442 | 23.31 | 25.09 | 0.203 | 6.01 | 6.22 | 0.661 | 8.26 | 8.66 | 0.384 |
New Mexico | 11.98a | 13.51 | 0.030 | 11.03 | 11.00 | 0.978 | 24.89 | 26.72 | 0.275 | 9.93a | 11.65 | 0.047 | 12.08a | 13.78 | 0.028 |
New York | 11.16 | 11.06 | 0.799 | 8.43 | 7.86 | 0.345 | 25.14 | 25.04 | 0.921 | 9.11 | 9.12 | 0.997 | 11.41 | 11.35 | 0.885 |
North Carolina | 9.91 | 9.76 | 0.718 | 7.61 | 7.59 | 0.984 | 22.50 | 21.08 | 0.291 | 8.16 | 8.23 | 0.889 | 10.15 | 9.98 | 0.714 |
North Dakota | 7.03 | 7.68 | 0.154 | 7.28 | 6.29 | 0.203 | 16.49 | 16.18 | 0.823 | 4.95a | 6.09 | 0.027 | 7.01 | 7.81 | 0.101 |
Ohio | 10.35 | 10.15 | 0.621 | 7.55 | 7.50 | 0.935 | 22.61 | 22.94 | 0.760 | 8.72 | 8.43 | 0.548 | 10.64 | 10.42 | 0.618 |
Oklahoma | 7.61b | 8.42 | 0.069 | 7.27 | 7.01 | 0.738 | 16.35a | 19.79 | 0.018 | 6.12 | 6.65 | 0.298 | 7.65b | 8.57 | 0.055 |
Oregon | 17.23a | 20.91 | 0.000 | 10.95 | 11.75 | 0.448 | 32.96b | 36.01 | 0.068 | 15.50a | 19.60 | 0.000 | 17.81a | 21.74 | 0.000 |
Pennsylvania | 10.51 | 10.15 | 0.402 | 7.60 | 6.73 | 0.112 | 22.97 | 23.74 | 0.470 | 8.87 | 8.42 | 0.381 | 10.78 | 10.47 | 0.501 |
Rhode Island | 16.57 | 17.45 | 0.231 | 12.47 | 11.81 | 0.575 | 33.63 | 33.07 | 0.758 | 13.90 | 15.24 | 0.135 | 16.93 | 17.95 | 0.201 |
South Carolina | 8.47 | 8.36 | 0.811 | 8.45 | 7.71 | 0.329 | 22.18 | 20.91 | 0.424 | 6.28 | 6.48 | 0.724 | 8.48 | 8.42 | 0.915 |
South Dakota | 9.06 | 8.58 | 0.358 | 8.04 | 7.34 | 0.361 | 20.00 | 20.78 | 0.606 | 7.28 | 6.67 | 0.306 | 9.16 | 8.71 | 0.422 |
Tennessee | 9.31 | 9.63 | 0.520 | 7.89 | 7.49 | 0.634 | 21.25 | 22.69 | 0.344 | 7.54 | 7.80 | 0.654 | 9.46 | 9.84 | 0.470 |
Texas | 7.54 | 7.64 | 0.748 | 7.56a | 6.23 | 0.013 | 17.23 | 17.17 | 0.942 | 5.78 | 6.14 | 0.320 | 7.54 | 7.81 | 0.414 |
Utah | 7.37 | 8.05 | 0.125 | 5.96 | 6.10 | 0.829 | 15.04 | 17.00 | 0.113 | 5.88 | 6.39 | 0.341 | 7.57 | 8.32 | 0.127 |
Vermont | 18.20 | 19.41 | 0.184 | 10.90 | 11.80 | 0.399 | 40.00 | 40.32 | 0.884 | 15.12 | 16.53 | 0.198 | 18.83 | 20.05 | 0.210 |
Virginia | 8.28 | 8.22 | 0.891 | 6.87 | 6.73 | 0.825 | 19.81 | 20.77 | 0.430 | 6.55 | 6.39 | 0.721 | 8.42 | 8.37 | 0.914 |
Washington | 13.58a | 16.87 | 0.000 | 9.78 | 10.50 | 0.501 | 24.72b | 27.56 | 0.070 | 12.23a | 15.93 | 0.000 | 13.94a | 17.48 | 0.000 |
West Virginia | 8.30 | 9.00 | 0.196 | 7.40 | 6.67 | 0.323 | 19.32 | 19.30 | 0.988 | 6.76 | 7.74 | 0.135 | 8.38 | 9.21 | 0.158 |
Wisconsin | 8.52 | 9.12 | 0.201 | 7.96 | 6.97 | 0.180 | 19.80 | 21.69 | 0.198 | 6.72 | 7.31 | 0.288 | 8.58 | 9.34 | 0.138 |
Wyoming | 7.94 | 8.63 | 0.169 | 8.30 | 7.54 | 0.383 | 17.50 | 17.78 | 0.851 | 6.31b | 7.30 | 0.094 | 7.90 | 8.74 | 0.124 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Illicit Drug Use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 13.71a | 14.50 | 0.000 | 12.29 | 12.19 | 0.676 | 32.60a | 33.91 | 0.000 | 10.73a | 11.61 | 0.000 | 13.85a | 14.73 | 0.000 |
Northeast | 14.84 | 15.10 | 0.341 | 12.39 | 12.29 | 0.807 | 37.45 | 37.92 | 0.501 | 11.45 | 11.77 | 0.327 | 15.07 | 15.36 | 0.326 |
Midwest | 13.06a | 13.88 | 0.000 | 12.67 | 12.74 | 0.853 | 31.69a | 33.63 | 0.000 | 9.97a | 10.74 | 0.005 | 13.10a | 14.00 | 0.000 |
South | 11.78a | 12.25 | 0.022 | 11.25 | 10.99 | 0.387 | 29.66 | 30.28 | 0.180 | 8.90a | 9.49 | 0.022 | 11.83a | 12.38 | 0.015 |
West | 16.49a | 18.17 | 0.000 | 13.55 | 13.58 | 0.945 | 34.39a | 36.86 | 0.000 | 13.79a | 15.62 | 0.000 | 16.80a | 18.64 | 0.000 |
Alabama | 9.50a | 10.54 | 0.044 | 10.11 | 9.67 | 0.627 | 25.90 | 26.35 | 0.769 | 6.72a | 8.08 | 0.031 | 9.44a | 10.63 | 0.036 |
Alaska | 23.00 | 22.73 | 0.767 | 18.86b | 16.51 | 0.054 | 41.88 | 39.44 | 0.228 | 20.09 | 20.74 | 0.552 | 23.46 | 23.43 | 0.970 |
Arizona | 12.22a | 13.85 | 0.016 | 11.86 | 11.05 | 0.408 | 28.68 | 29.75 | 0.540 | 9.48a | 11.55 | 0.012 | 12.26a | 14.14 | 0.011 |
Arkansas | 11.14a | 12.60 | 0.009 | 10.69 | 10.87 | 0.859 | 26.24 | 27.09 | 0.595 | 8.68a | 10.43 | 0.009 | 11.18a | 12.78 | 0.009 |
California | 16.23a | 17.39 | 0.009 | 13.23 | 13.30 | 0.917 | 33.98a | 36.53 | 0.013 | 13.50a | 14.63 | 0.032 | 16.54a | 17.81 | 0.008 |
Colorado | 23.12b | 24.86 | 0.076 | 16.21 | 16.97 | 0.564 | 47.54 | 48.81 | 0.502 | 19.85b | 21.88 | 0.095 | 23.82b | 25.65 | 0.088 |
Connecticut | 15.08b | 16.22 | 0.096 | 14.11 | 14.73 | 0.609 | 43.54 | 45.21 | 0.415 | 10.57 | 11.68 | 0.175 | 15.18 | 16.37 | 0.113 |
Delaware | 13.18a | 14.80 | 0.011 | 14.37 | 13.48 | 0.391 | 35.82 | 37.20 | 0.477 | 9.57a | 11.60 | 0.007 | 13.07a | 14.92 | 0.008 |
District of Columbia | 24.68b | 26.35 | 0.073 | 13.58 | 14.60 | 0.385 | 51.00 | 53.20 | 0.327 | 19.99b | 21.90 | 0.078 | 25.30b | 27.01 | 0.083 |
Florida | 13.07 | 13.69 | 0.171 | 12.72 | 13.46 | 0.297 | 33.66b | 35.77 | 0.059 | 10.21 | 10.69 | 0.370 | 13.10 | 13.71 | 0.210 |
Georgia | 12.46 | 11.64 | 0.102 | 10.90 | 10.39 | 0.561 | 30.40 | 29.91 | 0.721 | 9.57 | 8.73 | 0.172 | 12.64 | 11.78 | 0.122 |
Hawaii | 13.05 | 13.14 | 0.903 | 13.38b | 11.43 | 0.071 | 28.07 | 27.14 | 0.566 | 10.82 | 11.39 | 0.510 | 13.02 | 13.29 | 0.727 |
Idaho | 11.62b | 12.62 | 0.076 | 11.73 | 12.00 | 0.780 | 25.36b | 28.40 | 0.062 | 9.30 | 10.09 | 0.254 | 11.61b | 12.70 | 0.084 |
Illinois | 12.31a | 13.83 | 0.001 | 11.87b | 13.34 | 0.068 | 32.55a | 35.26 | 0.039 | 9.03a | 10.42 | 0.010 | 12.36a | 13.88 | 0.002 |
Indiana | 13.35b | 14.42 | 0.066 | 13.47 | 13.31 | 0.882 | 30.41a | 33.87 | 0.035 | 10.32 | 11.16 | 0.242 | 13.33b | 14.54 | 0.060 |
Iowa | 9.75a | 11.39 | 0.001 | 10.48 | 10.22 | 0.773 | 26.60a | 30.88 | 0.011 | 6.65a | 8.05 | 0.019 | 9.68a | 11.51 | 0.001 |
Kansas | 11.17 | 11.93 | 0.145 | 12.42 | 11.76 | 0.496 | 26.92 | 28.87 | 0.203 | 8.15 | 8.93 | 0.232 | 11.03 | 11.95 | 0.115 |
Kentucky | 12.79 | 12.86 | 0.913 | 12.30 | 11.94 | 0.710 | 29.45 | 28.74 | 0.667 | 10.11 | 10.39 | 0.709 | 12.84 | 12.95 | 0.870 |
Louisiana | 11.22a | 12.23 | 0.046 | 10.20 | 9.92 | 0.753 | 28.25 | 28.98 | 0.645 | 8.45a | 9.76 | 0.037 | 11.33a | 12.48 | 0.040 |
Maine | 19.81a | 21.94 | 0.022 | 16.22 | 15.81 | 0.745 | 41.89b | 45.67 | 0.059 | 17.19b | 19.36 | 0.053 | 20.12a | 22.46 | 0.021 |
Maryland | 15.50 | 15.48 | 0.972 | 13.85 | 13.76 | 0.936 | 41.94 | 39.47 | 0.176 | 11.56 | 12.00 | 0.559 | 15.67 | 15.65 | 0.981 |
Massachusetts | 18.64 | 19.96 | 0.103 | 14.45 | 16.39 | 0.133 | 43.58 | 44.93 | 0.489 | 14.75 | 16.03 | 0.190 | 19.02 | 20.28 | 0.152 |
Michigan | 15.68a | 16.69 | 0.041 | 14.36 | 14.15 | 0.801 | 34.60a | 38.00 | 0.007 | 12.61 | 13.41 | 0.185 | 15.81a | 16.94 | 0.036 |
Minnesota | 12.91 | 13.71 | 0.169 | 12.76 | 12.95 | 0.833 | 32.12 | 32.75 | 0.726 | 9.86 | 10.78 | 0.189 | 12.92 | 13.78 | 0.176 |
Mississippi | 9.46a | 11.40 | 0.000 | 9.66 | 10.69 | 0.263 | 23.41a | 26.78 | 0.033 | 6.95a | 8.82 | 0.003 | 9.43a | 11.48 | 0.000 |
Missouri | 13.19 | 13.75 | 0.346 | 12.55 | 11.81 | 0.471 | 32.40 | 31.87 | 0.753 | 10.09 | 11.03 | 0.191 | 13.26 | 13.95 | 0.286 |
Montana | 18.41 | 19.53 | 0.146 | 17.04 | 15.91 | 0.358 | 38.05 | 40.51 | 0.183 | 15.36 | 16.57 | 0.194 | 18.54 | 19.86 | 0.115 |
Nebraska | 11.33 | 11.51 | 0.720 | 11.36 | 12.04 | 0.480 | 29.84 | 30.55 | 0.665 | 8.00 | 8.06 | 0.931 | 11.32 | 11.46 | 0.816 |
Nevada | 13.13a | 16.82 | 0.000 | 14.66 | 14.37 | 0.798 | 29.39a | 35.81 | 0.001 | 10.51a | 14.34 | 0.000 | 12.98a | 17.06 | 0.000 |
New Hampshire | 17.58 | 18.62 | 0.164 | 14.24 | 15.44 | 0.303 | 40.68 | 43.17 | 0.195 | 14.30 | 15.15 | 0.345 | 17.89 | 18.90 | 0.210 |
New Jersey | 12.01 | 12.04 | 0.965 | 10.80 | 10.28 | 0.544 | 35.35 | 35.36 | 0.998 | 8.66 | 8.77 | 0.842 | 12.14 | 12.21 | 0.888 |
New Mexico | 15.83a | 17.51 | 0.039 | 15.34 | 15.62 | 0.826 | 32.79 | 33.63 | 0.648 | 13.04a | 15.09 | 0.042 | 15.88a | 17.71 | 0.041 |
New York | 14.86 | 14.50 | 0.400 | 12.37 | 11.88 | 0.488 | 36.96 | 36.10 | 0.469 | 11.43 | 11.26 | 0.733 | 15.09 | 14.74 | 0.447 |
North Carolina | 11.90 | 12.06 | 0.734 | 10.90 | 10.48 | 0.577 | 30.48 | 29.70 | 0.598 | 9.02 | 9.47 | 0.448 | 12.00 | 12.23 | 0.676 |
North Dakota | 9.80a | 10.95 | 0.024 | 11.99 | 10.27 | 0.109 | 24.59 | 24.99 | 0.800 | 6.34a | 8.13 | 0.002 | 9.60a | 11.02 | 0.010 |
Ohio | 13.81 | 13.76 | 0.916 | 12.01 | 12.17 | 0.836 | 33.01 | 34.53 | 0.205 | 10.95 | 10.65 | 0.601 | 14.00 | 13.92 | 0.887 |
Oklahoma | 11.18b | 12.09 | 0.069 | 11.10 | 11.31 | 0.826 | 26.58 | 29.15 | 0.143 | 8.49 | 9.26 | 0.202 | 11.19b | 12.18 | 0.076 |
Oregon | 22.70a | 26.51 | 0.000 | 17.35 | 17.01 | 0.795 | 44.03a | 47.57 | 0.047 | 20.01a | 24.36 | 0.000 | 23.19a | 27.38 | 0.000 |
Pennsylvania | 13.05 | 13.21 | 0.723 | 10.93 | 10.36 | 0.444 | 32.45 | 33.74 | 0.289 | 10.24 | 10.34 | 0.844 | 13.25 | 13.47 | 0.646 |
Rhode Island | 20.31 | 20.76 | 0.574 | 16.85 | 15.27 | 0.204 | 42.32 | 43.67 | 0.489 | 16.66 | 17.21 | 0.570 | 20.62 | 21.24 | 0.474 |
South Carolina | 10.92 | 11.09 | 0.757 | 11.21 | 10.57 | 0.474 | 29.46 | 28.27 | 0.477 | 7.92 | 8.48 | 0.398 | 10.89 | 11.14 | 0.681 |
South Dakota | 11.85 | 12.35 | 0.412 | 11.98 | 12.51 | 0.599 | 26.51 | 29.11 | 0.115 | 9.29 | 9.48 | 0.792 | 11.84 | 12.33 | 0.457 |
Tennessee | 12.82 | 13.38 | 0.334 | 11.83 | 11.68 | 0.869 | 29.54 | 32.11 | 0.113 | 10.23 | 10.61 | 0.578 | 12.92 | 13.55 | 0.321 |
Texas | 10.14 | 10.55 | 0.209 | 10.47 | 9.61 | 0.197 | 25.42 | 26.19 | 0.436 | 7.30 | 7.88 | 0.145 | 10.10 | 10.67 | 0.118 |
Utah | 9.62b | 10.40 | 0.098 | 9.64 | 9.20 | 0.598 | 21.76 | 23.74 | 0.178 | 6.87 | 7.64 | 0.185 | 9.62b | 10.58 | 0.073 |
Vermont | 21.79a | 23.84 | 0.026 | 15.64 | 17.88 | 0.111 | 48.06 | 50.08 | 0.355 | 17.81b | 19.86 | 0.065 | 22.32a | 24.34 | 0.041 |
Virginia | 11.06 | 11.78 | 0.120 | 10.51 | 10.35 | 0.857 | 30.81 | 30.99 | 0.892 | 7.89b | 8.87 | 0.073 | 11.11 | 11.92 | 0.112 |
Washington | 18.93a | 22.49 | 0.000 | 13.54 | 14.97 | 0.238 | 38.12a | 42.12 | 0.036 | 16.49a | 20.30 | 0.000 | 19.45a | 23.21 | 0.000 |
West Virginia | 11.45a | 12.91 | 0.021 | 12.30b | 10.70 | 0.095 | 28.07 | 28.80 | 0.679 | 8.90a | 10.81 | 0.012 | 11.37a | 13.10 | 0.013 |
Wisconsin | 12.18 | 12.70 | 0.349 | 13.90 | 12.61 | 0.243 | 30.44 | 30.13 | 0.855 | 8.96 | 9.84 | 0.193 | 12.01 | 12.71 | 0.250 |
Wyoming | 10.62a | 12.15 | 0.005 | 12.63 | 11.75 | 0.436 | 26.98 | 29.33 | 0.188 | 7.68a | 9.46 | 0.004 | 10.42a | 12.19 | 0.003 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 8.60a | 9.23 | 0.000 | 6.75b | 6.46 | 0.099 | 20.30a | 21.45 | 0.000 | 6.88a | 7.56 | 0.000 | 8.79a | 9.51 | 0.000 |
Northeast | 9.50 | 9.83 | 0.118 | 7.15 | 6.76 | 0.192 | 23.64a | 24.86 | 0.042 | 7.46 | 7.77 | 0.210 | 9.72b | 10.12 | 0.086 |
Midwest | 8.28a | 8.76 | 0.004 | 6.69 | 6.40 | 0.266 | 19.28a | 20.83 | 0.001 | 6.63a | 7.04 | 0.036 | 8.45a | 9.00 | 0.002 |
South | 7.05a | 7.47 | 0.003 | 6.13 | 5.78 | 0.115 | 17.74b | 18.44 | 0.073 | 5.40a | 5.91 | 0.003 | 7.14a | 7.65 | 0.001 |
West | 10.68a | 11.98 | 0.000 | 7.52 | 7.42 | 0.770 | 22.73a | 24.18 | 0.024 | 9.01a | 10.51 | 0.000 | 11.01a | 12.45 | 0.000 |
Alabama | 5.25a | 6.37 | 0.001 | 5.20 | 5.26 | 0.921 | 14.25b | 16.48 | 0.057 | 3.77a | 4.86 | 0.007 | 5.25a | 6.48 | 0.001 |
Alaska | 16.03 | 15.81 | 0.785 | 10.43b | 8.84 | 0.099 | 27.65 | 26.27 | 0.432 | 14.65 | 14.97 | 0.750 | 16.66 | 16.59 | 0.936 |
Arizona | 7.42a | 8.38 | 0.050 | 6.75 | 6.31 | 0.505 | 17.81 | 19.09 | 0.352 | 5.74a | 6.85 | 0.047 | 7.49a | 8.59 | 0.039 |
Arkansas | 6.98a | 8.19 | 0.009 | 5.59 | 5.81 | 0.733 | 15.49 | 15.96 | 0.708 | 5.74a | 7.21 | 0.008 | 7.13a | 8.44 | 0.010 |
California | 10.51a | 11.33 | 0.015 | 7.33 | 6.93 | 0.380 | 23.09 | 24.07 | 0.327 | 8.70a | 9.70 | 0.011 | 10.84a | 11.78 | 0.010 |
Colorado | 15.92 | 16.43 | 0.535 | 9.08 | 9.02 | 0.948 | 32.20 | 31.74 | 0.804 | 14.00 | 14.81 | 0.431 | 16.62 | 17.18 | 0.531 |
Connecticut | 9.36a | 10.59 | 0.029 | 7.95 | 7.91 | 0.964 | 26.94b | 30.35 | 0.079 | 6.66 | 7.69 | 0.109 | 9.50a | 10.86 | 0.027 |
Delaware | 8.88a | 9.95 | 0.034 | 7.35 | 7.45 | 0.891 | 23.29 | 23.73 | 0.780 | 6.83a | 8.17 | 0.021 | 9.03a | 10.18 | 0.035 |
District of Columbia | 14.08a | 17.17 | 0.000 | 8.07 | 8.26 | 0.807 | 32.39 | 34.85 | 0.199 | 10.70a | 14.32 | 0.000 | 14.41a | 17.67 | 0.000 |
Florida | 7.65a | 8.65 | 0.003 | 7.03 | 7.48 | 0.364 | 19.82a | 22.39 | 0.007 | 6.00a | 6.88 | 0.021 | 7.70a | 8.75 | 0.003 |
Georgia | 7.22 | 6.74 | 0.164 | 6.40b | 5.39 | 0.078 | 18.12 | 18.38 | 0.815 | 5.45 | 4.95 | 0.220 | 7.31 | 6.89 | 0.263 |
Hawaii | 8.18 | 8.17 | 0.976 | 6.63 | 6.54 | 0.899 | 18.66 | 17.45 | 0.389 | 6.81 | 7.06 | 0.693 | 8.32 | 8.31 | 0.985 |
Idaho | 6.93 | 7.62 | 0.109 | 5.77 | 6.34 | 0.382 | 14.70 | 16.07 | 0.286 | 5.79 | 6.40 | 0.227 | 7.07 | 7.78 | 0.134 |
Illinois | 7.90a | 8.81 | 0.009 | 6.71 | 6.89 | 0.748 | 20.87a | 23.51 | 0.021 | 5.91b | 6.66 | 0.063 | 8.03a | 9.01 | 0.010 |
Indiana | 8.75 | 9.29 | 0.245 | 7.23 | 6.51 | 0.322 | 19.60 | 20.70 | 0.438 | 7.03 | 7.65 | 0.272 | 8.91 | 9.59 | 0.186 |
Iowa | 5.47a | 6.65 | 0.001 | 5.38 | 5.11 | 0.638 | 13.25a | 17.29 | 0.002 | 4.09a | 4.93 | 0.036 | 5.48a | 6.80 | 0.001 |
Kansas | 6.91 | 6.62 | 0.466 | 6.15b | 5.16 | 0.092 | 15.73 | 16.04 | 0.806 | 5.41 | 5.12 | 0.545 | 7.00 | 6.78 | 0.623 |
Kentucky | 7.02b | 7.77 | 0.062 | 6.13 | 6.01 | 0.852 | 15.79 | 17.38 | 0.198 | 5.69 | 6.41 | 0.120 | 7.11b | 7.95 | 0.056 |
Louisiana | 6.82b | 7.60 | 0.060 | 5.70 | 5.67 | 0.960 | 17.46 | 18.80 | 0.291 | 5.15b | 5.99 | 0.093 | 6.94b | 7.80 | 0.058 |
Maine | 14.69 | 15.81 | 0.179 | 9.70 | 9.89 | 0.835 | 30.85b | 34.38 | 0.058 | 13.00 | 13.89 | 0.364 | 15.12 | 16.31 | 0.184 |
Maryland | 10.22 | 10.68 | 0.350 | 7.78 | 7.13 | 0.385 | 27.34 | 26.24 | 0.496 | 7.83 | 8.71 | 0.117 | 10.47 | 11.04 | 0.287 |
Massachusetts | 11.85a | 13.38 | 0.015 | 8.68 | 8.91 | 0.806 | 27.58 | 30.27 | 0.115 | 9.45a | 10.94 | 0.041 | 12.14a | 13.78 | 0.015 |
Michigan | 10.55a | 11.61 | 0.010 | 7.98 | 7.73 | 0.685 | 22.07a | 24.24 | 0.038 | 8.89a | 9.95 | 0.037 | 10.81a | 12.00 | 0.009 |
Minnesota | 7.32 | 7.71 | 0.363 | 5.88 | 5.81 | 0.904 | 17.42 | 19.12 | 0.246 | 5.88 | 6.13 | 0.617 | 7.47 | 7.91 | 0.353 |
Mississippi | 5.69a | 6.96 | 0.001 | 4.95 | 5.05 | 0.865 | 14.46 | 15.79 | 0.254 | 4.23a | 5.67 | 0.001 | 5.77a | 7.17 | 0.001 |
Missouri | 8.13 | 8.42 | 0.509 | 6.23 | 5.80 | 0.533 | 18.42 | 18.57 | 0.914 | 6.65 | 7.08 | 0.410 | 8.32 | 8.68 | 0.452 |
Montana | 12.02 | 13.01 | 0.121 | 8.43 | 8.80 | 0.676 | 23.89 | 25.13 | 0.441 | 10.48 | 11.52 | 0.157 | 12.36 | 13.40 | 0.132 |
Nebraska | 7.21 | 7.70 | 0.248 | 5.74 | 6.00 | 0.624 | 17.35 | 18.76 | 0.308 | 5.58 | 5.96 | 0.450 | 7.37 | 7.89 | 0.270 |
Nevada | 8.25a | 11.81 | 0.000 | 8.65 | 8.82 | 0.831 | 18.25a | 25.86 | 0.000 | 6.71a | 10.11 | 0.000 | 8.21a | 12.11 | 0.000 |
New Hampshire | 12.06 | 12.90 | 0.168 | 8.06 | 8.64 | 0.504 | 28.30 | 28.93 | 0.713 | 9.93 | 10.86 | 0.195 | 12.42 | 13.28 | 0.195 |
New Jersey | 6.77 | 7.15 | 0.308 | 5.72 | 5.16 | 0.325 | 20.55 | 22.34 | 0.216 | 4.83 | 5.12 | 0.475 | 6.87 | 7.35 | 0.242 |
New Mexico | 10.50a | 11.96 | 0.016 | 9.46 | 9.74 | 0.764 | 22.85 | 24.39 | 0.362 | 8.55a | 10.19 | 0.024 | 10.61a | 12.20 | 0.018 |
New York | 9.68 | 9.47 | 0.548 | 7.28 | 6.75 | 0.306 | 23.38 | 23.35 | 0.971 | 7.65 | 7.50 | 0.703 | 9.90 | 9.72 | 0.626 |
North Carolina | 7.72 | 7.92 | 0.584 | 5.80 | 6.04 | 0.678 | 19.92 | 19.04 | 0.489 | 5.98 | 6.40 | 0.341 | 7.92 | 8.12 | 0.624 |
North Dakota | 5.61a | 6.44 | 0.036 | 5.63 | 4.99 | 0.327 | 13.92 | 14.50 | 0.643 | 3.80a | 4.93 | 0.008 | 5.61a | 6.57 | 0.023 |
Ohio | 8.95 | 8.58 | 0.297 | 6.41 | 6.33 | 0.881 | 20.79 | 21.27 | 0.674 | 7.35 | 6.83 | 0.206 | 9.21 | 8.81 | 0.301 |
Oklahoma | 5.99a | 6.90 | 0.015 | 5.20 | 5.38 | 0.770 | 14.02a | 16.80 | 0.035 | 4.68 | 5.39 | 0.101 | 6.07a | 7.06 | 0.015 |
Oregon | 15.71a | 19.23 | 0.000 | 9.77 | 10.35 | 0.581 | 30.60 | 33.15 | 0.138 | 14.07a | 18.07 | 0.000 | 16.26a | 20.04 | 0.000 |
Pennsylvania | 8.20 | 8.23 | 0.935 | 6.25 | 5.59 | 0.165 | 20.04 | 21.38 | 0.192 | 6.55 | 6.48 | 0.842 | 8.38 | 8.47 | 0.803 |
Rhode Island | 15.21 | 15.75 | 0.458 | 10.50 | 9.49 | 0.320 | 32.00 | 31.86 | 0.942 | 12.65 | 13.51 | 0.319 | 15.63 | 16.30 | 0.394 |
South Carolina | 6.82 | 6.66 | 0.692 | 6.40 | 5.47 | 0.148 | 19.66 | 18.38 | 0.381 | 4.81 | 4.97 | 0.717 | 6.86 | 6.77 | 0.850 |
South Dakota | 7.60 | 7.13 | 0.264 | 6.72 | 5.94 | 0.208 | 17.09 | 18.25 | 0.392 | 6.06 | 5.40 | 0.177 | 7.70 | 7.26 | 0.342 |
Tennessee | 7.82 | 8.00 | 0.683 | 6.16 | 5.75 | 0.512 | 18.34 | 19.49 | 0.423 | 6.32 | 6.44 | 0.806 | 7.99 | 8.23 | 0.621 |
Texas | 5.91 | 5.98 | 0.804 | 5.94a | 4.86 | 0.010 | 14.58 | 14.63 | 0.959 | 4.33 | 4.59 | 0.381 | 5.91 | 6.11 | 0.477 |
Utah | 5.25a | 6.25 | 0.007 | 4.32 | 4.71 | 0.444 | 12.07a | 14.71 | 0.029 | 3.86b | 4.63 | 0.078 | 5.38a | 6.47 | 0.009 |
Vermont | 16.96a | 18.64 | 0.041 | 9.44 | 10.75 | 0.236 | 38.16 | 38.80 | 0.772 | 14.00b | 15.91 | 0.057 | 17.60b | 19.30 | 0.056 |
Virginia | 6.86 | 6.96 | 0.779 | 5.35 | 5.48 | 0.807 | 17.94 | 18.47 | 0.653 | 5.22 | 5.28 | 0.876 | 7.01 | 7.10 | 0.805 |
Washington | 12.02a | 15.30 | 0.000 | 7.93 | 8.96 | 0.256 | 23.30a | 26.48 | 0.044 | 10.69a | 14.28 | 0.000 | 12.41a | 15.90 | 0.000 |
West Virginia | 6.76b | 7.59 | 0.073 | 5.94 | 5.45 | 0.417 | 16.56 | 16.94 | 0.779 | 5.39a | 6.44 | 0.049 | 6.83b | 7.78 | 0.060 |
Wisconsin | 7.38 | 7.89 | 0.243 | 6.96 | 5.91 | 0.122 | 17.26 | 18.82 | 0.265 | 5.80 | 6.33 | 0.303 | 7.42 | 8.09 | 0.163 |
Wyoming | 6.27b | 7.10 | 0.062 | 5.81 | 5.76 | 0.946 | 15.00 | 16.50 | 0.270 | 4.88b | 5.77 | 0.080 | 6.31b | 7.24 | 0.057 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 28.41a | 26.91 | 0.000 | 27.17a | 25.75 | 0.000 | 14.32a | 12.89 | 0.000 | 30.92a | 29.35 | 0.000 | 28.54a | 27.03 | 0.000 |
Northeast | 26.44a | 25.33 | 0.008 | 26.85a | 25.34 | 0.006 | 12.56b | 11.80 | 0.083 | 28.67a | 27.51 | 0.025 | 26.40a | 25.33 | 0.019 |
Midwest | 25.56a | 23.80 | 0.000 | 26.44a | 24.74 | 0.000 | 12.50a | 11.04 | 0.000 | 27.67a | 25.82 | 0.000 | 25.46a | 23.70 | 0.000 |
South | 32.09a | 30.51 | 0.000 | 29.75a | 28.31 | 0.002 | 16.68a | 15.12 | 0.000 | 34.94a | 33.27 | 0.000 | 32.34a | 30.74 | 0.000 |
West | 26.59a | 25.14 | 0.000 | 23.90a | 22.83 | 0.048 | 13.58a | 11.89 | 0.000 | 29.16a | 27.64 | 0.002 | 26.87a | 25.38 | 0.001 |
Alabama | 34.79a | 30.57 | 0.000 | 34.45b | 31.66 | 0.097 | 17.52 | 15.68 | 0.127 | 37.71a | 32.88 | 0.001 | 34.82a | 30.46 | 0.001 |
Alaska | 18.17 | 17.51 | 0.432 | 18.88 | 18.75 | 0.917 | 11.95 | 11.67 | 0.776 | 19.24 | 18.36 | 0.412 | 18.09 | 17.38 | 0.435 |
Arizona | 28.75 | 27.91 | 0.454 | 27.10 | 26.53 | 0.713 | 14.64 | 14.26 | 0.757 | 31.37 | 30.37 | 0.479 | 28.92 | 28.05 | 0.478 |
Arkansas | 31.41b | 29.61 | 0.095 | 31.12a | 28.14 | 0.036 | 16.91a | 14.32 | 0.037 | 33.88 | 32.32 | 0.258 | 31.44 | 29.76 | 0.155 |
California | 29.38a | 27.84 | 0.009 | 23.78 | 23.15 | 0.461 | 14.32a | 12.36 | 0.005 | 32.71a | 31.04 | 0.025 | 29.96a | 28.32 | 0.011 |
Colorado | 17.44 | 16.53 | 0.299 | 17.87 | 16.21 | 0.163 | 8.33 | 7.34 | 0.222 | 18.94 | 18.08 | 0.436 | 17.39 | 16.56 | 0.380 |
Connecticut | 23.76 | 22.00 | 0.114 | 24.73 | 22.39 | 0.111 | 11.29 | 10.42 | 0.324 | 25.69 | 23.86 | 0.187 | 23.66 | 21.96 | 0.157 |
Delaware | 26.54a | 24.32 | 0.041 | 24.10 | 23.69 | 0.768 | 12.77 | 12.21 | 0.601 | 28.94a | 26.21 | 0.046 | 26.77a | 24.38 | 0.044 |
District of Columbia | 16.97 | 16.85 | 0.894 | 19.61 | 20.18 | 0.699 | 9.84b | 7.99 | 0.058 | 18.28 | 18.38 | 0.932 | 16.81 | 16.66 | 0.867 |
Florida | 32.52a | 30.74 | 0.015 | 26.58 | 25.43 | 0.241 | 16.66a | 14.31 | 0.003 | 35.37a | 33.53 | 0.040 | 33.04a | 31.20 | 0.020 |
Georgia | 30.99 | 32.22 | 0.224 | 31.44 | 32.81 | 0.327 | 15.24 | 15.05 | 0.858 | 33.68 | 35.06 | 0.279 | 30.94 | 32.15 | 0.268 |
Hawaii | 29.55 | 29.53 | 0.985 | 26.16 | 23.81 | 0.138 | 14.69 | 13.68 | 0.406 | 32.09 | 32.30 | 0.883 | 29.85 | 30.04 | 0.884 |
Idaho | 27.92 | 26.60 | 0.184 | 30.91 | 29.05 | 0.233 | 15.74a | 13.29 | 0.038 | 29.58 | 28.49 | 0.393 | 27.56 | 26.30 | 0.252 |
Illinois | 28.63a | 25.11 | 0.000 | 27.44a | 23.37 | 0.000 | 14.11a | 12.25 | 0.034 | 31.20a | 27.43 | 0.000 | 28.76a | 25.29 | 0.000 |
Indiana | 25.39 | 25.57 | 0.852 | 26.86 | 27.07 | 0.886 | 12.60 | 11.82 | 0.431 | 27.48 | 27.81 | 0.796 | 25.23 | 25.41 | 0.866 |
Iowa | 27.22a | 23.42 | 0.000 | 29.42a | 25.38 | 0.006 | 15.37a | 11.75 | 0.001 | 29.10a | 25.29 | 0.003 | 26.99a | 23.22 | 0.001 |
Kansas | 26.17 | 24.51 | 0.105 | 28.32 | 26.59 | 0.246 | 14.09 | 12.28 | 0.104 | 28.10 | 26.45 | 0.211 | 25.93 | 24.28 | 0.140 |
Kentucky | 27.73 | 27.84 | 0.916 | 29.05 | 28.52 | 0.726 | 13.54 | 12.62 | 0.377 | 29.94 | 30.26 | 0.805 | 27.60 | 27.77 | 0.877 |
Louisiana | 31.80a | 29.08 | 0.010 | 31.97a | 27.75 | 0.007 | 17.75a | 14.73 | 0.014 | 34.19b | 31.63 | 0.058 | 31.78a | 29.22 | 0.026 |
Maine | 19.65 | 18.07 | 0.119 | 20.37 | 19.33 | 0.421 | 7.86 | 7.90 | 0.959 | 21.19 | 19.33 | 0.131 | 19.59 | 17.96 | 0.135 |
Maryland | 25.89 | 25.11 | 0.480 | 26.24 | 26.24 | 0.999 | 11.60 | 12.66 | 0.322 | 28.11 | 26.90 | 0.379 | 25.86 | 24.99 | 0.469 |
Massachusetts | 22.14a | 19.61 | 0.013 | 23.37a | 20.33 | 0.024 | 11.56a | 9.02 | 0.006 | 23.86b | 21.37 | 0.051 | 22.02a | 19.54 | 0.023 |
Michigan | 23.43a | 21.88 | 0.036 | 23.21 | 23.50 | 0.790 | 11.53a | 9.81 | 0.009 | 25.50b | 23.74 | 0.056 | 23.45a | 21.72 | 0.030 |
Minnesota | 20.47 | 19.25 | 0.168 | 23.99 | 21.73 | 0.105 | 10.28b | 8.70 | 0.063 | 21.70 | 20.64 | 0.344 | 20.11 | 18.99 | 0.246 |
Mississippi | 38.26a | 35.07 | 0.007 | 36.16a | 32.44 | 0.024 | 23.48 | 21.42 | 0.208 | 41.19a | 37.81 | 0.025 | 38.50a | 35.36 | 0.016 |
Missouri | 27.38a | 24.67 | 0.008 | 29.41a | 26.41 | 0.043 | 11.67 | 11.87 | 0.856 | 29.76a | 26.56 | 0.012 | 27.17a | 24.49 | 0.015 |
Montana | 20.98 | 20.30 | 0.467 | 21.98 | 20.91 | 0.424 | 10.28 | 9.22 | 0.205 | 22.64 | 22.02 | 0.603 | 20.89 | 20.24 | 0.526 |
Nebraska | 26.16b | 24.15 | 0.052 | 28.21b | 25.60 | 0.074 | 13.51 | 11.93 | 0.118 | 28.19 | 26.16 | 0.127 | 25.93b | 23.99 | 0.087 |
Nevada | 25.83a | 23.32 | 0.021 | 20.83b | 18.55 | 0.063 | 14.78a | 10.63 | 0.001 | 28.10b | 25.73 | 0.079 | 26.34a | 23.80 | 0.032 |
New Hampshire | 18.78 | 18.97 | 0.835 | 23.74 | 22.78 | 0.487 | 7.79 | 7.55 | 0.762 | 20.01 | 20.36 | 0.753 | 18.33 | 18.63 | 0.758 |
New Jersey | 32.12 | 32.09 | 0.972 | 30.66 | 29.71 | 0.487 | 14.16 | 13.18 | 0.334 | 35.00 | 35.18 | 0.891 | 32.27 | 32.32 | 0.964 |
New Mexico | 28.65a | 25.75 | 0.008 | 24.06a | 20.76 | 0.027 | 14.34 | 13.00 | 0.274 | 31.65a | 28.49 | 0.024 | 29.14a | 26.28 | 0.016 |
New York | 28.51b | 27.18 | 0.074 | 27.79 | 26.53 | 0.200 | 14.43 | 13.35 | 0.160 | 30.97 | 29.52 | 0.117 | 28.58b | 27.24 | 0.095 |
North Carolina | 31.72b | 29.98 | 0.064 | 29.52 | 27.42 | 0.120 | 16.64 | 16.47 | 0.881 | 34.44b | 32.43 | 0.089 | 31.94b | 30.24 | 0.098 |
North Dakota | 27.01a | 23.18 | 0.000 | 30.91a | 27.78 | 0.044 | 13.52a | 11.06 | 0.020 | 29.54a | 25.20 | 0.001 | 26.65a | 22.75 | 0.000 |
Ohio | 25.67 | 24.68 | 0.153 | 26.15 | 25.70 | 0.676 | 11.52 | 10.53 | 0.181 | 27.90 | 26.83 | 0.217 | 25.62 | 24.58 | 0.169 |
Oklahoma | 29.64 | 28.11 | 0.142 | 25.48 | 25.44 | 0.982 | 16.37 | 14.47 | 0.121 | 32.53 | 30.82 | 0.203 | 30.10 | 28.40 | 0.140 |
Oregon | 18.61b | 17.00 | 0.076 | 20.25a | 16.94 | 0.012 | 9.17 | 7.96 | 0.143 | 19.89 | 18.38 | 0.175 | 18.45 | 17.01 | 0.137 |
Pennsylvania | 24.78 | 24.10 | 0.356 | 26.68 | 25.24 | 0.163 | 10.88 | 11.67 | 0.309 | 26.78 | 25.92 | 0.346 | 24.60 | 23.99 | 0.448 |
Rhode Island | 20.84 | 21.01 | 0.866 | 21.72 | 22.26 | 0.712 | 9.75 | 10.00 | 0.801 | 22.79 | 22.88 | 0.943 | 20.76 | 20.90 | 0.898 |
South Carolina | 31.67b | 29.68 | 0.069 | 29.80 | 27.59 | 0.133 | 15.29 | 14.69 | 0.591 | 34.53 | 32.27 | 0.101 | 31.85b | 29.89 | 0.099 |
South Dakota | 27.20 | 26.48 | 0.494 | 29.37 | 27.66 | 0.236 | 14.01 | 12.79 | 0.238 | 29.25 | 28.68 | 0.666 | 26.98 | 26.35 | 0.591 |
Tennessee | 30.23b | 28.40 | 0.089 | 29.47 | 27.15 | 0.116 | 16.45a | 13.80 | 0.018 | 32.57 | 30.88 | 0.213 | 30.30 | 28.52 | 0.129 |
Texas | 36.51a | 34.66 | 0.005 | 32.04b | 30.06 | 0.058 | 19.43a | 17.37 | 0.017 | 40.29a | 38.44 | 0.026 | 37.05a | 35.21 | 0.011 |
Utah | 32.85a | 28.41 | 0.000 | 40.35a | 36.57 | 0.039 | 19.18b | 16.27 | 0.059 | 34.69a | 29.76 | 0.000 | 31.79a | 27.27 | 0.000 |
Vermont | 18.23a | 15.46 | 0.004 | 20.62a | 17.10 | 0.006 | 7.70 | 6.83 | 0.289 | 19.85a | 16.82 | 0.012 | 18.02a | 15.32 | 0.008 |
Virginia | 27.73b | 25.97 | 0.057 | 26.30 | 25.60 | 0.597 | 13.58b | 11.73 | 0.057 | 30.23b | 28.31 | 0.097 | 27.87b | 26.01 | 0.062 |
Washington | 18.92 | 18.79 | 0.889 | 18.40 | 18.89 | 0.685 | 11.00 | 9.94 | 0.250 | 20.26 | 20.16 | 0.933 | 18.97 | 18.78 | 0.852 |
West Virginia | 28.01a | 25.70 | 0.041 | 25.16 | 24.82 | 0.819 | 13.08 | 11.51 | 0.138 | 30.52b | 27.88 | 0.058 | 28.26a | 25.78 | 0.042 |
Wisconsin | 23.52 | 23.26 | 0.791 | 24.93 | 23.98 | 0.487 | 12.16b | 10.38 | 0.071 | 25.26 | 25.31 | 0.964 | 23.38 | 23.19 | 0.858 |
Wyoming | 26.96b | 25.14 | 0.094 | 26.74 | 26.54 | 0.894 | 15.61 | 15.53 | 0.956 | 28.89b | 26.52 | 0.084 | 26.99b | 24.99 | 0.092 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 1.96b | 2.03 | 0.059 | 5.25 | 5.22 | 0.827 | 7.74 | 7.98 | 0.239 | 0.39a | 0.45 | 0.020 | 1.40a | 1.48 | 0.030 |
Northeast | 2.07b | 2.17 | 0.069 | 5.34 | 5.34 | 0.999 | 8.85 | 9.06 | 0.497 | 0.44a | 0.53 | 0.036 | 1.54b | 1.65 | 0.059 |
Midwest | 2.04a | 2.21 | 0.001 | 5.25b | 5.51 | 0.078 | 8.16a | 8.74 | 0.034 | 0.38a | 0.46 | 0.031 | 1.47a | 1.62 | 0.005 |
South | 1.70 | 1.70 | 0.947 | 4.91 | 4.75 | 0.220 | 6.78 | 6.59 | 0.370 | 0.29a | 0.35 | 0.029 | 1.17 | 1.20 | 0.580 |
West | 2.24 | 2.33 | 0.197 | 5.75 | 5.66 | 0.664 | 8.18a | 8.89 | 0.034 | 0.53 | 0.57 | 0.477 | 1.62 | 1.73 | 0.112 |
Alabama | 1.53 | 1.55 | 0.794 | 4.19 | 3.91 | 0.386 | 6.39 | 6.30 | 0.874 | 0.27b | 0.35 | 0.070 | 1.12 | 1.18 | 0.491 |
Alaska | 3.56 | 3.22 | 0.152 | 7.79 | 7.09 | 0.213 | 10.76b | 8.96 | 0.070 | 0.81 | 1.05 | 0.178 | 2.51 | 2.31 | 0.430 |
Arizona | 2.01 | 1.87 | 0.230 | 5.12a | 4.32 | 0.032 | 7.31 | 6.83 | 0.466 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 0.772 | 1.46 | 1.43 | 0.847 |
Arkansas | 1.72 | 1.60 | 0.223 | 4.56 | 4.61 | 0.898 | 6.71b | 5.62 | 0.057 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.589 | 1.23 | 1.10 | 0.178 |
California | 2.08 | 2.12 | 0.620 | 5.68 | 5.60 | 0.790 | 7.57b | 8.43 | 0.078 | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.613 | 1.48 | 1.54 | 0.493 |
Colorado | 3.84 | 3.99 | 0.563 | 7.74 | 7.89 | 0.795 | 15.97 | 15.56 | 0.774 | 0.83 | 1.09 | 0.185 | 2.99 | 3.14 | 0.611 |
Connecticut | 2.31a | 2.72 | 0.004 | 5.78b | 6.65 | 0.064 | 9.91 | 10.92 | 0.243 | 0.49a | 0.70 | 0.032 | 1.68a | 1.99 | 0.032 |
Delaware | 1.93 | 2.05 | 0.298 | 5.88 | 5.66 | 0.578 | 7.76 | 8.22 | 0.523 | 0.37b | 0.49 | 0.086 | 1.30 | 1.46 | 0.171 |
District of Columbia | 3.66 | 3.99 | 0.220 | 6.85 | 7.35 | 0.341 | 14.69 | 14.57 | 0.932 | 0.99b | 1.36 | 0.087 | 3.24 | 3.54 | 0.318 |
Florida | 1.66 | 1.69 | 0.677 | 5.62 | 5.70 | 0.779 | 7.31 | 7.73 | 0.376 | 0.32 | 0.37 | 0.314 | 1.12 | 1.15 | 0.585 |
Georgia | 1.76 | 1.67 | 0.294 | 4.62 | 4.47 | 0.650 | 7.07 | 6.33 | 0.147 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.370 | 1.25 | 1.18 | 0.375 |
Hawaii | 1.96 | 1.93 | 0.785 | 6.56 | 5.87 | 0.173 | 8.25 | 8.87 | 0.452 | 0.42 | 0.44 | 0.852 | 1.31 | 1.36 | 0.704 |
Idaho | 1.80b | 2.01 | 0.052 | 4.20 | 4.68 | 0.194 | 6.28 | 7.18 | 0.104 | 0.39 | 0.42 | 0.634 | 1.31 | 1.46 | 0.177 |
Illinois | 1.84a | 2.10 | 0.002 | 5.04a | 5.84 | 0.010 | 7.90 | 8.45 | 0.324 | 0.31a | 0.41 | 0.028 | 1.30b | 1.47 | 0.055 |
Indiana | 2.15a | 2.43 | 0.017 | 5.55 | 6.03 | 0.242 | 7.88 | 8.83 | 0.182 | 0.40 | 0.48 | 0.200 | 1.52b | 1.73 | 0.074 |
Iowa | 1.83 | 1.92 | 0.445 | 4.45 | 4.05 | 0.212 | 7.77 | 8.43 | 0.338 | 0.31 | 0.40 | 0.144 | 1.40 | 1.56 | 0.195 |
Kansas | 1.89 | 2.06 | 0.103 | 4.74 | 4.98 | 0.485 | 6.48b | 7.63 | 0.079 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.888 | 1.39 | 1.54 | 0.188 |
Kentucky | 1.83 | 1.85 | 0.824 | 5.04 | 5.16 | 0.738 | 7.17 | 6.74 | 0.451 | 0.31 | 0.38 | 0.208 | 1.28 | 1.29 | 0.900 |
Louisiana | 1.66 | 1.58 | 0.390 | 4.68 | 4.53 | 0.666 | 6.45 | 5.81 | 0.272 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.309 | 1.15 | 1.08 | 0.474 |
Maine | 2.31 | 2.53 | 0.140 | 6.29 | 6.24 | 0.885 | 9.58 | 10.62 | 0.234 | 0.48b | 0.70 | 0.060 | 1.60b | 1.87 | 0.095 |
Maryland | 2.24 | 2.15 | 0.493 | 5.93 | 5.88 | 0.912 | 10.13 | 8.99 | 0.192 | 0.46 | 0.51 | 0.484 | 1.59 | 1.52 | 0.589 |
Massachusetts | 2.80a | 3.42 | 0.001 | 6.49a | 7.88 | 0.006 | 10.85a | 13.10 | 0.032 | 0.72 | 0.87 | 0.218 | 2.15a | 2.60 | 0.022 |
Michigan | 2.29 | 2.46 | 0.112 | 5.74 | 6.02 | 0.377 | 8.06 | 8.91 | 0.129 | 0.54 | 0.58 | 0.588 | 1.65 | 1.80 | 0.178 |
Minnesota | 2.19a | 2.45 | 0.035 | 5.41 | 5.67 | 0.443 | 8.86 | 10.12 | 0.125 | 0.40b | 0.52 | 0.056 | 1.58a | 1.85 | 0.040 |
Mississippi | 1.56b | 1.76 | 0.051 | 4.45 | 4.84 | 0.265 | 6.39 | 6.83 | 0.484 | 0.19a | 0.27 | 0.035 | 1.09 | 1.24 | 0.156 |
Missouri | 2.18 | 2.21 | 0.806 | 5.12 | 4.93 | 0.614 | 9.59 | 8.95 | 0.414 | 0.36b | 0.47 | 0.062 | 1.66 | 1.72 | 0.628 |
Montana | 2.91 | 2.78 | 0.457 | 7.02 | 6.53 | 0.313 | 10.46 | 10.95 | 0.603 | 0.63 | 0.67 | 0.708 | 2.11 | 2.09 | 0.902 |
Nebraska | 1.87a | 2.27 | 0.000 | 4.32a | 5.20 | 0.011 | 8.49b | 9.72 | 0.099 | 0.29b | 0.39 | 0.066 | 1.45a | 1.73 | 0.017 |
Nevada | 2.23 | 2.21 | 0.857 | 6.83 | 6.31 | 0.276 | 7.66 | 8.52 | 0.316 | 0.58 | 0.55 | 0.748 | 1.45 | 1.50 | 0.706 |
New Hampshire | 2.70 | 2.83 | 0.417 | 5.92 | 6.37 | 0.307 | 10.98 | 11.37 | 0.677 | 0.46 | 0.57 | 0.217 | 2.04 | 2.13 | 0.582 |
New Jersey | 1.72 | 1.78 | 0.537 | 4.50 | 4.23 | 0.398 | 8.18 | 8.54 | 0.590 | 0.35 | 0.39 | 0.464 | 1.28 | 1.38 | 0.283 |
New Mexico | 2.50b | 2.80 | 0.089 | 6.99 | 7.54 | 0.335 | 8.79 | 9.54 | 0.391 | 0.60 | 0.72 | 0.381 | 1.69 | 1.90 | 0.203 |
New York | 2.04 | 2.02 | 0.816 | 5.58 | 5.21 | 0.190 | 8.54 | 8.16 | 0.453 | 0.42 | 0.51 | 0.125 | 1.50 | 1.53 | 0.725 |
North Carolina | 1.86 | 1.81 | 0.586 | 5.10 | 4.93 | 0.583 | 7.27 | 6.90 | 0.527 | 0.37 | 0.41 | 0.419 | 1.31 | 1.30 | 0.898 |
North Dakota | 2.06 | 1.89 | 0.147 | 4.61a | 3.79 | 0.021 | 7.88 | 7.46 | 0.519 | 0.34 | 0.42 | 0.177 | 1.69 | 1.61 | 0.565 |
Ohio | 1.91a | 2.10 | 0.029 | 5.14 | 5.37 | 0.423 | 8.04 | 8.80 | 0.166 | 0.30b | 0.39 | 0.063 | 1.33a | 1.51 | 0.040 |
Oklahoma | 1.83 | 1.88 | 0.708 | 4.59 | 4.66 | 0.855 | 5.78 | 6.64 | 0.128 | 0.50 | 0.47 | 0.753 | 1.33 | 1.37 | 0.718 |
Oregon | 2.67a | 3.18 | 0.005 | 6.46 | 6.85 | 0.386 | 10.18a | 12.36 | 0.021 | 0.66 | 0.87 | 0.141 | 1.96a | 2.45 | 0.010 |
Pennsylvania | 1.80 | 1.83 | 0.731 | 4.56 | 4.39 | 0.523 | 8.08 | 7.99 | 0.862 | 0.35 | 0.41 | 0.190 | 1.35 | 1.40 | 0.529 |
Rhode Island | 2.77 | 2.79 | 0.887 | 7.23 | 6.51 | 0.144 | 9.57 | 10.10 | 0.530 | 0.68 | 0.81 | 0.269 | 2.00 | 2.17 | 0.336 |
South Carolina | 1.73 | 1.64 | 0.310 | 4.81 | 4.55 | 0.471 | 7.68 | 6.85 | 0.200 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.469 | 1.25 | 1.18 | 0.480 |
South Dakota | 1.94 | 1.84 | 0.377 | 4.75 | 4.65 | 0.763 | 7.32 | 7.02 | 0.651 | 0.45 | 0.42 | 0.689 | 1.46 | 1.37 | 0.427 |
Tennessee | 1.64 | 1.68 | 0.651 | 4.96 | 4.77 | 0.565 | 6.53 | 6.37 | 0.792 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.367 | 1.11 | 1.16 | 0.656 |
Texas | 1.50 | 1.54 | 0.568 | 4.52 | 4.21 | 0.230 | 5.50 | 5.56 | 0.868 | 0.18a | 0.27 | 0.009 | 0.97 | 1.06 | 0.164 |
Utah | 1.63 | 1.70 | 0.563 | 3.47 | 3.19 | 0.340 | 5.71 | 6.10 | 0.538 | 0.29 | 0.36 | 0.211 | 1.26 | 1.40 | 0.284 |
Vermont | 3.08 | 3.35 | 0.183 | 6.53 | 7.25 | 0.175 | 12.40 | 12.14 | 0.823 | 0.70 | 0.88 | 0.179 | 2.41 | 2.60 | 0.413 |
Virginia | 1.86 | 1.82 | 0.637 | 4.92 | 4.52 | 0.212 | 7.61 | 7.06 | 0.332 | 0.33b | 0.41 | 0.097 | 1.34 | 1.35 | 0.931 |
Washington | 2.44a | 2.91 | 0.009 | 5.39 | 5.81 | 0.319 | 8.54a | 10.30 | 0.042 | 0.74a | 1.02 | 0.048 | 1.88a | 2.36 | 0.013 |
West Virginia | 1.73a | 1.52 | 0.040 | 5.53a | 4.61 | 0.030 | 7.41a | 5.95 | 0.020 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.271 | 1.16 | 1.05 | 0.245 |
Wisconsin | 2.27 | 2.16 | 0.367 | 5.91 | 5.56 | 0.389 | 8.68 | 8.34 | 0.645 | 0.44 | 0.50 | 0.410 | 1.62 | 1.57 | 0.667 |
Wyoming | 1.93 | 1.87 | 0.570 | 4.96 | 4.45 | 0.211 | 7.66 | 7.28 | 0.559 | 0.41 | 0.50 | 0.261 | 1.42 | 1.42 | 0.978 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Average annual initiation of marijuana (%) = 100 × {[X1 ÷ (0.5 × X1 + X2)] ÷ 2}, where X1 is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months and X2 is the number of individuals who never used marijuana (with the at-risk population defined as 0.5 × X1 + X2). Both of the computation components, X1 and X2, are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent's age at the time of the interview, not his or her age at first use. For details, see Section B of the "2016-2017 NSDUH: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology" at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 3.42 | 3.38 | 0.478 | 2.71a | 2.43 | 0.012 | 7.32 | 7.07 | 0.228 | 2.86 | 2.88 | 0.776 | 3.50 | 3.47 | 0.732 |
Northeast | 3.46 | 3.41 | 0.666 | 2.25 | 2.05 | 0.200 | 7.73 | 7.74 | 0.978 | 2.90 | 2.86 | 0.792 | 3.57 | 3.53 | 0.760 |
Midwest | 3.17 | 3.28 | 0.258 | 2.73a | 2.41 | 0.038 | 6.94 | 7.21 | 0.321 | 2.58 | 2.73 | 0.218 | 3.21 | 3.37 | 0.149 |
South | 3.30 | 3.17 | 0.193 | 2.88a | 2.53 | 0.015 | 6.95 | 6.63 | 0.191 | 2.75 | 2.70 | 0.648 | 3.34 | 3.24 | 0.332 |
West | 3.83 | 3.76 | 0.592 | 2.74 | 2.55 | 0.308 | 7.92a | 7.16 | 0.028 | 3.26 | 3.34 | 0.593 | 3.94 | 3.88 | 0.681 |
Alabama | 3.35 | 3.43 | 0.749 | 2.10 | 2.71 | 0.134 | 8.14b | 6.85 | 0.097 | 2.70 | 2.96 | 0.405 | 3.47 | 3.51 | 0.912 |
Alaska | 3.84 | 3.54 | 0.289 | 3.62a | 2.42 | 0.006 | 7.97 | 7.17 | 0.322 | 3.11 | 3.08 | 0.923 | 3.86 | 3.66 | 0.523 |
Arizona | 3.92 | 3.46 | 0.114 | 2.72 | 2.31 | 0.268 | 7.62a | 5.89 | 0.027 | 3.44 | 3.19 | 0.482 | 4.05 | 3.58 | 0.142 |
Arkansas | 3.30 | 3.66 | 0.256 | 3.22 | 3.14 | 0.840 | 6.47 | 6.40 | 0.919 | 2.78 | 3.27 | 0.189 | 3.31 | 3.71 | 0.236 |
California | 3.99 | 3.82 | 0.362 | 2.67 | 2.46 | 0.447 | 8.21a | 7.00 | 0.024 | 3.41 | 3.45 | 0.872 | 4.12 | 3.96 | 0.409 |
Colorado | 3.77 | 3.93 | 0.594 | 2.74 | 2.63 | 0.796 | 8.77 | 9.03 | 0.795 | 3.06 | 3.25 | 0.556 | 3.88 | 4.06 | 0.569 |
Connecticut | 3.68 | 3.73 | 0.850 | 2.65 | 2.27 | 0.283 | 9.27 | 9.26 | 0.993 | 2.89 | 3.00 | 0.728 | 3.78 | 3.87 | 0.753 |
Delaware | 3.47 | 3.41 | 0.848 | 2.48 | 2.31 | 0.671 | 7.22 | 6.61 | 0.432 | 3.00 | 3.05 | 0.869 | 3.56 | 3.51 | 0.883 |
District of Columbia | 4.79 | 5.36 | 0.171 | 2.18a | 3.23 | 0.049 | 10.02 | 9.57 | 0.656 | 3.89 | 4.68 | 0.106 | 4.94 | 5.48 | 0.215 |
Florida | 3.42 | 3.18 | 0.231 | 2.86 | 2.54 | 0.278 | 6.35 | 6.34 | 0.991 | 3.06 | 2.81 | 0.281 | 3.47 | 3.23 | 0.277 |
Georgia | 3.53b | 3.08 | 0.060 | 2.55 | 2.27 | 0.405 | 6.93a | 5.52 | 0.017 | 3.07 | 2.77 | 0.313 | 3.64b | 3.17 | 0.073 |
Hawaii | 3.21a | 2.67 | 0.037 | 3.11 | 2.50 | 0.181 | 7.38 | 6.17 | 0.128 | 2.61 | 2.21 | 0.173 | 3.22b | 2.69 | 0.055 |
Idaho | 3.31 | 2.99 | 0.203 | 2.95 | 2.59 | 0.374 | 7.11 | 5.99 | 0.136 | 2.72 | 2.55 | 0.564 | 3.35 | 3.04 | 0.255 |
Illinois | 3.25 | 3.19 | 0.779 | 2.54 | 2.40 | 0.653 | 8.57 | 9.19 | 0.396 | 2.46 | 2.32 | 0.537 | 3.32 | 3.27 | 0.823 |
Indiana | 3.35 | 3.76 | 0.131 | 2.90 | 2.34 | 0.185 | 7.30 | 8.07 | 0.357 | 2.71 | 3.19 | 0.141 | 3.40b | 3.91 | 0.083 |
Iowa | 2.77 | 3.02 | 0.239 | 2.78 | 2.25 | 0.148 | 5.90 | 6.58 | 0.338 | 2.21 | 2.48 | 0.277 | 2.77 | 3.10 | 0.152 |
Kansas | 2.83 | 2.90 | 0.764 | 2.88 | 2.33 | 0.173 | 5.38 | 5.15 | 0.720 | 2.36 | 2.57 | 0.462 | 2.82 | 2.96 | 0.593 |
Kentucky | 3.21 | 2.96 | 0.340 | 2.41 | 2.30 | 0.741 | 6.34 | 5.64 | 0.312 | 2.78 | 2.60 | 0.552 | 3.29 | 3.03 | 0.356 |
Louisiana | 3.83 | 3.48 | 0.225 | 3.02 | 2.61 | 0.325 | 8.57a | 6.87 | 0.036 | 3.13 | 3.03 | 0.768 | 3.92 | 3.57 | 0.272 |
Maine | 2.75 | 2.97 | 0.323 | 2.61 | 2.14 | 0.185 | 6.32 | 7.40 | 0.166 | 2.28 | 2.45 | 0.495 | 2.76 | 3.04 | 0.245 |
Maryland | 3.31 | 3.35 | 0.876 | 2.92 | 2.54 | 0.286 | 7.22 | 8.06 | 0.279 | 2.75 | 2.72 | 0.939 | 3.35 | 3.43 | 0.767 |
Massachusetts | 3.75b | 4.26 | 0.074 | 2.25 | 2.29 | 0.910 | 8.44 | 9.19 | 0.392 | 3.10 | 3.62 | 0.121 | 3.89b | 4.44 | 0.077 |
Michigan | 3.38 | 3.68 | 0.144 | 2.64 | 2.58 | 0.835 | 7.33 | 7.23 | 0.863 | 2.79b | 3.22 | 0.088 | 3.45 | 3.80 | 0.134 |
Minnesota | 3.18 | 3.17 | 0.958 | 3.07 | 2.58 | 0.215 | 7.07 | 7.46 | 0.636 | 2.57 | 2.56 | 0.959 | 3.19 | 3.23 | 0.882 |
Mississippi | 3.29 | 3.35 | 0.821 | 2.79 | 2.89 | 0.789 | 6.17 | 6.32 | 0.829 | 2.84 | 2.89 | 0.880 | 3.35 | 3.40 | 0.852 |
Missouri | 3.20 | 3.32 | 0.697 | 4.26a | 3.07 | 0.027 | 5.90 | 5.52 | 0.576 | 2.62 | 2.99 | 0.320 | 3.09 | 3.34 | 0.444 |
Montana | 3.18 | 3.59 | 0.106 | 3.09 | 2.92 | 0.701 | 6.93 | 7.76 | 0.313 | 2.57 | 2.99 | 0.160 | 3.18b | 3.65 | 0.094 |
Nebraska | 3.13 | 2.87 | 0.270 | 2.60 | 2.24 | 0.310 | 6.37 | 6.34 | 0.970 | 2.62 | 2.33 | 0.318 | 3.19 | 2.93 | 0.333 |
Nevada | 3.57 | 3.89 | 0.271 | 4.07 | 3.35 | 0.135 | 6.73 | 7.58 | 0.303 | 3.03 | 3.41 | 0.290 | 3.52 | 3.94 | 0.185 |
New Hampshire | 3.88 | 3.66 | 0.431 | 2.28 | 2.63 | 0.375 | 11.40 | 10.37 | 0.336 | 2.86 | 2.73 | 0.682 | 4.02 | 3.76 | 0.367 |
New Jersey | 2.91 | 2.74 | 0.394 | 2.14 | 1.92 | 0.487 | 7.48 | 6.68 | 0.242 | 2.32 | 2.25 | 0.763 | 2.99 | 2.82 | 0.446 |
New Mexico | 3.57 | 3.68 | 0.668 | 3.25 | 2.56 | 0.115 | 8.16 | 8.09 | 0.932 | 2.84 | 3.10 | 0.403 | 3.60 | 3.80 | 0.490 |
New York | 3.42 | 3.30 | 0.577 | 2.22 | 1.91 | 0.251 | 6.91 | 6.89 | 0.969 | 2.96 | 2.87 | 0.695 | 3.53 | 3.43 | 0.661 |
North Carolina | 3.52 | 3.28 | 0.267 | 2.99 | 2.52 | 0.177 | 7.17 | 6.87 | 0.657 | 3.00 | 2.80 | 0.446 | 3.58 | 3.36 | 0.347 |
North Dakota | 2.80 | 2.97 | 0.484 | 3.08a | 2.31 | 0.047 | 5.67 | 5.92 | 0.732 | 2.15 | 2.43 | 0.296 | 2.78 | 3.03 | 0.322 |
Ohio | 3.08 | 3.16 | 0.673 | 2.08 | 2.14 | 0.800 | 6.34 | 6.56 | 0.688 | 2.68 | 2.74 | 0.773 | 3.18 | 3.27 | 0.695 |
Oklahoma | 3.24 | 3.22 | 0.926 | 2.59 | 2.43 | 0.663 | 6.90b | 8.24 | 0.098 | 2.68 | 2.45 | 0.411 | 3.31 | 3.30 | 0.981 |
Oregon | 4.01b | 4.55 | 0.069 | 2.71 | 3.21 | 0.312 | 9.00 | 9.76 | 0.380 | 3.38 | 3.91 | 0.137 | 4.12b | 4.67 | 0.091 |
Pennsylvania | 3.59 | 3.36 | 0.259 | 2.20 | 2.02 | 0.489 | 7.61 | 7.79 | 0.768 | 3.11 | 2.81 | 0.224 | 3.72 | 3.48 | 0.283 |
Rhode Island | 4.23 | 4.31 | 0.793 | 2.64 | 2.84 | 0.647 | 9.63 | 8.90 | 0.473 | 3.41 | 3.64 | 0.546 | 4.37 | 4.44 | 0.835 |
South Carolina | 3.78 | 3.73 | 0.861 | 3.84 | 3.38 | 0.319 | 9.09 | 8.18 | 0.331 | 2.92 | 3.07 | 0.645 | 3.77 | 3.76 | 0.974 |
South Dakota | 3.21 | 3.19 | 0.927 | 3.29 | 3.00 | 0.547 | 7.35 | 6.51 | 0.317 | 2.48 | 2.65 | 0.604 | 3.20 | 3.21 | 0.993 |
Tennessee | 3.58 | 3.48 | 0.661 | 2.51 | 2.60 | 0.834 | 8.01 | 7.79 | 0.791 | 2.99 | 2.89 | 0.732 | 3.69 | 3.56 | 0.634 |
Texas | 2.89 | 2.81 | 0.659 | 3.24a | 2.47 | 0.014 | 6.40 | 6.12 | 0.582 | 2.20 | 2.27 | 0.733 | 2.85 | 2.86 | 0.969 |
Utah | 3.31 | 3.09 | 0.361 | 2.07 | 2.20 | 0.729 | 6.06 | 5.78 | 0.670 | 2.90 | 2.64 | 0.384 | 3.48 | 3.21 | 0.311 |
Vermont | 4.68 | 4.71 | 0.930 | 2.15 | 2.40 | 0.578 | 13.92 | 14.55 | 0.626 | 3.32 | 3.23 | 0.798 | 4.90 | 4.91 | 0.987 |
Virginia | 2.94 | 3.01 | 0.723 | 2.46 | 2.27 | 0.543 | 6.61 | 6.77 | 0.809 | 2.39 | 2.50 | 0.680 | 2.99 | 3.09 | 0.664 |
Washington | 3.58 | 3.86 | 0.289 | 2.57 | 2.71 | 0.755 | 7.18 | 7.21 | 0.967 | 3.12 | 3.47 | 0.271 | 3.67 | 3.97 | 0.307 |
West Virginia | 2.95 | 2.94 | 0.976 | 2.43 | 1.89 | 0.116 | 6.29 | 6.30 | 0.994 | 2.51 | 2.56 | 0.844 | 2.99 | 3.04 | 0.867 |
Wisconsin | 2.96 | 3.00 | 0.842 | 2.38 | 2.06 | 0.362 | 6.18 | 6.64 | 0.529 | 2.49 | 2.51 | 0.931 | 3.01 | 3.10 | 0.746 |
Wyoming | 3.05 | 2.87 | 0.443 | 2.52 | 2.03 | 0.166 | 6.23 | 5.49 | 0.300 | 2.59 | 2.56 | 0.912 | 3.117 | 2.96 | 0.563 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana Use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 1.84a | 2.03 | 0.001 | 0.58 | 0.53 | 0.302 | 5.46a | 5.88 | 0.024 | 1.39a | 1.59 | 0.002 | 1.97a | 2.19 | 0.000 |
Northeast | 2.26 | 2.34 | 0.382 | 0.58 | 0.53 | 0.433 | 6.67 | 6.69 | 0.974 | 1.73 | 1.85 | 0.279 | 2.42 | 2.51 | 0.369 |
Midwest | 1.51a | 1.77 | 0.000 | 0.55 | 0.51 | 0.552 | 4.40a | 5.22 | 0.000 | 1.14a | 1.34 | 0.007 | 1.61a | 1.90 | 0.000 |
South | 1.60a | 1.75 | 0.022 | 0.45 | 0.42 | 0.521 | 4.75 | 4.99 | 0.268 | 1.22a | 1.39 | 0.036 | 1.72a | 1.89 | 0.019 |
West | 2.22a | 2.49 | 0.006 | 0.81 | 0.71 | 0.317 | 6.61b | 7.24 | 0.077 | 1.64a | 1.92 | 0.013 | 2.36a | 2.67 | 0.005 |
Alabama | 1.21a | 1.62 | 0.004 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.661 | 2.96a | 3.84 | 0.042 | 1.02a | 1.41 | 0.009 | 1.30a | 1.75 | 0.004 |
Alaska | 2.12 | 2.32 | 0.369 | 0.89 | 0.71 | 0.219 | 5.83 | 5.76 | 0.918 | 1.61 | 1.95 | 0.128 | 2.26 | 2.50 | 0.323 |
Arizona | 2.07 | 2.11 | 0.832 | 0.79 | 0.66 | 0.300 | 6.22 | 5.85 | 0.615 | 1.52 | 1.67 | 0.488 | 2.20 | 2.27 | 0.791 |
Arkansas | 1.23b | 1.48 | 0.083 | 0.47 | 0.51 | 0.539 | 3.15 | 3.75 | 0.182 | 1.01 | 1.23 | 0.124 | 1.31b | 1.58 | 0.086 |
California | 2.42b | 2.71 | 0.065 | 0.75 | 0.69 | 0.565 | 7.16 | 7.99 | 0.144 | 1.80 | 2.05 | 0.115 | 2.59b | 2.91 | 0.058 |
Colorado | 2.42 | 2.68 | 0.304 | 1.01 | 0.79 | 0.227 | 8.18 | 8.32 | 0.881 | 1.62 | 1.98 | 0.135 | 2.56 | 2.87 | 0.263 |
Connecticut | 2.48 | 2.74 | 0.278 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.860 | 9.07 | 8.36 | 0.426 | 1.62b | 2.08 | 0.054 | 2.66 | 2.95 | 0.277 |
Delaware | 1.93 | 2.02 | 0.651 | 0.41 | 0.37 | 0.584 | 6.10 | 6.20 | 0.886 | 1.46 | 1.58 | 0.541 | 2.08 | 2.18 | 0.639 |
District of Columbia | 3.46a | 4.34 | 0.030 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.592 | 6.75 | 7.00 | 0.789 | 3.00a | 4.10 | 0.014 | 3.64a | 4.57 | 0.031 |
Florida | 1.63a | 1.96 | 0.012 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.985 | 5.35b | 6.22 | 0.067 | 1.22a | 1.52 | 0.028 | 1.73a | 2.09 | 0.011 |
Georgia | 1.90 | 1.74 | 0.389 | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.706 | 4.61 | 4.45 | 0.765 | 1.64 | 1.46 | 0.399 | 2.08 | 1.89 | 0.391 |
Hawaii | 1.98 | 1.88 | 0.629 | 0.84 | 0.58 | 0.151 | 5.01 | 5.22 | 0.755 | 1.65 | 1.55 | 0.626 | 2.08 | 1.99 | 0.698 |
Idaho | 1.26 | 1.37 | 0.409 | 0.83 | 0.66 | 0.234 | 3.84 | 4.24 | 0.417 | 0.88 | 0.99 | 0.407 | 1.31 | 1.45 | 0.327 |
Illinois | 1.74 | 1.94 | 0.199 | 0.53 | 0.48 | 0.495 | 4.92b | 5.84 | 0.081 | 1.36 | 1.49 | 0.437 | 1.87 | 2.09 | 0.186 |
Indiana | 1.32a | 1.90 | 0.001 | 0.53 | 0.55 | 0.822 | 3.94a | 5.72 | 0.002 | 0.96a | 1.41 | 0.005 | 1.41a | 2.05 | 0.001 |
Iowa | 1.19b | 1.43 | 0.068 | 0.58 | 0.55 | 0.681 | 3.75 | 4.53 | 0.119 | 0.80 | 0.99 | 0.117 | 1.25b | 1.52 | 0.062 |
Kansas | 1.24a | 1.58 | 0.017 | 0.63 | 0.55 | 0.400 | 3.83a | 4.89 | 0.044 | 0.84a | 1.13 | 0.033 | 1.30a | 1.70 | 0.013 |
Kentucky | 1.65 | 1.60 | 0.759 | 0.59 | 0.54 | 0.598 | 5.09 | 4.74 | 0.531 | 1.21 | 1.21 | 0.980 | 1.75 | 1.70 | 0.776 |
Louisiana | 1.69 | 1.43 | 0.139 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.835 | 4.41 | 3.69 | 0.162 | 1.40 | 1.19 | 0.261 | 1.84 | 1.55 | 0.137 |
Maine | 1.82 | 1.86 | 0.826 | 0.86 | 0.70 | 0.231 | 6.44 | 6.62 | 0.766 | 1.30 | 1.33 | 0.814 | 1.91 | 1.96 | 0.772 |
Maryland | 1.80 | 2.11 | 0.146 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.854 | 5.26 | 6.20 | 0.162 | 1.42 | 1.69 | 0.227 | 1.94 | 2.29 | 0.144 |
Massachusetts | 2.80 | 3.05 | 0.369 | 0.73 | 0.64 | 0.427 | 9.07 | 9.35 | 0.783 | 1.94 | 2.22 | 0.267 | 2.99 | 3.27 | 0.355 |
Michigan | 1.45b | 1.70 | 0.051 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.991 | 3.79a | 4.75 | 0.017 | 1.17 | 1.33 | 0.226 | 1.55b | 1.82 | 0.051 |
Minnesota | 1.77 | 1.70 | 0.694 | 0.70 | 0.57 | 0.224 | 5.53 | 4.79 | 0.208 | 1.30 | 1.35 | 0.772 | 1.88 | 1.82 | 0.744 |
Mississippi | 1.27 | 1.29 | 0.885 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.925 | 2.66 | 2.90 | 0.507 | 1.16 | 1.15 | 0.952 | 1.38 | 1.41 | 0.885 |
Missouri | 1.29a | 1.59 | 0.041 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.913 | 3.90 | 4.44 | 0.275 | 0.95a | 1.26 | 0.034 | 1.37a | 1.71 | 0.040 |
Montana | 1.80 | 1.91 | 0.551 | 1.08 | 0.89 | 0.296 | 5.71 | 5.81 | 0.878 | 1.25 | 1.39 | 0.362 | 1.87 | 2.00 | 0.488 |
Nebraska | 1.40b | 1.68 | 0.071 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.846 | 4.48a | 5.65 | 0.041 | 0.95 | 1.11 | 0.256 | 1.49b | 1.80 | 0.066 |
Nevada | 1.84a | 2.33 | 0.015 | 0.66 | 0.62 | 0.692 | 4.82b | 5.83 | 0.100 | 1.53a | 2.02 | 0.018 | 1.96a | 2.50 | 0.013 |
New Hampshire | 2.78a | 2.20 | 0.015 | 1.13 | 0.89 | 0.277 | 10.84a | 8.81 | 0.049 | 1.69b | 1.32 | 0.078 | 2.93a | 2.32 | 0.016 |
New Jersey | 1.93 | 1.87 | 0.711 | 0.55 | 0.49 | 0.457 | 6.63 | 6.48 | 0.810 | 1.38 | 1.34 | 0.791 | 2.06 | 2.01 | 0.731 |
New Mexico | 1.88 | 2.02 | 0.473 | 0.96 | 0.74 | 0.173 | 5.42 | 5.58 | 0.827 | 1.40 | 1.59 | 0.303 | 1.98 | 2.15 | 0.405 |
New York | 2.37 | 2.46 | 0.609 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.910 | 5.77 | 5.79 | 0.959 | 2.01 | 2.13 | 0.529 | 2.55 | 2.65 | 0.613 |
North Carolina | 1.88 | 1.86 | 0.903 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.869 | 5.67 | 5.17 | 0.386 | 1.45 | 1.51 | 0.740 | 2.03 | 2.01 | 0.891 |
North Dakota | 1.23b | 1.51 | 0.067 | 0.81 | 0.61 | 0.149 | 3.84 | 4.68 | 0.127 | 0.72b | 0.96 | 0.060 | 1.27a | 1.60 | 0.049 |
Ohio | 1.66 | 1.76 | 0.419 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.807 | 4.86 | 5.17 | 0.480 | 1.29 | 1.37 | 0.532 | 1.78 | 1.89 | 0.429 |
Oklahoma | 1.40b | 1.70 | 0.055 | 0.53 | 0.48 | 0.500 | 4.17a | 5.39 | 0.023 | 1.03 | 1.22 | 0.192 | 1.50a | 1.83 | 0.048 |
Oregon | 2.51a | 2.98 | 0.038 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.976 | 7.96 | 8.86 | 0.237 | 1.83a | 2.30 | 0.046 | 2.64a | 3.16 | 0.037 |
Pennsylvania | 1.87 | 1.98 | 0.438 | 0.56 | 0.54 | 0.742 | 5.22 | 5.57 | 0.463 | 1.48 | 1.58 | 0.532 | 1.99 | 2.12 | 0.430 |
Rhode Island | 2.79 | 2.66 | 0.649 | 0.84 | 0.70 | 0.341 | 8.90 | 7.68 | 0.161 | 1.88 | 1.97 | 0.714 | 2.96 | 2.84 | 0.671 |
South Carolina | 1.69 | 1.95 | 0.162 | 0.34 | 0.38 | 0.628 | 5.31 | 5.95 | 0.288 | 1.26 | 1.50 | 0.209 | 1.82 | 2.10 | 0.166 |
South Dakota | 1.22 | 1.14 | 0.535 | 0.75 | 0.56 | 0.162 | 3.65 | 3.45 | 0.666 | 0.85 | 0.82 | 0.760 | 1.27 | 1.20 | 0.624 |
Tennessee | 1.69 | 1.87 | 0.341 | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.913 | 4.66 | 5.26 | 0.311 | 1.35 | 1.49 | 0.458 | 1.81 | 2.01 | 0.341 |
Texas | 1.41 | 1.47 | 0.648 | 0.57 | 0.46 | 0.177 | 4.69 | 4.42 | 0.542 | 0.93 | 1.08 | 0.228 | 1.51 | 1.59 | 0.575 |
Utah | 1.28a | 1.71 | 0.005 | 0.81 | 0.69 | 0.364 | 3.53a | 4.67 | 0.024 | 0.85a | 1.23 | 0.009 | 1.34a | 1.85 | 0.003 |
Vermont | 3.02 | 3.50 | 0.116 | 1.14 | 0.93 | 0.302 | 10.83 | 12.24 | 0.245 | 1.84 | 2.23 | 0.145 | 3.18 | 3.72 | 0.103 |
Virginia | 1.48a | 1.93 | 0.005 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.976 | 4.31a | 5.26 | 0.045 | 1.15a | 1.57 | 0.010 | 1.59a | 2.08 | 0.005 |
Washington | 1.94b | 2.33 | 0.067 | 0.79 | 0.70 | 0.539 | 5.75 | 6.52 | 0.248 | 1.47b | 1.87 | 0.064 | 2.05b | 2.49 | 0.060 |
West Virginia | 1.55 | 1.65 | 0.539 | 0.70 | 0.61 | 0.481 | 5.29 | 5.07 | 0.749 | 1.08 | 1.26 | 0.262 | 1.62 | 1.75 | 0.507 |
Wisconsin | 1.38a | 2.02 | 0.000 | 0.68 | 0.58 | 0.384 | 4.34a | 6.19 | 0.002 | 0.97a | 1.50 | 0.001 | 1.45a | 2.16 | 0.000 |
Wyoming | 1.42 | 1.59 | 0.219 | 0.98 | 0.83 | 0.293 | 4.81 | 4.83 | 0.977 | 0.91a | 1.17 | 0.047 | 1.47 | 1.67 | 0.175 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 71.89 | 71.55 | 0.104 | 56.54 | 56.01 | 0.132 | 65.07a | 63.91 | 0.002 | 74.84 | 74.62 | 0.365 | 73.44 | 73.11 | 0.137 |
Northeast | 69.12 | 68.92 | 0.600 | 56.41 | 55.84 | 0.364 | 61.75a | 60.02 | 0.012 | 71.69 | 71.73 | 0.938 | 70.30 | 70.12 | 0.660 |
Midwest | 72.18a | 71.40 | 0.007 | 55.60 | 54.66 | 0.106 | 64.94a | 63.40 | 0.012 | 75.40b | 74.73 | 0.061 | 73.89a | 73.11 | 0.013 |
South | 75.25 | 75.44 | 0.443 | 58.39 | 57.72 | 0.201 | 68.70 | 68.49 | 0.708 | 78.36 | 78.68 | 0.316 | 76.99 | 77.26 | 0.326 |
West | 68.37a | 67.48 | 0.018 | 54.52 | 54.58 | 0.935 | 62.01a | 60.09 | 0.011 | 71.12b | 70.23 | 0.058 | 69.78a | 68.78 | 0.014 |
Alabama | 78.48b | 76.69 | 0.055 | 60.04 | 58.73 | 0.481 | 73.25 | 71.28 | 0.199 | 81.54 | 79.67 | 0.101 | 80.35b | 78.50 | 0.066 |
Alaska | 66.96 | 66.25 | 0.503 | 53.40 | 52.81 | 0.739 | 62.37 | 60.84 | 0.419 | 69.59 | 68.89 | 0.602 | 68.47 | 67.73 | 0.529 |
Arizona | 69.86 | 71.38 | 0.135 | 55.56 | 58.15 | 0.137 | 63.55 | 65.19 | 0.349 | 72.70 | 74.02 | 0.304 | 71.37 | 72.76 | 0.215 |
Arkansas | 77.49 | 77.28 | 0.809 | 59.64 | 56.96 | 0.121 | 74.13b | 71.37 | 0.070 | 80.24 | 80.74 | 0.643 | 79.36 | 79.41 | 0.960 |
California | 68.92a | 67.53 | 0.019 | 54.68 | 54.97 | 0.782 | 62.42a | 59.87 | 0.021 | 71.76a | 70.31 | 0.048 | 70.37a | 68.79 | 0.013 |
Colorado | 65.76 | 64.77 | 0.348 | 53.03 | 52.21 | 0.649 | 57.01 | 56.00 | 0.585 | 68.72 | 67.66 | 0.421 | 67.03 | 66.02 | 0.379 |
Connecticut | 68.78 | 67.67 | 0.321 | 55.12 | 54.86 | 0.887 | 59.81a | 56.31 | 0.049 | 71.82 | 70.97 | 0.541 | 70.13 | 68.91 | 0.317 |
Delaware | 71.79 | 71.31 | 0.629 | 54.21 | 56.17 | 0.282 | 66.07 | 66.82 | 0.652 | 74.59 | 73.60 | 0.428 | 73.44 | 72.71 | 0.504 |
District of Columbia | 61.35 | 60.19 | 0.330 | 54.72 | 56.65 | 0.341 | 55.51 | 53.11 | 0.226 | 62.99 | 61.78 | 0.411 | 61.71 | 60.36 | 0.286 |
Florida | 75.42b | 76.45 | 0.088 | 59.31 | 57.88 | 0.190 | 68.92 | 67.40 | 0.189 | 77.95a | 79.51 | 0.033 | 76.82b | 78.04 | 0.061 |
Georgia | 76.15a | 77.72 | 0.034 | 59.66 | 61.39 | 0.271 | 71.67 | 70.90 | 0.570 | 79.09a | 81.00 | 0.038 | 77.99b | 79.54 | 0.055 |
Hawaii | 68.25 | 67.73 | 0.650 | 55.60 | 53.74 | 0.342 | 64.47 | 64.35 | 0.948 | 70.11 | 69.62 | 0.725 | 69.38 | 68.97 | 0.740 |
Idaho | 70.78 | 71.25 | 0.625 | 56.18 | 55.81 | 0.833 | 64.93 | 65.02 | 0.960 | 73.82 | 74.45 | 0.609 | 72.53 | 73.10 | 0.595 |
Illinois | 71.99 | 70.93 | 0.124 | 55.13 | 55.10 | 0.983 | 64.22 | 63.08 | 0.392 | 75.31 | 74.09 | 0.150 | 73.73 | 72.55 | 0.114 |
Indiana | 73.01 | 73.31 | 0.726 | 56.55 | 55.61 | 0.605 | 66.88 | 65.43 | 0.379 | 76.18 | 76.92 | 0.503 | 74.78 | 75.21 | 0.650 |
Iowa | 71.58 | 70.59 | 0.278 | 57.10 | 54.58 | 0.184 | 63.34 | 61.50 | 0.278 | 74.80 | 74.13 | 0.564 | 73.05 | 72.22 | 0.400 |
Kansas | 73.08 | 71.79 | 0.129 | 56.50 | 55.70 | 0.636 | 69.10b | 66.16 | 0.073 | 75.98 | 74.88 | 0.303 | 74.92 | 73.56 | 0.146 |
Kentucky | 74.91 | 75.46 | 0.541 | 58.70 | 58.35 | 0.843 | 67.45 | 67.12 | 0.844 | 78.05 | 78.82 | 0.491 | 76.54 | 77.18 | 0.519 |
Louisiana | 75.14 | 73.91 | 0.152 | 56.87 | 55.03 | 0.315 | 68.26 | 68.05 | 0.899 | 78.58 | 77.18 | 0.193 | 77.07 | 75.88 | 0.204 |
Maine | 70.93 | 70.18 | 0.482 | 56.47 | 56.63 | 0.928 | 62.04 | 59.87 | 0.220 | 73.55 | 72.86 | 0.594 | 72.17 | 71.31 | 0.459 |
Maryland | 70.72 | 71.40 | 0.484 | 57.94 | 56.74 | 0.519 | 63.82 | 62.63 | 0.462 | 73.25 | 74.40 | 0.349 | 71.97 | 72.83 | 0.415 |
Massachusetts | 64.73 | 63.65 | 0.305 | 56.13 | 54.52 | 0.368 | 57.31a | 53.75 | 0.045 | 66.93 | 66.31 | 0.639 | 65.50 | 64.46 | 0.361 |
Michigan | 72.88 | 72.99 | 0.867 | 53.45 | 53.65 | 0.881 | 64.23 | 64.53 | 0.806 | 76.66 | 76.67 | 0.993 | 74.85 | 74.92 | 0.923 |
Minnesota | 66.90 | 66.23 | 0.499 | 52.59 | 52.26 | 0.858 | 59.12 | 59.13 | 0.995 | 69.84 | 69.00 | 0.497 | 68.35 | 67.64 | 0.516 |
Mississippi | 79.88 | 79.47 | 0.564 | 60.85 | 58.42 | 0.164 | 75.35 | 73.37 | 0.203 | 83.16 | 83.23 | 0.938 | 81.97 | 81.76 | 0.786 |
Missouri | 73.83 | 73.04 | 0.405 | 57.38 | 56.40 | 0.599 | 66.75b | 63.83 | 0.069 | 76.95 | 76.49 | 0.696 | 75.49 | 74.71 | 0.443 |
Montana | 68.49 | 68.34 | 0.886 | 55.88 | 53.99 | 0.303 | 58.53 | 58.89 | 0.829 | 71.47 | 71.38 | 0.940 | 69.65 | 69.65 | 0.999 |
Nebraska | 72.22 | 70.79 | 0.129 | 53.87 | 53.66 | 0.904 | 63.65a | 60.13 | 0.048 | 76.10 | 74.88 | 0.302 | 74.20 | 72.65 | 0.131 |
Nevada | 69.49 | 69.95 | 0.655 | 51.21 | 52.63 | 0.446 | 64.21 | 62.63 | 0.372 | 72.41 | 73.00 | 0.646 | 71.33 | 71.68 | 0.760 |
New Hampshire | 66.93 | 67.04 | 0.920 | 54.49 | 54.96 | 0.794 | 55.87b | 52.47 | 0.079 | 69.98 | 70.53 | 0.670 | 68.05 | 68.10 | 0.964 |
New Jersey | 71.57 | 71.77 | 0.822 | 58.44 | 59.02 | 0.723 | 62.05 | 61.95 | 0.953 | 74.51 | 74.69 | 0.874 | 72.88 | 73.03 | 0.878 |
New Mexico | 69.06 | 69.51 | 0.659 | 53.08 | 53.07 | 0.997 | 62.86 | 62.23 | 0.720 | 72.09 | 72.73 | 0.619 | 70.75 | 71.24 | 0.663 |
New York | 69.27 | 68.85 | 0.545 | 56.21 | 55.98 | 0.846 | 63.15 | 62.06 | 0.337 | 71.69 | 71.31 | 0.654 | 70.46 | 70.01 | 0.546 |
North Carolina | 73.90 | 74.58 | 0.389 | 58.45b | 55.45 | 0.062 | 67.00 | 68.62 | 0.273 | 76.85 | 77.78 | 0.341 | 75.47 | 76.52 | 0.225 |
North Dakota | 72.93b | 71.37 | 0.075 | 58.24 | 55.62 | 0.130 | 63.34 | 61.09 | 0.190 | 76.63 | 75.22 | 0.198 | 74.25 | 72.80 | 0.126 |
Ohio | 73.09 | 72.47 | 0.354 | 58.18 | 56.65 | 0.231 | 66.85 | 64.96 | 0.128 | 75.86 | 75.51 | 0.669 | 74.61 | 74.06 | 0.449 |
Oklahoma | 73.49 | 72.51 | 0.308 | 57.02 | 58.38 | 0.457 | 68.94 | 69.33 | 0.816 | 76.38 | 74.84 | 0.197 | 75.27 | 74.03 | 0.239 |
Oregon | 63.35 | 62.53 | 0.447 | 52.72 | 50.99 | 0.350 | 56.20 | 53.98 | 0.213 | 65.57 | 65.01 | 0.675 | 64.32 | 63.56 | 0.519 |
Pennsylvania | 69.88 | 70.58 | 0.323 | 55.90 | 54.27 | 0.193 | 63.56 | 61.55 | 0.121 | 72.37 | 73.71 | 0.133 | 71.17 | 72.07 | 0.243 |
Rhode Island | 68.96 | 67.52 | 0.169 | 57.65 | 56.01 | 0.381 | 61.92 | 59.38 | 0.176 | 71.42 | 70.15 | 0.341 | 69.95 | 68.51 | 0.207 |
South Carolina | 76.74 | 76.02 | 0.411 | 57.75 | 56.23 | 0.390 | 68.88 | 68.14 | 0.615 | 80.16 | 79.46 | 0.523 | 78.59 | 77.93 | 0.487 |
South Dakota | 70.81 | 70.25 | 0.550 | 52.85 | 52.86 | 0.994 | 64.34 | 64.61 | 0.871 | 74.12 | 73.34 | 0.507 | 72.67 | 72.07 | 0.556 |
Tennessee | 76.41 | 76.08 | 0.693 | 60.19 | 57.66 | 0.157 | 69.22 | 69.51 | 0.856 | 79.48 | 79.25 | 0.830 | 78.04 | 77.91 | 0.888 |
Texas | 76.44 | 76.43 | 0.977 | 58.07 | 58.18 | 0.926 | 69.70 | 70.22 | 0.632 | 80.27 | 80.10 | 0.790 | 78.63 | 78.59 | 0.947 |
Utah | 74.02a | 71.99 | 0.020 | 60.86 | 60.13 | 0.676 | 70.43a | 66.83 | 0.030 | 77.08b | 75.15 | 0.096 | 75.85a | 73.63 | 0.023 |
Vermont | 65.56 | 65.64 | 0.944 | 55.27 | 54.56 | 0.692 | 51.77 | 52.19 | 0.837 | 69.00 | 69.05 | 0.967 | 66.42 | 66.55 | 0.919 |
Virginia | 71.06 | 71.21 | 0.865 | 54.93 | 56.28 | 0.401 | 61.68 | 63.35 | 0.260 | 74.45 | 74.16 | 0.781 | 72.64 | 72.66 | 0.986 |
Washington | 65.19 | 63.73 | 0.199 | 52.24 | 50.67 | 0.397 | 58.96b | 55.63 | 0.071 | 67.62 | 66.41 | 0.393 | 66.43 | 64.96 | 0.234 |
West Virginia | 76.14 | 75.25 | 0.343 | 56.74 | 53.96 | 0.103 | 67.03 | 66.57 | 0.783 | 79.47 | 78.68 | 0.493 | 77.86 | 77.13 | 0.470 |
Wisconsin | 71.93a | 69.23 | 0.006 | 54.36b | 50.67 | 0.055 | 64.74a | 61.09 | 0.027 | 75.18a | 72.72 | 0.043 | 73.69a | 71.07 | 0.013 |
Wyoming | 72.78 | 71.96 | 0.380 | 55.68 | 55.91 | 0.898 | 64.83 | 64.39 | 0.799 | 76.10 | 75.04 | 0.366 | 74.49 | 73.58 | 0.366 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.708 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.334 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.968 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.621 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.662 |
Northeast | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.668 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.142 | 0.81 | 0.77 | 0.619 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.818 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.711 |
Midwest | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.435 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.252 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.942 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.319 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.376 |
South | 0.28b | 0.33 | 0.063 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.399 | 0.58 | 0.67 | 0.107 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.120 | 0.30b | 0.35 | 0.053 |
West | 0.32 | 0.27 | 0.101 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.873 | 0.59 | 0.49 | 0.117 | 0.30 | 0.26 | 0.213 | 0.34b | 0.29 | 0.093 |
Alabama | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.748 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.356 | 0.68 | 0.58 | 0.398 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.960 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.721 |
Alaska | 0.75a | 0.44 | 0.005 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.675 | 1.33a | 0.91 | 0.040 | 0.73a | 0.41 | 0.012 | 0.82a | 0.48 | 0.005 |
Arizona | 0.45b | 0.35 | 0.091 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.380 | 0.88 | 0.77 | 0.464 | 0.43b | 0.32 | 0.081 | 0.50b | 0.38 | 0.085 |
Arkansas | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.161 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.971 | 0.45 | 0.49 | 0.641 | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.117 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.160 |
California | 0.24b | 0.19 | 0.069 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.601 | 0.43b | 0.30 | 0.066 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 0.162 | 0.26b | 0.20 | 0.063 |
Colorado | 0.35 | 0.28 | 0.147 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.346 | 0.66 | 0.54 | 0.249 | 0.34 | 0.26 | 0.191 | 0.38 | 0.30 | 0.141 |
Connecticut | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.965 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.575 | 1.21 | 1.31 | 0.675 | 0.70 | 0.68 | 0.861 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.967 |
Delaware | 0.73 | 0.84 | 0.494 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.579 | 1.49 | 1.56 | 0.844 | 0.68 | 0.82 | 0.449 | 0.79 | 0.92 | 0.487 |
District of Columbia | 0.44 | 0.37 | 0.342 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.271 | 0.23 | 0.32 | 0.176 | 0.51 | 0.40 | 0.247 | 0.47 | 0.39 | 0.347 |
Florida | 0.24b | 0.29 | 0.095 | 0.22a | 0.14 | 0.006 | 0.58 | 0.63 | 0.555 | 0.19a | 0.26 | 0.050 | 0.24b | 0.30 | 0.069 |
Georgia | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.285 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.862 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.727 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.242 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.282 |
Hawaii | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.957 | 0.01a | 0.05 | 0.023 | 0.72 | 0.56 | 0.256 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.587 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.974 |
Idaho | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.990 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.254 | 0.64 | 0.58 | 0.580 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.774 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.937 |
Illinois | 0.25 | 0.25 | 1.000 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.710 | 0.49 | 0.45 | 0.687 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.860 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.990 |
Indiana | 0.43a | 0.64 | 0.004 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.775 | 0.86a | 1.26 | 0.012 | 0.40a | 0.60 | 0.009 | 0.47a | 0.70 | 0.004 |
Iowa | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.330 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.416 | 0.51 | 0.48 | 0.709 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.134 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.313 |
Kansas | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.457 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.311 | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.773 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.262 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.418 |
Kentucky | 0.47 | 0.37 | 0.106 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.710 | 0.86 | 0.67 | 0.134 | 0.45 | 0.36 | 0.156 | 0.51 | 0.41 | 0.102 |
Louisiana | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.896 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.197 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.873 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.838 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.844 |
Maine | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.682 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.187 | 1.15 | 1.24 | 0.610 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.785 | 0.52 | 0.55 | 0.712 |
Maryland | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.996 | 0.11a | 0.05 | 0.010 | 0.86 | 1.03 | 0.329 | 0.54 | 0.52 | 0.842 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.958 |
Massachusetts | 0.36 | 0.42 | 0.322 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.508 | 0.66 | 0.62 | 0.780 | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.219 | 0.39 | 0.46 | 0.332 |
Michigan | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.316 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.201 | 0.63 | 0.52 | 0.265 | 0.34 | 0.30 | 0.481 | 0.38 | 0.33 | 0.344 |
Minnesota | 0.29b | 0.23 | 0.084 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.780 | 0.72b | 0.51 | 0.054 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.219 | 0.32b | 0.25 | 0.085 |
Mississippi | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.773 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.422 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.913 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.747 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.745 |
Missouri | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.441 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.871 | 0.68 | 0.54 | 0.200 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.709 | 0.36 | 0.32 | 0.441 |
Montana | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.780 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.537 | 0.78 | 0.71 | 0.561 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.521 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.756 |
Nebraska | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.496 | 0.12a | 0.07 | 0.041 | 0.49 | 0.40 | 0.238 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.863 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.605 |
Nevada | 0.33a | 0.50 | 0.022 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.152 | 0.74a | 1.16 | 0.018 | 0.30b | 0.45 | 0.063 | 0.36a | 0.54 | 0.026 |
New Hampshire | 0.87 | 0.68 | 0.121 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.334 | 1.90 | 1.43 | 0.152 | 0.79 | 0.62 | 0.201 | 0.94 | 0.73 | 0.125 |
New Jersey | 0.51 | 0.45 | 0.388 | 0.09b | 0.05 | 0.083 | 0.92 | 0.82 | 0.536 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.455 | 0.55 | 0.49 | 0.415 |
New Mexico | 0.37 | 0.34 | 0.571 | 0.17b | 0.10 | 0.064 | 0.82 | 0.81 | 0.949 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.620 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.657 |
New York | 0.42a | 0.30 | 0.018 | 0.08b | 0.04 | 0.051 | 0.63b | 0.46 | 0.068 | 0.42a | 0.30 | 0.043 | 0.45a | 0.32 | 0.021 |
North Carolina | 0.34a | 0.45 | 0.014 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.750 | 0.71a | 0.96 | 0.022 | 0.32a | 0.42 | 0.037 | 0.37a | 0.49 | 0.015 |
North Dakota | 0.32a | 0.46 | 0.010 | 0.12b | 0.07 | 0.071 | 0.62a | 0.86 | 0.049 | 0.27a | 0.42 | 0.010 | 0.33a | 0.50 | 0.008 |
Ohio | 0.41 | 0.45 | 0.463 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.146 | 0.78 | 0.83 | 0.690 | 0.38 | 0.44 | 0.419 | 0.44 | 0.49 | 0.418 |
Oklahoma | 0.31a | 0.43 | 0.015 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.679 | 0.66a | 0.99 | 0.006 | 0.28b | 0.38 | 0.054 | 0.33a | 0.47 | 0.016 |
Oregon | 0.47 | 0.37 | 0.122 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.440 | 0.92a | 0.61 | 0.021 | 0.44 | 0.36 | 0.290 | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.127 |
Pennsylvania | 0.44a | 0.58 | 0.033 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.220 | 0.84 | 1.04 | 0.171 | 0.41a | 0.57 | 0.038 | 0.47a | 0.63 | 0.031 |
Rhode Island | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.918 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.208 | 0.74 | 0.69 | 0.700 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.966 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.944 |
South Carolina | 0.24b | 0.19 | 0.094 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.116 | 0.54 | 0.40 | 0.109 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.209 | 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.109 |
South Dakota | 0.36a | 0.25 | 0.014 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.160 | 0.81a | 0.51 | 0.007 | 0.31b | 0.23 | 0.085 | 0.39a | 0.27 | 0.018 |
Tennessee | 0.26b | 0.34 | 0.060 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.953 | 0.59 | 0.66 | 0.520 | 0.23a | 0.32 | 0.043 | 0.28b | 0.37 | 0.061 |
Texas | 0.20a | 0.30 | 0.004 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.863 | 0.44a | 0.67 | 0.008 | 0.19a | 0.27 | 0.016 | 0.22a | 0.33 | 0.003 |
Utah | 0.31 | 0.37 | 0.170 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.328 | 0.49 | 0.58 | 0.327 | 0.31 | 0.38 | 0.197 | 0.34 | 0.41 | 0.160 |
Vermont | 0.56 | 0.48 | 0.299 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.107 | 1.19 | 1.05 | 0.436 | 0.49 | 0.42 | 0.394 | 0.59 | 0.51 | 0.328 |
Virginia | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.761 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.518 | 0.76 | 0.72 | 0.734 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.808 | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.746 |
Washington | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.633 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.517 | 0.81 | 0.72 | 0.481 | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.749 | 0.49 | 0.46 | 0.644 |
West Virginia | 0.57 | 0.69 | 0.201 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.333 | 1.27 | 1.45 | 0.444 | 0.52 | 0.64 | 0.205 | 0.62 | 0.75 | 0.207 |
Wisconsin | 0.30 | 0.37 | 0.170 | 0.14a | 0.06 | 0.009 | 0.66 | 0.69 | 0.779 | 0.26b | 0.35 | 0.084 | 0.32 | 0.40 | 0.129 |
Wyoming | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.692 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.515 | 0.76 | 0.62 | 0.231 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.909 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.723 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 85.44a | 86.00 | 0.000 | 65.41 | 65.92 | 0.134 | 82.80 | 82.76 | 0.882 | 88.23a | 88.85 | 0.000 | 87.45a | 88.00 | 0.000 |
Northeast | 85.10a | 86.02 | 0.000 | 66.03 | 66.55 | 0.412 | 82.74 | 82.95 | 0.680 | 87.53a | 88.58 | 0.001 | 86.86a | 87.80 | 0.001 |
Midwest | 85.53a | 86.13 | 0.006 | 65.34 | 65.55 | 0.695 | 82.49b | 83.20 | 0.093 | 88.46a | 89.05 | 0.021 | 87.60a | 88.21 | 0.006 |
South | 86.73a | 87.44 | 0.000 | 66.78 | 67.09 | 0.527 | 83.73 | 83.90 | 0.675 | 89.61a | 90.42 | 0.000 | 88.78a | 89.51 | 0.000 |
West | 83.57 | 83.57 | 0.993 | 62.86b | 63.93 | 0.085 | 81.68a | 80.48 | 0.028 | 86.36 | 86.39 | 0.944 | 85.68 | 85.54 | 0.655 |
Alabama | 88.18 | 88.31 | 0.817 | 67.66 | 67.42 | 0.885 | 85.75 | 85.69 | 0.965 | 91.00 | 91.16 | 0.816 | 90.25 | 90.40 | 0.814 |
Alaska | 82.71 | 83.35 | 0.421 | 62.05 | 63.59 | 0.380 | 81.64 | 81.02 | 0.690 | 85.62 | 86.28 | 0.490 | 85.00 | 85.52 | 0.547 |
Arizona | 84.64a | 86.57 | 0.004 | 65.29 | 66.92 | 0.337 | 82.60 | 84.37 | 0.212 | 87.36a | 89.31 | 0.017 | 86.67a | 88.60 | 0.008 |
Arkansas | 86.48 | 86.57 | 0.875 | 66.62 | 65.33 | 0.413 | 85.07b | 82.32 | 0.051 | 89.14 | 89.85 | 0.322 | 88.56 | 88.79 | 0.717 |
California | 84.00 | 83.56 | 0.294 | 62.70 | 64.20 | 0.126 | 82.06b | 80.44 | 0.058 | 86.88 | 86.35 | 0.302 | 86.16 | 85.49 | 0.142 |
Colorado | 82.56 | 83.12 | 0.474 | 61.33 | 62.01 | 0.704 | 79.79 | 79.58 | 0.893 | 85.50 | 86.13 | 0.503 | 84.68 | 85.21 | 0.528 |
Connecticut | 85.01b | 86.32 | 0.058 | 65.55 | 66.16 | 0.714 | 81.40 | 82.15 | 0.584 | 87.85b | 89.28 | 0.082 | 86.94b | 88.28 | 0.069 |
Delaware | 86.20 | 87.19 | 0.107 | 63.66b | 66.91 | 0.083 | 82.93 | 84.25 | 0.363 | 89.14 | 89.78 | 0.383 | 88.31 | 89.06 | 0.249 |
District of Columbia | 83.38 | 82.28 | 0.202 | 64.21 | 65.64 | 0.426 | 79.76 | 77.54 | 0.187 | 85.40 | 84.29 | 0.279 | 84.43 | 83.18 | 0.167 |
Florida | 87.67a | 89.00 | 0.001 | 67.97 | 67.56 | 0.692 | 84.27 | 84.15 | 0.901 | 90.09a | 91.74 | 0.001 | 89.37a | 90.83 | 0.001 |
Georgia | 87.18a | 88.64 | 0.002 | 69.98 | 70.97 | 0.498 | 84.97 | 86.24 | 0.281 | 89.81a | 91.33 | 0.008 | 89.09a | 90.60 | 0.003 |
Hawaii | 82.32 | 82.41 | 0.920 | 63.33 | 62.18 | 0.536 | 82.05 | 80.72 | 0.357 | 84.31 | 84.68 | 0.727 | 84.02 | 84.20 | 0.848 |
Idaho | 83.74b | 85.00 | 0.061 | 65.62 | 66.98 | 0.423 | 79.03 | 79.97 | 0.541 | 87.07 | 88.34 | 0.113 | 85.90b | 87.15 | 0.086 |
Illinois | 85.91 | 86.10 | 0.680 | 63.19 | 64.51 | 0.294 | 82.62 | 84.00 | 0.191 | 89.19 | 89.00 | 0.722 | 88.26 | 88.30 | 0.923 |
Indiana | 85.78 | 86.63 | 0.128 | 65.74 | 65.84 | 0.950 | 83.26 | 84.35 | 0.447 | 88.75 | 89.63 | 0.186 | 87.93 | 88.84 | 0.122 |
Iowa | 83.31 | 83.64 | 0.642 | 65.07 | 62.86 | 0.198 | 79.54 | 79.56 | 0.987 | 86.16 | 86.85 | 0.439 | 85.15 | 85.74 | 0.448 |
Kansas | 84.95 | 85.17 | 0.728 | 64.05 | 64.65 | 0.719 | 82.72 | 83.11 | 0.776 | 88.08 | 88.19 | 0.883 | 87.25 | 87.42 | 0.806 |
Kentucky | 87.02b | 88.12 | 0.062 | 66.83 | 68.30 | 0.348 | 84.58 | 84.46 | 0.929 | 89.79b | 91.02 | 0.074 | 89.05b | 90.10 | 0.093 |
Louisiana | 86.42b | 87.54 | 0.052 | 64.84 | 66.18 | 0.427 | 82.65 | 83.82 | 0.396 | 89.71 | 90.74 | 0.131 | 88.68b | 89.75 | 0.080 |
Maine | 85.39a | 87.04 | 0.008 | 63.65 | 65.70 | 0.209 | 82.39 | 84.65 | 0.110 | 87.89a | 89.37 | 0.040 | 87.23a | 88.81 | 0.017 |
Maryland | 85.70 | 86.31 | 0.325 | 65.98 | 68.00 | 0.229 | 83.02 | 81.96 | 0.433 | 88.35 | 89.03 | 0.361 | 87.63 | 88.09 | 0.484 |
Massachusetts | 84.98 | 85.06 | 0.912 | 67.09 | 66.02 | 0.540 | 80.68 | 81.07 | 0.786 | 87.60 | 87.71 | 0.899 | 86.57 | 86.74 | 0.836 |
Michigan | 85.47a | 86.39 | 0.033 | 63.62 | 63.98 | 0.776 | 81.46b | 83.21 | 0.066 | 88.73 | 89.52 | 0.130 | 87.67a | 88.61 | 0.041 |
Minnesota | 80.45a | 82.32 | 0.014 | 60.79 | 61.45 | 0.702 | 76.96b | 79.72 | 0.094 | 83.31a | 85.18 | 0.043 | 82.43a | 84.43 | 0.016 |
Mississippi | 87.84 | 87.97 | 0.814 | 67.81 | 67.67 | 0.932 | 85.30 | 84.57 | 0.572 | 90.86 | 91.14 | 0.678 | 90.02 | 90.17 | 0.808 |
Missouri | 86.94 | 86.92 | 0.984 | 69.95 | 68.46 | 0.332 | 85.26 | 83.18 | 0.137 | 89.20 | 89.67 | 0.521 | 88.64 | 88.76 | 0.852 |
Montana | 84.30b | 85.44 | 0.081 | 63.05 | 64.59 | 0.388 | 78.99b | 81.51 | 0.079 | 87.45 | 88.28 | 0.288 | 86.26 | 87.34 | 0.122 |
Nebraska | 84.75 | 84.02 | 0.289 | 63.76 | 63.15 | 0.711 | 81.49 | 79.32 | 0.161 | 87.99 | 87.50 | 0.565 | 87.00 | 86.26 | 0.325 |
Nevada | 84.12 | 84.05 | 0.933 | 62.43 | 63.18 | 0.669 | 83.00 | 81.30 | 0.261 | 86.79 | 86.82 | 0.975 | 86.29 | 86.12 | 0.838 |
New Hampshire | 85.80 | 86.58 | 0.191 | 66.23 | 67.27 | 0.512 | 81.18 | 82.08 | 0.541 | 88.56 | 89.25 | 0.335 | 87.56 | 88.29 | 0.248 |
New Jersey | 85.47a | 86.64 | 0.035 | 67.23 | 68.23 | 0.495 | 82.87 | 83.66 | 0.496 | 87.94b | 89.17 | 0.063 | 87.28a | 88.45 | 0.046 |
New Mexico | 83.81 | 84.96 | 0.102 | 65.68 | 66.18 | 0.770 | 82.68 | 81.90 | 0.594 | 86.23b | 87.76 | 0.072 | 85.71 | 86.92 | 0.110 |
New York | 84.26a | 85.22 | 0.043 | 65.65 | 65.92 | 0.811 | 82.78 | 82.54 | 0.793 | 86.48a | 87.67 | 0.040 | 85.95b | 86.95 | 0.051 |
North Carolina | 85.78a | 87.00 | 0.020 | 64.60 | 64.58 | 0.985 | 81.57 | 83.23 | 0.198 | 88.96a | 90.22 | 0.042 | 87.93a | 89.27 | 0.017 |
North Dakota | 84.60 | 84.16 | 0.485 | 66.94 | 65.28 | 0.289 | 78.89 | 79.74 | 0.576 | 87.78 | 87.14 | 0.415 | 86.18 | 85.86 | 0.646 |
Ohio | 87.85a | 88.80 | 0.029 | 70.60 | 70.79 | 0.871 | 85.69 | 86.53 | 0.362 | 90.22b | 91.25 | 0.052 | 89.59a | 90.60 | 0.032 |
Oklahoma | 85.34 | 84.64 | 0.262 | 64.30 | 66.04 | 0.339 | 82.60 | 83.19 | 0.664 | 88.49b | 87.24 | 0.100 | 87.61 | 86.64 | 0.147 |
Oregon | 81.59 | 81.07 | 0.523 | 61.95 | 60.73 | 0.499 | 80.79a | 77.33 | 0.028 | 83.77 | 83.72 | 0.965 | 83.37 | 82.89 | 0.583 |
Pennsylvania | 86.14a | 87.26 | 0.013 | 65.75 | 67.00 | 0.277 | 84.56 | 84.70 | 0.893 | 88.56a | 89.79 | 0.023 | 88.02a | 89.11 | 0.024 |
Rhode Island | 85.35 | 84.99 | 0.599 | 64.05 | 63.68 | 0.833 | 82.91 | 81.28 | 0.314 | 88.01 | 87.84 | 0.834 | 87.22 | 86.83 | 0.601 |
South Carolina | 88.00 | 87.94 | 0.918 | 66.76 | 67.90 | 0.471 | 83.88 | 83.81 | 0.959 | 91.05 | 90.81 | 0.714 | 90.05 | 89.86 | 0.743 |
South Dakota | 83.09 | 84.13 | 0.113 | 60.32b | 63.21 | 0.097 | 78.71b | 81.40 | 0.077 | 86.61 | 87.15 | 0.511 | 85.44 | 86.31 | 0.221 |
Tennessee | 86.25 | 86.71 | 0.426 | 66.58 | 65.28 | 0.445 | 83.66 | 82.90 | 0.576 | 88.96 | 89.77 | 0.243 | 88.21 | 88.83 | 0.320 |
Texas | 86.48 | 86.97 | 0.194 | 66.91 | 66.87 | 0.971 | 83.74 | 84.45 | 0.426 | 89.73 | 90.23 | 0.271 | 88.80 | 89.35 | 0.176 |
Utah | 84.65 | 83.91 | 0.214 | 65.94 | 66.40 | 0.773 | 84.00 | 81.75 | 0.118 | 88.01 | 87.36 | 0.382 | 87.26 | 86.33 | 0.164 |
Vermont | 84.14 | 84.69 | 0.464 | 64.73 | 64.37 | 0.821 | 79.18 | 80.56 | 0.408 | 86.93 | 87.38 | 0.618 | 85.77 | 86.37 | 0.464 |
Virginia | 85.55 | 85.61 | 0.906 | 64.44 | 65.92 | 0.328 | 82.75 | 81.02 | 0.166 | 88.40 | 88.56 | 0.817 | 87.61 | 87.52 | 0.888 |
Washington | 81.43 | 81.28 | 0.847 | 59.79 | 60.23 | 0.804 | 79.55 | 77.58 | 0.228 | 84.12 | 84.13 | 0.992 | 83.49 | 83.26 | 0.784 |
West Virginia | 88.64b | 89.63 | 0.082 | 67.96 | 66.33 | 0.341 | 84.79 | 85.50 | 0.600 | 91.30b | 92.58 | 0.052 | 90.46a | 91.67 | 0.039 |
Wisconsin | 85.41 | 85.62 | 0.743 | 63.49 | 63.76 | 0.871 | 82.07 | 81.11 | 0.520 | 88.51 | 88.88 | 0.632 | 87.59 | 87.78 | 0.781 |
Wyoming | 85.08 | 85.71 | 0.304 | 62.68 | 64.45 | 0.290 | 81.96 | 82.17 | 0.891 | 88.20 | 88.74 | 0.464 | 87.31 | 87.83 | 0.430 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 0.58 | 0.56 | 0.531 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.517 | 0.85 | 0.93 | 0.352 | 0.58 | 0.55 | 0.308 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.491 |
Northeast | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.718 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.856 | 0.41 | 0.47 | 0.492 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.547 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.696 |
Midwest | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.185 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.115 | 0.70a | 0.95 | 0.011 | 0.46 | 0.47 | 0.690 | 0.49 | 0.54 | 0.231 |
South | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.778 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.761 | 0.91 | 0.96 | 0.591 | 0.57 | 0.54 | 0.611 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.749 |
West | 0.91 | 0.81 | 0.171 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.818 | 1.23 | 1.20 | 0.834 | 0.94 | 0.82 | 0.167 | 0.98 | 0.87 | 0.170 |
Alabama | 0.59b | 0.78 | 0.090 | 0.13 | 0.24 | 0.201 | 0.96 | 1.12 | 0.531 | 0.58 | 0.79 | 0.137 | 0.64 | 0.83 | 0.105 |
Alaska | 1.21a | 0.84 | 0.035 | 0.37 | 0.24 | 0.418 | 1.19 | 1.10 | 0.746 | 1.33a | 0.87 | 0.049 | 1.31a | 0.90 | 0.039 |
Arizona | 0.78 | 0.66 | 0.342 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.961 | 1.42 | 1.30 | 0.697 | 0.75 | 0.61 | 0.401 | 0.85 | 0.71 | 0.336 |
Arkansas | 0.87 | 0.92 | 0.732 | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.130 | 1.06 | 1.59 | 0.124 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 0.887 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.793 |
California | 0.99 | 0.81 | 0.103 | 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.385 | 1.09 | 0.96 | 0.597 | 1.06 | 0.85 | 0.136 | 1.07 | 0.87 | 0.112 |
Colorado | 0.61a | 0.85 | 0.046 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 0.160 | 1.16 | 1.34 | 0.490 | 0.57b | 0.84 | 0.072 | 0.65b | 0.91 | 0.052 |
Connecticut | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.844 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.564 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.889 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.833 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.807 |
Delaware | 0.23a | 0.40 | 0.012 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.348 | 0.26 | 0.37 | 0.287 | 0.23a | 0.43 | 0.023 | 0.24a | 0.42 | 0.014 |
District of Columbia | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.673 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.157 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.759 | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.621 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.643 |
Florida | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.659 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.779 | 0.66 | 0.75 | 0.460 | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.770 | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.672 |
Georgia | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.843 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.570 | 0.48 | 0.59 | 0.363 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.984 | 0.57 | 0.59 | 0.877 |
Hawaii | 0.97 | 0.75 | 0.206 | 0.71 | 0.35 | 0.142 | 1.56b | 0.94 | 0.075 | 0.92 | 0.77 | 0.475 | 1.00 | 0.79 | 0.265 |
Idaho | 0.75 | 0.87 | 0.366 | 0.24 | 0.33 | 0.447 | 1.48 | 1.57 | 0.742 | 0.71 | 0.83 | 0.450 | 0.82 | 0.94 | 0.400 |
Illinois | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.530 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.813 | 0.30 | 0.39 | 0.301 | 0.34 | 0.28 | 0.416 | 0.34 | 0.30 | 0.534 |
Indiana | 0.62 | 0.58 | 0.644 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.306 | 0.86 | 1.21 | 0.128 | 0.64 | 0.52 | 0.282 | 0.68 | 0.62 | 0.584 |
Iowa | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.890 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.204 | 0.93 | 1.12 | 0.413 | 0.56 | 0.50 | 0.594 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.825 |
Kansas | 0.90 | 0.82 | 0.601 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.583 | 1.39 | 1.51 | 0.717 | 0.91 | 0.78 | 0.504 | 0.98 | 0.89 | 0.581 |
Kentucky | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.820 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 0.172 | 1.52 | 1.89 | 0.259 | 0.98 | 0.87 | 0.522 | 1.06 | 1.01 | 0.762 |
Louisiana | 0.49 | 0.44 | 0.511 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.897 | 0.63 | 0.67 | 0.825 | 0.51 | 0.44 | 0.477 | 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.512 |
Maine | 0.36 | 0.42 | 0.391 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.288 | 0.69a | 1.17 | 0.004 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.943 | 0.39 | 0.45 | 0.432 |
Maryland | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.452 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.973 | 0.23 | 0.32 | 0.232 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.592 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.444 |
Massachusetts | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.952 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.261 | 0.37 | 0.33 | 0.673 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.939 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.987 |
Michigan | 0.36 | 0.41 | 0.367 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.254 | 0.57b | 0.76 | 0.097 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.686 | 0.38 | 0.44 | 0.417 |
Minnesota | 0.53a | 0.76 | 0.041 | 0.11a | 0.27 | 0.049 | 0.88 | 1.22 | 0.183 | 0.53 | 0.74 | 0.126 | 0.58b | 0.81 | 0.055 |
Mississippi | 0.75 | 0.61 | 0.178 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.904 | 0.76 | 0.95 | 0.345 | 0.83 | 0.61 | 0.132 | 0.82 | 0.66 | 0.173 |
Missouri | 0.56a | 0.88 | 0.003 | 0.11a | 0.29 | 0.040 | 0.76a | 1.32 | 0.017 | 0.58a | 0.88 | 0.033 | 0.60a | 0.94 | 0.005 |
Montana | 0.74 | 0.68 | 0.558 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.802 | 1.41 | 1.62 | 0.498 | 0.70 | 0.59 | 0.386 | 0.80 | 0.73 | 0.541 |
Nebraska | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.905 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.276 | 0.83 | 1.14 | 0.215 | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.659 | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.952 |
Nevada | 1.10 | 0.89 | 0.226 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.780 | 1.94 | 1.87 | 0.881 | 1.07 | 0.83 | 0.259 | 1.18 | 0.96 | 0.227 |
New Hampshire | 0.58 | 0.66 | 0.398 | 0.04a | 0.20 | 0.026 | 1.10 | 1.31 | 0.283 | 0.56 | 0.60 | 0.674 | 0.63 | 0.70 | 0.483 |
New Jersey | 0.27 | 0.24 | 0.642 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.623 | 0.43 | 0.35 | 0.360 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.805 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.659 |
New Mexico | 0.95 | 1.19 | 0.196 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.781 | 2.01 | 2.25 | 0.550 | 0.86 | 1.12 | 0.247 | 1.03 | 1.28 | 0.198 |
New York | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.629 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.512 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.789 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.614 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.659 |
North Carolina | 0.57 | 0.63 | 0.509 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.429 | 0.67 | 0.83 | 0.345 | 0.60 | 0.65 | 0.682 | 0.61 | 0.68 | 0.539 |
North Dakota | 0.69a | 0.96 | 0.036 | 0.13 | 0.29 | 0.115 | 1.16a | 1.81 | 0.037 | 0.65 | 0.86 | 0.205 | 0.74a | 1.02 | 0.044 |
Ohio | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.717 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.368 | 0.63 | 0.83 | 0.131 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.900 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.766 |
Oklahoma | 0.97 | 0.77 | 0.164 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.676 | 1.71 | 1.75 | 0.927 | 0.95 | 0.68 | 0.138 | 1.06 | 0.84 | 0.154 |
Oregon | 1.02 | 1.00 | 0.880 | 0.15 | 0.27 | 0.192 | 1.78 | 1.80 | 0.933 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.810 | 1.10 | 1.06 | 0.821 |
Pennsylvania | 0.37 | 0.34 | 0.669 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.538 | 0.55 | 0.75 | 0.147 | 0.37 | 0.31 | 0.355 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.633 |
Rhode Island | 0.35 | 0.39 | 0.572 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.485 | 0.42 | 0.44 | 0.910 | 0.36 | 0.40 | 0.634 | 0.37 | 0.41 | 0.611 |
South Carolina | 0.49 | 0.58 | 0.281 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.382 | 0.78 | 1.10 | 0.167 | 0.49 | 0.55 | 0.573 | 0.53 | 0.62 | 0.307 |
South Dakota | 0.95 | 0.88 | 0.640 | 0.19 | 0.30 | 0.345 | 1.68 | 1.62 | 0.852 | 0.91 | 0.82 | 0.640 | 1.02 | 0.94 | 0.592 |
Tennessee | 0.58 | 0.55 | 0.725 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.663 | 0.95 | 1.07 | 0.637 | 0.58 | 0.51 | 0.599 | 0.63 | 0.58 | 0.703 |
Texas | 0.68 | 0.56 | 0.146 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.251 | 1.37 | 1.12 | 0.281 | 0.63 | 0.52 | 0.289 | 0.74 | 0.62 | 0.164 |
Utah | 0.73 | 0.81 | 0.507 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.252 | 1.26 | 1.38 | 0.611 | 0.71 | 0.78 | 0.657 | 0.82 | 0.89 | 0.562 |
Vermont | 0.52 | 0.49 | 0.745 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.132 | 1.06 | 1.27 | 0.318 | 0.47 | 0.39 | 0.447 | 0.56 | 0.53 | 0.675 |
Virginia | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.904 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.981 | 0.65 | 0.69 | 0.803 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.859 | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.903 |
Washington | 0.79 | 0.73 | 0.627 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.407 | 0.91 | 1.20 | 0.201 | 0.85 | 0.72 | 0.426 | 0.86 | 0.78 | 0.595 |
West Virginia | 0.72 | 0.85 | 0.258 | 0.12 | 0.27 | 0.127 | 1.27a | 2.02 | 0.042 | 0.70 | 0.74 | 0.759 | 0.77 | 0.90 | 0.302 |
Wisconsin | 0.39 | 0.45 | 0.403 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.290 | 0.77b | 1.08 | 0.096 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.843 | 0.42 | 0.48 | 0.440 |
Wyoming | 0.92 | 0.81 | 0.341 | 0.17 | 0.23 | 0.567 | 1.66 | 1.58 | 0.775 | 0.89 | 0.75 | 0.375 | 1.00 | 0.86 | 0.320 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 4.46a | 4.17 | 0.000 | 3.72a | 3.31 | 0.002 | 7.82a | 7.13 | 0.000 | 4.00a | 3.79 | 0.025 | 4.54a | 4.26 | 0.001 |
Northeast | 4.05a | 3.77 | 0.030 | 2.82 | 2.63 | 0.269 | 7.19b | 6.62 | 0.071 | 3.68 | 3.44 | 0.117 | 4.17a | 3.88 | 0.039 |
Midwest | 4.45b | 4.26 | 0.082 | 4.00a | 3.38 | 0.000 | 8.17a | 7.44 | 0.011 | 3.88 | 3.83 | 0.744 | 4.49 | 4.35 | 0.221 |
South | 4.43a | 4.12 | 0.002 | 3.94a | 3.40 | 0.001 | 7.61b | 7.16 | 0.080 | 3.96a | 3.72 | 0.038 | 4.48a | 4.19 | 0.009 |
West | 4.85a | 4.48 | 0.010 | 3.72 | 3.56 | 0.464 | 8.29a | 7.20 | 0.001 | 4.40 | 4.14 | 0.144 | 4.97a | 4.58 | 0.012 |
Alabama | 5.14b | 4.53 | 0.066 | 5.05 | 4.24 | 0.129 | 10.11a | 8.11 | 0.032 | 4.33 | 3.98 | 0.369 | 5.15 | 4.56 | 0.103 |
Alaska | 4.95 | 4.81 | 0.688 | 4.04 | 3.65 | 0.365 | 9.19 | 8.02 | 0.225 | 4.30 | 4.42 | 0.767 | 5.05 | 4.94 | 0.772 |
Arizona | 4.69 | 4.27 | 0.218 | 4.21b | 3.41 | 0.095 | 7.92 | 7.44 | 0.557 | 4.20 | 3.85 | 0.388 | 4.74 | 4.36 | 0.308 |
Arkansas | 4.89 | 5.03 | 0.695 | 4.67 | 4.11 | 0.240 | 8.28 | 7.44 | 0.311 | 4.36 | 4.75 | 0.366 | 4.92 | 5.13 | 0.590 |
California | 4.69b | 4.30 | 0.059 | 3.50 | 3.61 | 0.739 | 8.03a | 6.77 | 0.014 | 4.25 | 3.97 | 0.253 | 4.81a | 4.37 | 0.049 |
Colorado | 5.20 | 4.87 | 0.344 | 4.39 | 3.86 | 0.252 | 9.61 | 8.36 | 0.174 | 4.56 | 4.43 | 0.743 | 5.29 | 4.98 | 0.417 |
Connecticut | 4.39 | 4.21 | 0.568 | 3.44 | 3.23 | 0.605 | 7.18 | 7.52 | 0.690 | 4.05 | 3.79 | 0.469 | 4.49 | 4.31 | 0.606 |
Delaware | 4.45 | 4.23 | 0.456 | 3.07 | 2.89 | 0.608 | 7.34 | 6.90 | 0.592 | 4.16 | 3.98 | 0.608 | 4.58 | 4.35 | 0.490 |
District of Columbia | 4.50 | 4.39 | 0.716 | 2.89a | 3.91 | 0.039 | 6.89 | 6.86 | 0.966 | 4.12 | 3.94 | 0.619 | 4.59 | 4.42 | 0.591 |
Florida | 4.06 | 4.18 | 0.607 | 3.42 | 3.44 | 0.937 | 6.40 | 6.58 | 0.721 | 3.79 | 3.93 | 0.635 | 4.11 | 4.25 | 0.612 |
Georgia | 4.10b | 3.61 | 0.058 | 3.49a | 2.74 | 0.049 | 6.98 | 6.47 | 0.462 | 3.68 | 3.24 | 0.140 | 4.17 | 3.71 | 0.103 |
Hawaii | 3.87b | 3.32 | 0.052 | 3.16 | 2.66 | 0.221 | 7.01 | 6.27 | 0.353 | 3.48 | 2.99 | 0.133 | 3.93b | 3.38 | 0.070 |
Idaho | 5.09a | 4.25 | 0.008 | 4.08 | 3.45 | 0.157 | 9.77a | 7.20 | 0.001 | 4.45 | 3.87 | 0.134 | 5.21a | 4.34 | 0.014 |
Illinois | 4.06b | 3.70 | 0.096 | 3.99a | 3.24 | 0.027 | 8.22b | 7.12 | 0.094 | 3.38 | 3.20 | 0.470 | 4.07 | 3.74 | 0.183 |
Indiana | 4.92 | 4.83 | 0.773 | 4.57b | 3.69 | 0.075 | 9.86 | 8.82 | 0.239 | 4.09 | 4.27 | 0.655 | 4.96 | 4.95 | 0.978 |
Iowa | 4.05 | 4.19 | 0.593 | 3.97b | 3.17 | 0.064 | 7.27 | 7.55 | 0.747 | 3.48 | 3.72 | 0.430 | 4.06 | 4.30 | 0.412 |
Kansas | 4.65 | 4.58 | 0.785 | 4.19 | 3.59 | 0.170 | 7.97 | 7.49 | 0.565 | 4.11 | 4.18 | 0.831 | 4.71 | 4.69 | 0.947 |
Kentucky | 4.78 | 4.34 | 0.194 | 3.90 | 3.40 | 0.232 | 8.31 | 7.43 | 0.265 | 4.30 | 3.95 | 0.382 | 4.87 | 4.44 | 0.241 |
Louisiana | 4.57 | 4.12 | 0.172 | 3.93a | 3.00 | 0.037 | 7.64 | 6.83 | 0.267 | 4.12 | 3.81 | 0.435 | 4.63 | 4.24 | 0.270 |
Maine | 3.96 | 3.94 | 0.941 | 3.12 | 2.70 | 0.234 | 7.37 | 7.37 | 0.996 | 3.58 | 3.60 | 0.958 | 4.03 | 4.04 | 0.971 |
Maryland | 4.15 | 3.90 | 0.377 | 3.40 | 3.05 | 0.355 | 7.82 | 7.32 | 0.517 | 3.66 | 3.47 | 0.576 | 4.22 | 3.98 | 0.443 |
Massachusetts | 3.90 | 3.60 | 0.299 | 2.78 | 2.58 | 0.586 | 6.76 | 6.08 | 0.353 | 3.53 | 3.29 | 0.480 | 4.01 | 3.70 | 0.322 |
Michigan | 4.85a | 4.37 | 0.049 | 3.99 | 3.50 | 0.149 | 8.65a | 7.10 | 0.016 | 4.31 | 4.02 | 0.310 | 4.94b | 4.46 | 0.072 |
Minnesota | 4.36 | 4.19 | 0.559 | 3.59 | 3.17 | 0.233 | 7.27 | 6.36 | 0.228 | 3.99 | 3.97 | 0.953 | 4.44 | 4.30 | 0.651 |
Mississippi | 4.54 | 4.25 | 0.282 | 4.67 | 4.31 | 0.457 | 7.58 | 7.30 | 0.723 | 3.99 | 3.71 | 0.396 | 4.53 | 4.24 | 0.339 |
Missouri | 4.52 | 4.31 | 0.515 | 4.65a | 3.53 | 0.013 | 8.18 | 7.14 | 0.164 | 3.90 | 3.94 | 0.904 | 4.50 | 4.39 | 0.746 |
Montana | 4.97 | 4.55 | 0.176 | 4.03 | 3.43 | 0.125 | 9.48 | 8.17 | 0.170 | 4.34 | 4.09 | 0.486 | 5.06 | 4.65 | 0.227 |
Nebraska | 4.28b | 3.76 | 0.053 | 3.92a | 2.98 | 0.036 | 8.30 | 7.18 | 0.178 | 3.61 | 3.25 | 0.253 | 4.32 | 3.84 | 0.105 |
Nevada | 4.96 | 4.97 | 0.976 | 4.09 | 3.78 | 0.497 | 7.86 | 8.07 | 0.812 | 4.63 | 4.66 | 0.944 | 5.05 | 5.09 | 0.916 |
New Hampshire | 4.60 | 4.22 | 0.244 | 3.12 | 3.00 | 0.760 | 8.29 | 7.06 | 0.127 | 4.17 | 3.91 | 0.484 | 4.73 | 4.33 | 0.252 |
New Jersey | 3.75 | 3.57 | 0.461 | 2.57 | 2.46 | 0.716 | 7.06 | 6.52 | 0.395 | 3.39 | 3.26 | 0.649 | 3.87 | 3.68 | 0.482 |
New Mexico | 4.61 | 4.15 | 0.167 | 3.97 | 3.32 | 0.168 | 8.14 | 7.76 | 0.657 | 4.09 | 3.66 | 0.271 | 4.67 | 4.24 | 0.228 |
New York | 3.87a | 3.43 | 0.037 | 2.67 | 2.47 | 0.455 | 6.91 | 6.19 | 0.197 | 3.49b | 3.09 | 0.094 | 3.98a | 3.52 | 0.043 |
North Carolina | 4.66 | 4.28 | 0.154 | 4.11 | 3.60 | 0.188 | 8.57 | 7.59 | 0.209 | 4.10 | 3.84 | 0.415 | 4.72 | 4.35 | 0.210 |
North Dakota | 4.52 | 4.06 | 0.105 | 4.19a | 3.28 | 0.038 | 7.19 | 6.96 | 0.766 | 3.98 | 3.55 | 0.193 | 4.55 | 4.13 | 0.171 |
Ohio | 4.54 | 4.67 | 0.584 | 3.80 | 3.49 | 0.332 | 7.95 | 8.00 | 0.940 | 4.08 | 4.28 | 0.481 | 4.61 | 4.79 | 0.506 |
Oklahoma | 4.81 | 4.38 | 0.207 | 4.38 | 3.75 | 0.176 | 8.75 | 8.25 | 0.585 | 4.17 | 3.79 | 0.360 | 4.85 | 4.45 | 0.280 |
Oregon | 5.44 | 5.35 | 0.798 | 3.57 | 3.68 | 0.806 | 10.34a | 8.59 | 0.047 | 4.90 | 5.05 | 0.720 | 5.62 | 5.51 | 0.775 |
Pennsylvania | 4.38 | 4.24 | 0.588 | 2.91 | 2.73 | 0.516 | 7.65 | 7.18 | 0.454 | 4.03 | 3.95 | 0.805 | 4.52 | 4.38 | 0.628 |
Rhode Island | 4.75 | 4.59 | 0.620 | 3.55 | 3.32 | 0.563 | 7.99 | 7.42 | 0.501 | 4.29 | 4.22 | 0.847 | 4.86 | 4.70 | 0.661 |
South Carolina | 4.56 | 4.32 | 0.404 | 4.14 | 3.77 | 0.383 | 8.85 | 8.17 | 0.421 | 3.91 | 3.78 | 0.675 | 4.60 | 4.37 | 0.469 |
South Dakota | 4.55 | 4.51 | 0.897 | 4.05 | 3.66 | 0.369 | 8.36 | 7.80 | 0.511 | 3.94 | 4.05 | 0.761 | 4.60 | 4.60 | 0.998 |
Tennessee | 4.75a | 4.16 | 0.050 | 3.93 | 3.32 | 0.146 | 9.44 | 8.03 | 0.109 | 4.09 | 3.65 | 0.203 | 4.84b | 4.25 | 0.076 |
Texas | 4.48a | 4.02 | 0.018 | 4.22a | 3.39 | 0.025 | 6.92 | 6.94 | 0.970 | 4.07a | 3.58 | 0.034 | 4.51a | 4.09 | 0.050 |
Utah | 4.93 | 4.66 | 0.357 | 3.71 | 3.45 | 0.492 | 8.29 | 7.49 | 0.315 | 4.37 | 4.23 | 0.690 | 5.10 | 4.83 | 0.416 |
Vermont | 4.81b | 4.22 | 0.058 | 3.24 | 2.76 | 0.157 | 9.71b | 8.02 | 0.069 | 4.10 | 3.71 | 0.252 | 4.94b | 4.35 | 0.075 |
Virginia | 4.14 | 3.85 | 0.249 | 3.58 | 3.15 | 0.212 | 7.36 | 7.04 | 0.637 | 3.68 | 3.42 | 0.385 | 4.20 | 3.92 | 0.315 |
Washington | 5.37 | 4.94 | 0.208 | 3.71 | 3.45 | 0.539 | 7.82 | 6.97 | 0.302 | 5.17 | 4.79 | 0.360 | 5.53 | 5.08 | 0.231 |
West Virginia | 4.31 | 4.06 | 0.421 | 3.59b | 2.86 | 0.087 | 8.12 | 7.19 | 0.240 | 3.82 | 3.73 | 0.798 | 4.37 | 4.17 | 0.542 |
Wisconsin | 4.03 | 3.83 | 0.515 | 3.39 | 3.04 | 0.382 | 7.18 | 7.37 | 0.826 | 3.58 | 3.35 | 0.486 | 4.09 | 3.91 | 0.586 |
Wyoming | 4.53 | 4.18 | 0.246 | 3.80b | 3.09 | 0.081 | 8.37 | 7.41 | 0.273 | 3.98 | 3.80 | 0.608 | 4.60 | 4.29 | 0.348 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. NOTE: Prescription psychotherapeutic subtypes were revised in 2016; one effect was the comparability of codeine products between 2015 and 2016. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 51.21 | 51.21 | 0.994 | 9.40 | 9.54 | 0.530 | 57.75a | 56.74 | 0.012 | 55.10 | 55.22 | 0.670 | 55.48 | 55.43 | 0.854 |
Northeast | 56.02 | 56.44 | 0.310 | 10.95 | 10.64 | 0.424 | 63.92 | 63.24 | 0.392 | 59.67 | 60.30 | 0.211 | 60.27 | 60.71 | 0.328 |
Midwest | 54.36 | 54.36 | 0.988 | 9.82 | 10.09 | 0.384 | 61.60 | 60.78 | 0.241 | 58.56 | 58.62 | 0.886 | 59.00 | 58.92 | 0.855 |
South | 47.48 | 47.13 | 0.241 | 8.71 | 9.05 | 0.222 | 54.56a | 52.87 | 0.013 | 51.03 | 50.79 | 0.514 | 51.53 | 51.07 | 0.178 |
West | 50.67 | 50.99 | 0.417 | 9.06 | 9.08 | 0.963 | 54.76 | 54.43 | 0.690 | 55.01 | 55.43 | 0.390 | 54.98 | 55.29 | 0.472 |
Alabama | 40.79 | 41.98 | 0.288 | 8.08 | 8.88 | 0.343 | 50.76 | 50.18 | 0.758 | 43.06 | 44.56 | 0.277 | 44.16 | 45.34 | 0.333 |
Alaska | 52.72 | 51.61 | 0.315 | 10.23 | 10.10 | 0.885 | 58.93b | 55.68 | 0.091 | 57.24 | 56.35 | 0.518 | 57.50 | 56.25 | 0.309 |
Arizona | 50.94 | 50.40 | 0.644 | 7.95 | 8.26 | 0.698 | 54.01 | 52.61 | 0.462 | 55.78 | 55.20 | 0.689 | 55.53 | 54.83 | 0.595 |
Arkansas | 40.14 | 39.89 | 0.828 | 8.93 | 8.92 | 0.986 | 49.43 | 48.15 | 0.460 | 42.45 | 42.35 | 0.940 | 43.45 | 43.17 | 0.822 |
California | 49.74 | 50.45 | 0.229 | 9.08 | 8.95 | 0.821 | 54.10 | 53.66 | 0.701 | 53.88 | 54.85 | 0.190 | 53.91 | 54.68 | 0.245 |
Colorado | 57.53b | 59.48 | 0.071 | 10.16 | 9.75 | 0.665 | 63.75 | 62.66 | 0.497 | 62.10a | 64.79 | 0.046 | 62.33b | 64.49 | 0.069 |
Connecticut | 59.09 | 60.21 | 0.321 | 11.21 | 11.42 | 0.836 | 67.37 | 67.03 | 0.849 | 63.34 | 64.73 | 0.323 | 63.91 | 65.05 | 0.361 |
Delaware | 52.04 | 51.38 | 0.567 | 9.05 | 8.38 | 0.424 | 57.10 | 54.78 | 0.216 | 55.96 | 55.51 | 0.752 | 56.11 | 55.42 | 0.588 |
District of Columbia | 68.65b | 66.79 | 0.065 | 9.70 | 8.42 | 0.196 | 73.63a | 69.71 | 0.033 | 71.64 | 70.17 | 0.222 | 71.98b | 70.08 | 0.074 |
Florida | 53.43a | 51.80 | 0.022 | 9.15 | 9.86 | 0.260 | 57.50 | 56.43 | 0.403 | 57.30a | 55.30 | 0.021 | 57.33a | 55.44 | 0.015 |
Georgia | 45.88 | 44.78 | 0.257 | 6.90 | 7.76 | 0.221 | 53.90a | 50.71 | 0.040 | 49.67 | 48.65 | 0.398 | 50.30 | 48.94 | 0.212 |
Hawaii | 43.98 | 45.13 | 0.387 | 9.10 | 8.13 | 0.297 | 52.01b | 55.13 | 0.089 | 46.44 | 47.54 | 0.493 | 47.15 | 48.46 | 0.365 |
Idaho | 44.62b | 46.47 | 0.088 | 8.93 | 9.07 | 0.869 | 47.92 | 49.44 | 0.410 | 49.13 | 51.25 | 0.125 | 48.95b | 50.99 | 0.094 |
Illinois | 53.41 | 54.53 | 0.166 | 9.66 | 10.33 | 0.299 | 60.76 | 59.68 | 0.424 | 57.53 | 59.02 | 0.138 | 57.99 | 59.12 | 0.206 |
Indiana | 50.48 | 49.89 | 0.589 | 9.32 | 9.21 | 0.899 | 59.42 | 59.83 | 0.818 | 54.18 | 53.32 | 0.531 | 54.97 | 54.29 | 0.576 |
Iowa | 57.42 | 58.44 | 0.341 | 9.42 | 9.68 | 0.776 | 65.17 | 64.91 | 0.878 | 61.86 | 63.21 | 0.317 | 62.36 | 63.46 | 0.355 |
Kansas | 55.46b | 57.20 | 0.093 | 10.27 | 10.27 | 0.997 | 58.72 | 59.53 | 0.633 | 60.83 | 62.94 | 0.112 | 60.50b | 62.42 | 0.097 |
Kentucky | 40.94 | 39.80 | 0.281 | 9.35 | 10.25 | 0.335 | 50.84 | 49.27 | 0.378 | 43.06 | 41.74 | 0.321 | 44.16 | 42.79 | 0.245 |
Louisiana | 50.36 | 50.12 | 0.827 | 10.55 | 10.19 | 0.714 | 55.58 | 54.27 | 0.467 | 54.42 | 54.34 | 0.952 | 54.59 | 54.33 | 0.829 |
Maine | 56.97 | 56.16 | 0.504 | 11.71 | 11.24 | 0.638 | 64.86 | 64.29 | 0.730 | 60.35 | 59.37 | 0.510 | 60.89 | 59.96 | 0.485 |
Maryland | 55.88a | 53.30 | 0.023 | 9.73 | 9.48 | 0.780 | 62.32b | 59.08 | 0.055 | 60.18a | 57.41 | 0.047 | 60.47a | 57.64 | 0.023 |
Massachusetts | 59.17b | 61.36 | 0.061 | 11.31 | 12.72 | 0.214 | 69.57 | 70.51 | 0.573 | 62.48b | 64.91 | 0.091 | 63.53b | 65.73 | 0.083 |
Michigan | 53.24 | 53.18 | 0.939 | 10.39 | 10.76 | 0.588 | 59.58 | 58.90 | 0.583 | 57.30 | 57.21 | 0.934 | 57.63 | 57.45 | 0.842 |
Minnesota | 59.65b | 57.93 | 0.100 | 10.38 | 9.78 | 0.492 | 66.47 | 65.46 | 0.556 | 64.42 | 62.46 | 0.128 | 64.71 | 62.87 | 0.112 |
Mississippi | 36.94 | 38.22 | 0.251 | 7.69 | 7.65 | 0.962 | 46.68 | 44.24 | 0.212 | 39.03 | 41.12 | 0.129 | 40.18 | 41.58 | 0.256 |
Missouri | 51.39 | 50.93 | 0.669 | 9.91 | 10.80 | 0.346 | 59.04b | 55.78 | 0.064 | 55.07 | 54.87 | 0.883 | 55.63 | 55.00 | 0.597 |
Montana | 57.49 | 57.53 | 0.969 | 11.05 | 12.82 | 0.107 | 61.98 | 64.38 | 0.172 | 61.82 | 61.26 | 0.678 | 61.84 | 61.69 | 0.897 |
Nebraska | 58.92 | 58.34 | 0.595 | 8.99 | 10.21 | 0.166 | 62.44 | 62.94 | 0.778 | 64.70 | 63.73 | 0.473 | 64.36 | 63.60 | 0.534 |
Nevada | 50.92a | 48.25 | 0.032 | 12.28a | 9.63 | 0.005 | 53.25b | 49.94 | 0.088 | 55.08b | 52.45 | 0.085 | 54.85a | 52.14 | 0.049 |
New Hampshire | 63.54 | 63.12 | 0.705 | 11.49 | 11.30 | 0.859 | 69.23 | 69.33 | 0.952 | 68.17 | 67.56 | 0.654 | 68.31 | 67.80 | 0.669 |
New Jersey | 53.56 | 53.13 | 0.664 | 10.55 | 10.87 | 0.720 | 61.28 | 59.91 | 0.396 | 57.40 | 56.99 | 0.730 | 57.91 | 57.37 | 0.617 |
New Mexico | 48.47 | 48.98 | 0.679 | 9.91 | 10.32 | 0.668 | 54.35 | 53.37 | 0.593 | 52.30 | 53.04 | 0.624 | 52.59 | 53.09 | 0.713 |
New York | 54.65 | 54.73 | 0.919 | 11.37a | 9.85 | 0.028 | 62.60 | 62.07 | 0.667 | 57.99 | 58.29 | 0.735 | 58.65 | 58.82 | 0.830 |
North Carolina | 44.34 | 44.43 | 0.924 | 7.25a | 8.81 | 0.045 | 53.47a | 49.57 | 0.017 | 47.32 | 47.85 | 0.657 | 48.17 | 48.09 | 0.933 |
North Dakota | 59.98 | 59.70 | 0.793 | 11.94 | 10.97 | 0.330 | 68.68 | 67.58 | 0.501 | 63.43 | 63.52 | 0.945 | 64.37 | 64.20 | 0.885 |
Ohio | 51.90 | 51.06 | 0.297 | 8.89 | 9.13 | 0.705 | 59.93 | 58.68 | 0.345 | 55.75 | 54.80 | 0.344 | 56.33 | 55.33 | 0.259 |
Oklahoma | 42.34a | 44.79 | 0.034 | 8.71 | 8.88 | 0.860 | 51.94 | 52.60 | 0.725 | 44.99a | 48.05 | 0.032 | 46.02a | 48.72 | 0.036 |
Oregon | 58.72 | 58.49 | 0.822 | 9.95 | 10.54 | 0.536 | 62.80 | 62.70 | 0.953 | 63.28 | 62.88 | 0.747 | 63.22 | 62.86 | 0.748 |
Pennsylvania | 55.78 | 56.42 | 0.408 | 10.02 | 10.06 | 0.959 | 62.27 | 60.30 | 0.127 | 59.72 | 60.79 | 0.259 | 60.07 | 60.73 | 0.432 |
Rhode Island | 61.03 | 60.15 | 0.450 | 12.10 | 11.01 | 0.312 | 67.35 | 67.96 | 0.720 | 65.05 | 63.88 | 0.416 | 65.40 | 64.49 | 0.468 |
South Carolina | 45.36 | 45.33 | 0.979 | 8.57 | 8.65 | 0.930 | 56.53b | 53.32 | 0.061 | 47.78 | 48.23 | 0.747 | 48.99 | 48.91 | 0.955 |
South Dakota | 58.85 | 59.47 | 0.556 | 10.66 | 11.27 | 0.539 | 64.72 | 64.44 | 0.871 | 63.76 | 64.59 | 0.519 | 63.90 | 64.57 | 0.562 |
Tennessee | 42.83 | 43.68 | 0.429 | 7.94 | 9.01 | 0.193 | 49.58 | 50.52 | 0.601 | 45.84 | 46.63 | 0.556 | 46.36 | 47.16 | 0.499 |
Texas | 47.14 | 47.12 | 0.976 | 8.86 | 8.77 | 0.880 | 52.66 | 51.65 | 0.404 | 51.58 | 51.74 | 0.834 | 51.74 | 51.72 | 0.977 |
Utah | 29.83 | 29.25 | 0.611 | 5.25 | 5.77 | 0.494 | 37.41 | 36.17 | 0.534 | 32.37 | 31.76 | 0.685 | 33.29 | 32.54 | 0.561 |
Vermont | 60.17 | 62.09 | 0.109 | 12.86 | 13.62 | 0.511 | 69.00 | 70.91 | 0.256 | 63.39 | 65.34 | 0.188 | 64.22 | 66.16 | 0.137 |
Virginia | 52.02 | 52.31 | 0.760 | 10.20 | 9.62 | 0.473 | 61.60b | 58.85 | 0.060 | 55.28 | 56.16 | 0.451 | 56.17 | 56.53 | 0.733 |
Washington | 55.80 | 55.23 | 0.606 | 8.86 | 10.05 | 0.219 | 57.37b | 60.41 | 0.075 | 60.80 | 59.42 | 0.307 | 60.34 | 59.55 | 0.517 |
West Virginia | 40.71 | 39.73 | 0.439 | 10.70 | 10.10 | 0.503 | 54.37 | 53.31 | 0.560 | 41.77 | 40.78 | 0.520 | 43.39 | 42.38 | 0.460 |
Wisconsin | 60.86 | 61.60 | 0.488 | 10.90 | 10.73 | 0.869 | 68.59 | 68.43 | 0.921 | 65.45 | 66.42 | 0.466 | 65.90 | 66.71 | 0.494 |
Wyoming | 52.00b | 49.88 | 0.080 | 9.73 | 9.68 | 0.962 | 61.28b | 57.76 | 0.075 | 55.45 | 53.37 | 0.159 | 56.28b | 53.97 | 0.083 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 24.58 | 24.37 | 0.267 | 5.33b | 5.06 | 0.097 | 38.69a | 37.62 | 0.006 | 24.52 | 24.49 | 0.860 | 26.54 | 26.33 | 0.287 |
Northeast | 26.28 | 26.45 | 0.634 | 6.16 | 5.83 | 0.235 | 44.03 | 43.73 | 0.671 | 25.61 | 25.92 | 0.468 | 28.18 | 28.36 | 0.614 |
Midwest | 26.48 | 26.42 | 0.834 | 5.87 | 5.59 | 0.244 | 42.30 | 41.48 | 0.195 | 26.33 | 26.43 | 0.783 | 28.63 | 28.57 | 0.862 |
South | 23.26b | 22.81 | 0.068 | 4.83 | 4.60 | 0.253 | 35.80a | 34.00 | 0.002 | 23.43 | 23.19 | 0.443 | 25.18b | 24.69 | 0.074 |
West | 23.68 | 23.47 | 0.515 | 5.09 | 4.82 | 0.277 | 36.08 | 35.35 | 0.302 | 23.82 | 23.73 | 0.828 | 25.61 | 25.39 | 0.529 |
Alabama | 21.21 | 21.40 | 0.811 | 4.45 | 4.43 | 0.968 | 33.51 | 31.46 | 0.215 | 21.18 | 21.78 | 0.549 | 22.93 | 23.13 | 0.825 |
Alaska | 24.96 | 24.20 | 0.350 | 5.59 | 5.08 | 0.397 | 38.37 | 35.75 | 0.147 | 25.08 | 24.75 | 0.745 | 27.14 | 26.33 | 0.373 |
Arizona | 22.56 | 23.10 | 0.541 | 4.43 | 4.66 | 0.659 | 34.25 | 33.39 | 0.617 | 22.84 | 23.66 | 0.464 | 24.49 | 25.04 | 0.574 |
Arkansas | 20.29 | 19.49 | 0.326 | 4.99 | 4.59 | 0.510 | 32.92 | 31.55 | 0.394 | 20.08 | 19.34 | 0.469 | 21.91 | 21.06 | 0.346 |
California | 23.97 | 23.52 | 0.352 | 5.10 | 4.62 | 0.192 | 35.97 | 34.99 | 0.346 | 24.16 | 23.82 | 0.583 | 25.91 | 25.44 | 0.378 |
Colorado | 26.52 | 26.97 | 0.604 | 5.75 | 5.59 | 0.819 | 43.80b | 40.44 | 0.073 | 26.08 | 27.28 | 0.267 | 28.62 | 29.12 | 0.603 |
Connecticut | 27.03 | 28.30 | 0.182 | 6.09 | 6.38 | 0.697 | 46.05 | 47.02 | 0.610 | 26.39 | 27.78 | 0.232 | 29.14 | 30.47 | 0.202 |
Delaware | 22.63 | 22.51 | 0.888 | 4.61 | 4.30 | 0.595 | 38.98 | 37.87 | 0.543 | 22.09 | 22.19 | 0.919 | 24.34 | 24.23 | 0.902 |
District of Columbia | 37.90 | 37.01 | 0.432 | 5.56 | 4.84 | 0.287 | 53.48 | 53.01 | 0.820 | 36.88 | 36.07 | 0.550 | 39.72 | 38.83 | 0.449 |
Florida | 25.34 | 24.66 | 0.277 | 4.93 | 5.11 | 0.666 | 37.28 | 35.56 | 0.131 | 25.70 | 25.09 | 0.418 | 27.14 | 26.36 | 0.253 |
Georgia | 21.54 | 20.61 | 0.192 | 3.83 | 3.52 | 0.482 | 33.79b | 31.39 | 0.068 | 21.78 | 21.05 | 0.413 | 23.55 | 22.54 | 0.201 |
Hawaii | 20.61 | 20.44 | 0.835 | 4.89 | 4.42 | 0.424 | 33.73 | 34.09 | 0.833 | 20.32 | 20.19 | 0.896 | 22.04 | 21.88 | 0.860 |
Idaho | 20.87 | 21.70 | 0.316 | 4.95 | 5.07 | 0.853 | 31.87 | 32.82 | 0.562 | 21.28 | 22.20 | 0.379 | 22.81 | 23.71 | 0.326 |
Illinois | 26.25b | 27.53 | 0.065 | 5.92 | 5.72 | 0.694 | 43.08 | 42.92 | 0.903 | 25.96a | 27.67 | 0.046 | 28.38b | 29.80 | 0.064 |
Indiana | 23.43 | 23.06 | 0.648 | 5.62 | 5.09 | 0.406 | 37.97 | 38.24 | 0.880 | 23.14 | 22.69 | 0.657 | 25.37 | 25.00 | 0.684 |
Iowa | 29.14 | 29.66 | 0.578 | 6.15 | 5.90 | 0.727 | 46.79 | 46.38 | 0.820 | 28.77 | 29.56 | 0.503 | 31.51 | 32.10 | 0.561 |
Kansas | 25.75 | 26.13 | 0.654 | 6.36 | 6.36 | 0.999 | 39.90 | 39.68 | 0.904 | 25.74 | 26.30 | 0.602 | 27.91 | 28.33 | 0.660 |
Kentucky | 22.10 | 21.79 | 0.706 | 5.61 | 5.95 | 0.623 | 35.05 | 33.83 | 0.471 | 21.93 | 21.70 | 0.823 | 23.78 | 23.39 | 0.671 |
Louisiana | 26.31 | 26.72 | 0.640 | 5.64 | 5.21 | 0.503 | 36.98 | 35.73 | 0.476 | 27.07 | 27.87 | 0.466 | 28.51 | 28.98 | 0.619 |
Maine | 24.80 | 23.53 | 0.154 | 6.61 | 5.94 | 0.347 | 41.30 | 40.11 | 0.509 | 24.36 | 22.99 | 0.205 | 26.37 | 25.02 | 0.162 |
Maryland | 25.75a | 23.77 | 0.013 | 5.36 | 4.63 | 0.207 | 43.03a | 39.58 | 0.036 | 25.38b | 23.53 | 0.062 | 27.77a | 25.66 | 0.016 |
Massachusetts | 28.50a | 31.50 | 0.002 | 6.35 | 7.43 | 0.183 | 46.81a | 50.76 | 0.038 | 27.69a | 30.73 | 0.008 | 30.52a | 33.67 | 0.002 |
Michigan | 25.40 | 25.16 | 0.709 | 6.20 | 5.46 | 0.144 | 40.09 | 39.18 | 0.482 | 25.20 | 25.12 | 0.924 | 27.36 | 27.14 | 0.753 |
Minnesota | 27.96b | 26.32 | 0.074 | 5.32 | 5.14 | 0.750 | 46.30 | 44.81 | 0.400 | 27.73 | 25.91 | 0.111 | 30.29b | 28.50 | 0.076 |
Mississippi | 19.21b | 20.62 | 0.092 | 4.11 | 3.73 | 0.470 | 27.10 | 25.76 | 0.388 | 19.78a | 21.91 | 0.047 | 20.89b | 22.48 | 0.085 |
Missouri | 25.05 | 25.23 | 0.834 | 5.62 | 5.82 | 0.765 | 40.61 | 37.98 | 0.122 | 24.79 | 25.45 | 0.537 | 27.04 | 27.20 | 0.863 |
Montana | 28.13 | 29.29 | 0.217 | 6.80 | 7.54 | 0.396 | 45.16 | 45.86 | 0.708 | 27.69 | 28.99 | 0.254 | 30.13 | 31.31 | 0.247 |
Nebraska | 28.81 | 29.00 | 0.839 | 6.18 | 6.56 | 0.564 | 43.51 | 43.56 | 0.977 | 29.09 | 29.31 | 0.856 | 31.28 | 31.46 | 0.863 |
Nevada | 24.64 | 23.62 | 0.276 | 6.56b | 5.41 | 0.076 | 33.83 | 31.43 | 0.154 | 25.37 | 24.58 | 0.495 | 26.48 | 25.45 | 0.319 |
New Hampshire | 28.05 | 28.58 | 0.565 | 6.37 | 5.79 | 0.407 | 45.24 | 46.36 | 0.541 | 27.64 | 28.20 | 0.618 | 30.04 | 30.63 | 0.550 |
New Jersey | 23.28 | 24.21 | 0.235 | 5.65 | 5.48 | 0.778 | 40.29 | 40.32 | 0.983 | 22.78 | 23.97 | 0.217 | 25.06 | 26.09 | 0.231 |
New Mexico | 25.57 | 24.41 | 0.198 | 5.77 | 5.50 | 0.706 | 35.57 | 33.01 | 0.126 | 26.36 | 25.33 | 0.363 | 27.68 | 26.42 | 0.202 |
New York | 25.60 | 25.00 | 0.320 | 6.67a | 5.45 | 0.014 | 43.75 | 42.52 | 0.302 | 24.61 | 24.22 | 0.605 | 27.35 | 26.78 | 0.388 |
North Carolina | 21.34 | 20.35 | 0.169 | 4.32 | 4.61 | 0.588 | 35.58a | 30.89 | 0.001 | 21.08 | 20.56 | 0.555 | 23.09 | 21.97 | 0.150 |
North Dakota | 31.86 | 31.21 | 0.470 | 6.80 | 6.24 | 0.457 | 49.86 | 48.14 | 0.328 | 30.74 | 30.50 | 0.838 | 34.15 | 33.52 | 0.517 |
Ohio | 26.17a | 24.85 | 0.039 | 5.55 | 5.12 | 0.351 | 40.76 | 39.22 | 0.228 | 26.29b | 24.89 | 0.078 | 28.30a | 26.86 | 0.041 |
Oklahoma | 21.05 | 22.05 | 0.187 | 4.90 | 4.92 | 0.971 | 32.39 | 33.61 | 0.481 | 21.14 | 22.27 | 0.246 | 22.82 | 23.93 | 0.188 |
Oregon | 23.38b | 24.95 | 0.078 | 5.28 | 5.44 | 0.793 | 37.65 | 40.17 | 0.130 | 23.13 | 24.72 | 0.148 | 25.05b | 26.73 | 0.083 |
Pennsylvania | 27.80 | 26.81 | 0.160 | 5.51 | 5.54 | 0.962 | 44.66b | 42.51 | 0.090 | 27.56 | 26.66 | 0.296 | 29.88 | 28.78 | 0.152 |
Rhode Island | 28.34 | 29.07 | 0.443 | 6.54 | 6.30 | 0.736 | 44.37 | 44.38 | 0.995 | 27.73 | 28.70 | 0.414 | 30.29 | 31.08 | 0.444 |
South Carolina | 22.66 | 23.47 | 0.331 | 4.67 | 4.87 | 0.741 | 37.50 | 35.60 | 0.269 | 22.34 | 23.68 | 0.192 | 24.43 | 25.29 | 0.348 |
South Dakota | 29.37 | 30.84 | 0.152 | 6.82 | 7.10 | 0.733 | 47.51 | 45.58 | 0.280 | 28.99b | 31.29 | 0.073 | 31.73 | 33.36 | 0.152 |
Tennessee | 20.40 | 20.40 | 0.998 | 4.53 | 4.84 | 0.586 | 31.20 | 29.48 | 0.310 | 20.51 | 20.77 | 0.806 | 22.00 | 21.96 | 0.965 |
Texas | 23.68 | 23.35 | 0.538 | 4.95b | 4.27 | 0.093 | 34.68 | 33.67 | 0.342 | 24.34 | 24.20 | 0.842 | 25.94 | 25.64 | 0.623 |
Utah | 16.49 | 16.22 | 0.704 | 3.54 | 3.57 | 0.962 | 27.81 | 27.32 | 0.758 | 16.18 | 15.93 | 0.795 | 18.32 | 18.00 | 0.688 |
Vermont | 26.90 | 27.32 | 0.649 | 7.82 | 7.15 | 0.411 | 47.52 | 49.25 | 0.383 | 25.21 | 25.50 | 0.803 | 28.53 | 29.02 | 0.630 |
Virginia | 24.53 | 23.47 | 0.161 | 5.32 | 4.83 | 0.339 | 40.75 | 39.01 | 0.232 | 24.10 | 23.12 | 0.298 | 26.44 | 25.31 | 0.174 |
Washington | 23.48 | 22.71 | 0.353 | 4.83 | 5.02 | 0.768 | 36.15 | 37.90 | 0.325 | 23.56 | 22.33 | 0.225 | 25.28 | 24.41 | 0.331 |
West Virginia | 22.59 | 21.51 | 0.195 | 6.13 | 5.67 | 0.490 | 39.98 | 37.79 | 0.226 | 21.71 | 20.76 | 0.352 | 24.06 | 22.93 | 0.209 |
Wisconsin | 30.15 | 30.81 | 0.499 | 6.13 | 6.02 | 0.872 | 47.04 | 46.92 | 0.950 | 30.18 | 31.05 | 0.476 | 32.57 | 33.29 | 0.501 |
Wyoming | 24.96 | 23.81 | 0.182 | 5.64 | 5.23 | 0.500 | 42.28 | 39.41 | 0.106 | 24.38 | 23.52 | 0.430 | 26.92 | 25.70 | 0.199 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Binge Alcohol Use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. In 2015, the definition for females changed from five to four drinks. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 44.30 | 44.50 | 0.346 | 43.30 | 43.83 | 0.150 | 36.91b | 37.53 | 0.090 | 45.66 | 45.72 | 0.809 | 44.41 | 44.57 | 0.477 |
Northeast | 43.01 | 43.05 | 0.920 | 42.95 | 43.83 | 0.176 | 34.19 | 34.58 | 0.514 | 44.45 | 44.32 | 0.791 | 43.02 | 42.98 | 0.930 |
Midwest | 39.62b | 40.29 | 0.059 | 39.60 | 40.45 | 0.117 | 32.12b | 33.09 | 0.054 | 40.89 | 41.46 | 0.190 | 39.62b | 40.27 | 0.090 |
South | 46.17 | 46.33 | 0.577 | 45.48 | 45.73 | 0.600 | 39.22a | 40.45 | 0.014 | 47.40 | 47.36 | 0.919 | 46.24 | 46.40 | 0.631 |
West | 46.52 | 46.42 | 0.812 | 43.36 | 43.77 | 0.521 | 39.56 | 39.10 | 0.473 | 48.09 | 47.96 | 0.784 | 46.84 | 46.69 | 0.731 |
Alabama | 46.56a | 43.61 | 0.007 | 44.37 | 42.67 | 0.309 | 39.94 | 38.05 | 0.246 | 47.93a | 44.62 | 0.015 | 46.79a | 43.70 | 0.009 |
Alaska | 41.66 | 42.84 | 0.261 | 39.14 | 39.50 | 0.827 | 34.77 | 33.32 | 0.384 | 43.27 | 44.89 | 0.222 | 41.95 | 43.22 | 0.266 |
Arizona | 47.83 | 46.03 | 0.112 | 46.50 | 44.68 | 0.299 | 38.70 | 39.90 | 0.478 | 49.56b | 47.23 | 0.098 | 47.98 | 46.18 | 0.143 |
Arkansas | 43.53 | 43.12 | 0.707 | 44.59 | 43.94 | 0.686 | 35.27 | 35.33 | 0.971 | 44.78 | 44.31 | 0.732 | 43.42 | 43.04 | 0.747 |
California | 48.89 | 49.13 | 0.701 | 43.97 | 45.59 | 0.126 | 41.87 | 41.11 | 0.466 | 50.72 | 50.91 | 0.798 | 49.40 | 49.49 | 0.894 |
Colorado | 41.73 | 43.08 | 0.192 | 40.90 | 40.21 | 0.689 | 32.12 | 34.02 | 0.218 | 43.44 | 44.89 | 0.265 | 41.81 | 43.36 | 0.167 |
Connecticut | 42.93 | 43.48 | 0.647 | 43.21 | 43.24 | 0.988 | 32.40 | 32.61 | 0.894 | 44.61 | 45.27 | 0.657 | 42.90 | 43.50 | 0.645 |
Delaware | 43.71 | 43.30 | 0.698 | 44.38 | 44.43 | 0.975 | 38.74 | 38.59 | 0.929 | 44.40 | 43.88 | 0.685 | 43.64 | 43.20 | 0.692 |
District of Columbia | 41.99 | 41.95 | 0.969 | 46.20 | 46.59 | 0.831 | 34.34 | 33.04 | 0.457 | 43.29 | 43.38 | 0.945 | 41.75 | 41.69 | 0.952 |
Florida | 47.14 | 46.21 | 0.217 | 45.02 | 44.36 | 0.570 | 40.64 | 40.48 | 0.889 | 48.27 | 47.17 | 0.229 | 47.33 | 46.37 | 0.238 |
Georgia | 46.14a | 49.32 | 0.001 | 49.66a | 53.04 | 0.020 | 41.67 | 43.24 | 0.295 | 46.45a | 49.86 | 0.005 | 45.74a | 48.90 | 0.003 |
Hawaii | 48.02 | 46.91 | 0.346 | 47.04 | 46.31 | 0.702 | 40.79 | 41.08 | 0.871 | 49.18 | 47.77 | 0.328 | 48.11 | 46.96 | 0.367 |
Idaho | 43.68 | 42.66 | 0.344 | 42.91 | 42.22 | 0.682 | 38.21 | 36.12 | 0.213 | 44.72 | 43.81 | 0.498 | 43.77 | 42.71 | 0.367 |
Illinois | 43.73 | 43.00 | 0.352 | 41.10 | 43.07 | 0.113 | 34.37 | 35.67 | 0.277 | 45.60 | 44.18 | 0.149 | 44.01 | 42.99 | 0.238 |
Indiana | 41.98 | 42.42 | 0.688 | 41.13 | 41.25 | 0.943 | 33.51 | 35.01 | 0.331 | 43.59 | 43.86 | 0.843 | 42.07 | 42.54 | 0.693 |
Iowa | 35.16 | 35.26 | 0.923 | 37.66 | 36.98 | 0.684 | 27.88 | 29.92 | 0.185 | 36.16 | 36.01 | 0.904 | 34.90 | 35.08 | 0.872 |
Kansas | 37.33 | 37.88 | 0.606 | 37.43 | 37.81 | 0.819 | 31.99 | 31.04 | 0.543 | 38.30 | 39.12 | 0.542 | 37.32 | 37.89 | 0.626 |
Kentucky | 42.34 | 43.67 | 0.201 | 42.20 | 42.75 | 0.741 | 35.41 | 35.80 | 0.803 | 43.50 | 45.06 | 0.233 | 42.35 | 43.76 | 0.215 |
Louisiana | 44.48 | 43.99 | 0.653 | 45.81 | 44.76 | 0.525 | 39.49 | 39.19 | 0.845 | 45.16 | 44.70 | 0.726 | 44.33 | 43.91 | 0.718 |
Maine | 40.00 | 40.32 | 0.781 | 37.08 | 37.72 | 0.696 | 27.99 | 29.16 | 0.426 | 41.90 | 42.05 | 0.913 | 40.25 | 40.54 | 0.815 |
Maryland | 45.97 | 46.20 | 0.835 | 46.90 | 45.50 | 0.407 | 37.32b | 39.93 | 0.093 | 47.22 | 47.23 | 0.992 | 45.88 | 46.26 | 0.745 |
Massachusetts | 39.83 | 39.76 | 0.953 | 40.28 | 41.92 | 0.332 | 30.30 | 31.01 | 0.669 | 41.44 | 41.05 | 0.758 | 39.78 | 39.57 | 0.847 |
Michigan | 39.10 | 39.79 | 0.394 | 39.67 | 40.74 | 0.389 | 32.83 | 33.91 | 0.349 | 40.11 | 40.67 | 0.575 | 39.04 | 39.70 | 0.460 |
Minnesota | 38.00 | 37.89 | 0.920 | 38.78 | 39.30 | 0.751 | 29.94 | 30.19 | 0.873 | 39.19 | 38.94 | 0.851 | 37.91 | 37.74 | 0.882 |
Mississippi | 48.16 | 47.88 | 0.793 | 48.42 | 47.23 | 0.493 | 44.02 | 43.59 | 0.804 | 48.88 | 48.71 | 0.904 | 48.14 | 47.95 | 0.875 |
Missouri | 39.44 | 40.75 | 0.224 | 40.47 | 41.11 | 0.699 | 31.42 | 33.64 | 0.142 | 40.65 | 41.86 | 0.366 | 39.34 | 40.71 | 0.235 |
Montana | 34.46 | 35.94 | 0.162 | 35.43 | 36.01 | 0.735 | 25.86 | 27.03 | 0.420 | 35.76 | 37.36 | 0.229 | 34.37 | 35.94 | 0.174 |
Nebraska | 37.44b | 39.15 | 0.098 | 37.63 | 38.31 | 0.672 | 29.75 | 30.87 | 0.490 | 38.81 | 40.74 | 0.140 | 37.42 | 39.24 | 0.106 |
Nevada | 44.56 | 46.22 | 0.151 | 40.83a | 45.75 | 0.007 | 43.72 | 44.43 | 0.700 | 45.12 | 46.53 | 0.323 | 44.93 | 46.26 | 0.295 |
New Hampshire | 38.59 | 37.94 | 0.541 | 37.95 | 37.48 | 0.769 | 29.37 | 28.93 | 0.768 | 40.11 | 39.39 | 0.575 | 38.64 | 37.98 | 0.561 |
New Jersey | 47.81 | 46.84 | 0.332 | 45.93 | 45.62 | 0.843 | 35.69 | 36.72 | 0.489 | 49.85 | 48.49 | 0.266 | 48.00 | 46.97 | 0.340 |
New Mexico | 48.35 | 47.84 | 0.637 | 44.67 | 43.41 | 0.491 | 41.72 | 41.30 | 0.805 | 49.92 | 49.46 | 0.731 | 48.74 | 48.31 | 0.711 |
New York | 45.22 | 45.30 | 0.904 | 43.72a | 46.58 | 0.013 | 37.80 | 37.22 | 0.605 | 46.62 | 46.49 | 0.874 | 45.36 | 45.19 | 0.826 |
North Carolina | 46.38 | 45.25 | 0.244 | 45.14 | 45.51 | 0.800 | 38.25 | 40.14 | 0.194 | 47.84 | 46.03 | 0.131 | 46.50 | 45.23 | 0.224 |
North Dakota | 39.47a | 37.10 | 0.015 | 39.77b | 36.97 | 0.071 | 29.31 | 28.57 | 0.615 | 41.67a | 38.90 | 0.027 | 39.44a | 37.12 | 0.027 |
Ohio | 39.88a | 42.07 | 0.003 | 40.30 | 41.96 | 0.166 | 33.57 | 34.33 | 0.520 | 40.84a | 43.32 | 0.007 | 39.83a | 42.08 | 0.005 |
Oklahoma | 44.51 | 44.60 | 0.930 | 43.47 | 42.90 | 0.741 | 36.41 | 38.87 | 0.142 | 46.06 | 45.81 | 0.848 | 44.62 | 44.78 | 0.887 |
Oregon | 41.91 | 41.16 | 0.481 | 39.42 | 38.23 | 0.471 | 33.13 | 30.77 | 0.117 | 43.51 | 43.02 | 0.702 | 42.14 | 41.42 | 0.534 |
Pennsylvania | 39.32 | 40.00 | 0.370 | 42.49 | 41.23 | 0.304 | 31.71 | 33.11 | 0.227 | 40.17 | 40.93 | 0.413 | 39.02 | 39.88 | 0.293 |
Rhode Island | 40.97 | 39.63 | 0.255 | 41.26 | 41.58 | 0.850 | 34.38 | 34.74 | 0.827 | 42.14 | 40.31 | 0.210 | 40.94 | 39.46 | 0.239 |
South Carolina | 43.64 | 44.10 | 0.683 | 42.31 | 42.44 | 0.935 | 36.89 | 37.85 | 0.544 | 44.87 | 45.26 | 0.781 | 43.77 | 44.26 | 0.687 |
South Dakota | 37.37 | 37.62 | 0.816 | 38.82 | 37.21 | 0.321 | 27.04b | 29.57 | 0.086 | 39.00 | 39.04 | 0.975 | 37.22 | 37.66 | 0.698 |
Tennessee | 46.99 | 46.88 | 0.925 | 47.71 | 44.99 | 0.109 | 38.38 | 38.82 | 0.773 | 48.30 | 48.38 | 0.951 | 46.91 | 47.07 | 0.894 |
Texas | 48.57 | 49.11 | 0.393 | 45.93 | 47.06 | 0.322 | 41.75a | 44.19 | 0.033 | 50.20 | 50.29 | 0.910 | 48.88 | 49.35 | 0.497 |
Utah | 48.95 | 47.76 | 0.269 | 51.32 | 49.33 | 0.277 | 43.19 | 42.77 | 0.829 | 49.86 | 48.61 | 0.378 | 48.61 | 47.54 | 0.370 |
Vermont | 35.76 | 37.10 | 0.234 | 34.64b | 37.55 | 0.063 | 25.03 | 27.04 | 0.211 | 37.75 | 38.81 | 0.448 | 35.85 | 37.06 | 0.318 |
Virginia | 42.32 | 43.46 | 0.222 | 42.74 | 43.89 | 0.436 | 33.39 | 35.26 | 0.196 | 43.74 | 44.72 | 0.391 | 42.28 | 43.41 | 0.263 |
Washington | 40.94 | 39.92 | 0.362 | 38.32 | 36.32 | 0.217 | 35.26 | 33.76 | 0.348 | 42.14 | 41.26 | 0.528 | 41.19 | 40.26 | 0.443 |
West Virginia | 40.75b | 43.00 | 0.054 | 37.44 | 37.80 | 0.832 | 31.12a | 35.27 | 0.010 | 42.51 | 44.65 | 0.131 | 41.04b | 43.46 | 0.055 |
Wisconsin | 34.51 | 36.01 | 0.202 | 35.67 | 35.40 | 0.876 | 28.72 | 28.37 | 0.815 | 35.33 | 37.33 | 0.165 | 34.39 | 36.07 | 0.185 |
Wyoming | 41.92 | 42.45 | 0.636 | 39.69 | 40.58 | 0.601 | 35.21 | 35.80 | 0.712 | 43.29 | 43.73 | 0.755 | 42.14 | 42.64 | 0.684 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
Alcohol Use in Past Month (2015-2016) |
Alcohol Use in Past Month (2016-2017) |
Alcohol Use in Past Month (P Value) |
Binge Alcohol Use in Past Month (2015-2016) |
Binge Alcohol Use in Past Month (2016-2017) |
Binge Alcohol Use in Past Month (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 19.83 | 19.50 | 0.287 | 12.71a | 12.00 | 0.007 |
Northeast | 23.98a | 22.91 | 0.015 | 15.62b | 14.94 | 0.091 |
Midwest | 20.92 | 21.36 | 0.213 | 13.93 | 13.70 | 0.476 |
South | 18.39b | 17.83 | 0.074 | 11.49a | 10.28 | 0.000 |
West | 18.18 | 18.09 | 0.827 | 11.50 | 11.16 | 0.342 |
Alabama | 17.32 | 18.36 | 0.313 | 10.94 | 10.80 | 0.858 |
Alaska | 22.08a | 19.53 | 0.013 | 13.07a | 11.44 | 0.042 |
Arizona | 16.74 | 17.63 | 0.304 | 10.44 | 10.70 | 0.740 |
Arkansas | 15.18 | 15.57 | 0.677 | 9.84 | 9.45 | 0.574 |
California | 17.87 | 17.90 | 0.967 | 11.29 | 11.16 | 0.814 |
Colorado | 21.48 | 20.73 | 0.458 | 13.66 | 12.93 | 0.353 |
Connecticut | 26.24a | 23.92 | 0.037 | 16.60 | 15.82 | 0.426 |
Delaware | 21.03a | 17.47 | 0.000 | 13.28a | 10.75 | 0.000 |
District of Columbia | 26.93a | 24.17 | 0.049 | 17.62 | 17.43 | 0.874 |
Florida | 20.64 | 20.26 | 0.598 | 12.26 | 11.44 | 0.128 |
Georgia | 15.73 | 15.65 | 0.920 | 9.61a | 8.36 | 0.037 |
Hawaii | 18.19 | 16.73 | 0.137 | 11.82b | 10.46 | 0.075 |
Idaho | 16.74 | 16.94 | 0.818 | 10.65 | 10.42 | 0.747 |
Illinois | 20.56 | 20.67 | 0.894 | 13.75 | 13.64 | 0.869 |
Indiana | 20.89 | 20.16 | 0.418 | 13.86b | 12.50 | 0.054 |
Iowa | 19.07a | 21.72 | 0.008 | 13.63 | 14.88 | 0.154 |
Kansas | 20.78 | 20.59 | 0.846 | 14.33 | 13.54 | 0.310 |
Kentucky | 19.57 | 19.63 | 0.959 | 13.16 | 12.92 | 0.786 |
Louisiana | 22.73a | 19.51 | 0.001 | 13.59a | 11.35 | 0.004 |
Maine | 24.83 | 24.13 | 0.497 | 16.22 | 15.16 | 0.263 |
Maryland | 21.61a | 19.12 | 0.006 | 13.32a | 10.72 | 0.000 |
Massachusetts | 29.24a | 31.78 | 0.033 | 18.32a | 22.14 | 0.000 |
Michigan | 20.96a | 22.47 | 0.045 | 14.18 | 14.15 | 0.963 |
Minnesota | 21.57 | 22.63 | 0.265 | 13.04 | 14.41 | 0.125 |
Mississippi | 16.02a | 13.92 | 0.011 | 9.36a | 7.74 | 0.017 |
Missouri | 20.88 | 21.05 | 0.862 | 13.78 | 13.25 | 0.520 |
Montana | 22.04a | 24.66 | 0.020 | 15.38 | 16.15 | 0.466 |
Nebraska | 20.86 | 20.72 | 0.891 | 14.65 | 13.86 | 0.413 |
Nevada | 21.34a | 17.08 | 0.000 | 12.13a | 9.99 | 0.005 |
New Hampshire | 28.06a | 25.45 | 0.018 | 17.85a | 15.79 | 0.035 |
New Jersey | 21.18 | 20.97 | 0.840 | 13.08 | 12.35 | 0.333 |
New Mexico | 20.80b | 19.04 | 0.084 | 12.88a | 10.60 | 0.005 |
New York | 23.24a | 20.64 | 0.000 | 15.43a | 13.36 | 0.002 |
North Carolina | 15.97a | 17.58 | 0.048 | 10.66 | 10.05 | 0.363 |
North Dakota | 31.69a | 28.14 | 0.003 | 22.13a | 19.66 | 0.024 |
Ohio | 19.86 | 20.14 | 0.706 | 13.11 | 12.48 | 0.310 |
Oklahoma | 18.04a | 16.13 | 0.031 | 10.84a | 9.48 | 0.041 |
Oregon | 20.33 | 20.83 | 0.644 | 12.21 | 12.63 | 0.594 |
Pennsylvania | 22.43b | 20.92 | 0.051 | 15.25a | 13.85 | 0.043 |
Rhode Island | 24.94 | 25.70 | 0.546 | 15.98 | 17.22 | 0.264 |
South Carolina | 19.77a | 17.90 | 0.047 | 12.64 | 11.40 | 0.116 |
South Dakota | 23.58 | 23.23 | 0.761 | 16.91 | 15.63 | 0.169 |
Tennessee | 17.34 | 16.99 | 0.684 | 11.21a | 9.79 | 0.025 |
Texas | 17.29 | 16.99 | 0.642 | 10.91a | 9.48 | 0.008 |
Utah | 10.71 | 12.11 | 0.172 | 8.13 | 8.51 | 0.620 |
Vermont | 28.86 | 28.12 | 0.576 | 20.65 | 19.60 | 0.376 |
Virginia | 19.63 | 18.45 | 0.153 | 12.23 | 11.21 | 0.129 |
Washington | 18.43 | 18.70 | 0.792 | 11.93 | 10.98 | 0.261 |
West Virginia | 22.57a | 20.38 | 0.038 | 15.33a | 13.04 | 0.008 |
Wisconsin | 22.44 | 23.26 | 0.433 | 14.71 | 15.01 | 0.761 |
Wyoming | 21.76 | 21.56 | 0.850 | 13.90 | 13.11 | 0.338 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Binge Alcohol Use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. In 2015, the definition for females changed from five to four drinks. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 23.72a | 22.99 | 0.000 | 5.66a | 5.10 | 0.000 | 31.48a | 29.52 | 0.000 | 24.58a | 24.04 | 0.016 | 25.56a | 24.80 | 0.000 |
Northeast | 22.75a | 21.91 | 0.012 | 5.39a | 4.59 | 0.003 | 31.65a | 29.91 | 0.002 | 23.21b | 22.50 | 0.092 | 24.38a | 23.52 | 0.018 |
Midwest | 26.56a | 25.69 | 0.004 | 6.68a | 5.91 | 0.002 | 35.22a | 32.75 | 0.000 | 27.52b | 26.90 | 0.097 | 28.62a | 27.73 | 0.006 |
South | 25.43a | 24.66 | 0.003 | 5.91a | 5.46 | 0.037 | 32.37a | 30.60 | 0.000 | 26.65a | 26.02 | 0.048 | 27.46a | 26.65 | 0.004 |
West | 19.18 | 18.74 | 0.165 | 4.52 | 4.12 | 0.139 | 26.69a | 24.68 | 0.000 | 19.68 | 19.50 | 0.653 | 20.70 | 20.24 | 0.184 |
Alabama | 28.79 | 30.12 | 0.169 | 7.65 | 7.90 | 0.776 | 36.26 | 35.28 | 0.541 | 30.09 | 31.91 | 0.133 | 30.96 | 32.38 | 0.181 |
Alaska | 29.64a | 26.68 | 0.004 | 9.68 | 8.69 | 0.349 | 37.95b | 34.77 | 0.086 | 30.78a | 27.67 | 0.018 | 31.89a | 28.69 | 0.005 |
Arizona | 21.60 | 21.19 | 0.648 | 4.35 | 3.60 | 0.187 | 30.19 | 27.99 | 0.155 | 22.29 | 22.22 | 0.951 | 23.44 | 23.04 | 0.686 |
Arkansas | 31.40 | 30.69 | 0.508 | 7.40 | 7.52 | 0.890 | 36.64b | 33.90 | 0.094 | 33.50 | 33.01 | 0.722 | 33.95 | 33.14 | 0.496 |
California | 16.98 | 16.23 | 0.112 | 3.91 | 3.45 | 0.209 | 23.10a | 20.56 | 0.003 | 17.49 | 17.02 | 0.427 | 18.32 | 17.53 | 0.125 |
Colorado | 21.16 | 20.15 | 0.215 | 4.64 | 4.66 | 0.965 | 32.83 | 32.03 | 0.623 | 21.16 | 20.03 | 0.260 | 22.83 | 21.71 | 0.204 |
Connecticut | 22.25 | 21.24 | 0.255 | 5.40b | 4.13 | 0.056 | 33.85 | 31.68 | 0.187 | 22.33 | 21.52 | 0.449 | 23.95 | 22.94 | 0.297 |
Delaware | 22.55 | 21.77 | 0.390 | 4.68 | 4.02 | 0.270 | 29.86 | 27.74 | 0.190 | 23.37 | 22.80 | 0.606 | 24.24 | 23.44 | 0.417 |
District of Columbia | 22.43 | 23.55 | 0.257 | 4.35 | 3.71 | 0.349 | 28.28 | 28.77 | 0.763 | 22.46 | 23.86 | 0.237 | 23.45 | 24.66 | 0.243 |
Florida | 20.59 | 20.49 | 0.861 | 4.44 | 4.62 | 0.689 | 26.37 | 25.51 | 0.409 | 21.39 | 21.36 | 0.969 | 22.00 | 21.86 | 0.817 |
Georgia | 24.76 | 24.08 | 0.363 | 5.82 | 5.45 | 0.519 | 31.56 | 30.46 | 0.412 | 26.10 | 25.45 | 0.490 | 26.90 | 26.17 | 0.378 |
Hawaii | 18.32 | 17.11 | 0.146 | 4.04 | 3.41 | 0.246 | 25.73 | 25.14 | 0.700 | 18.72 | 17.40 | 0.191 | 19.61 | 18.34 | 0.158 |
Idaho | 21.04b | 22.65 | 0.068 | 5.70 | 5.99 | 0.708 | 31.23 | 32.96 | 0.297 | 21.50 | 23.29 | 0.106 | 22.90b | 24.67 | 0.071 |
Illinois | 22.76 | 22.44 | 0.617 | 6.04 | 5.21 | 0.105 | 31.53a | 29.09 | 0.048 | 23.35 | 23.45 | 0.899 | 24.51 | 24.23 | 0.689 |
Indiana | 28.72a | 26.80 | 0.045 | 7.73b | 6.43 | 0.093 | 37.35a | 33.29 | 0.012 | 29.89 | 28.26 | 0.167 | 31.01b | 29.00 | 0.056 |
Iowa | 27.73 | 26.39 | 0.166 | 6.54a | 5.01 | 0.034 | 37.94 | 37.22 | 0.653 | 28.48 | 27.05 | 0.245 | 29.92 | 28.59 | 0.212 |
Kansas | 24.62 | 24.75 | 0.884 | 5.86 | 5.37 | 0.465 | 32.22 | 31.73 | 0.751 | 25.71 | 26.05 | 0.773 | 26.71 | 26.91 | 0.845 |
Kentucky | 34.28 | 33.73 | 0.590 | 9.61 | 9.61 | 0.999 | 43.43b | 40.64 | 0.078 | 35.71 | 35.45 | 0.842 | 36.80 | 36.18 | 0.580 |
Louisiana | 30.58 | 30.20 | 0.707 | 7.94 | 6.90 | 0.230 | 35.74 | 34.52 | 0.465 | 32.52 | 32.34 | 0.892 | 32.99 | 32.65 | 0.766 |
Maine | 24.18 | 24.21 | 0.977 | 8.32 | 7.90 | 0.655 | 35.17 | 35.21 | 0.982 | 24.26 | 24.30 | 0.967 | 25.55 | 25.59 | 0.972 |
Maryland | 22.04a | 19.10 | 0.001 | 5.57b | 4.45 | 0.077 | 31.95a | 26.10 | 0.000 | 22.38a | 19.69 | 0.012 | 23.67a | 20.54 | 0.001 |
Massachusetts | 20.46 | 20.70 | 0.764 | 4.79 | 4.31 | 0.471 | 31.03 | 29.16 | 0.205 | 20.30 | 20.97 | 0.502 | 21.89 | 22.17 | 0.742 |
Michigan | 26.78 | 26.18 | 0.393 | 6.63a | 5.52 | 0.039 | 34.00a | 30.32 | 0.001 | 27.96 | 27.91 | 0.960 | 28.84 | 28.26 | 0.450 |
Minnesota | 23.60 | 22.77 | 0.348 | 5.63 | 5.24 | 0.549 | 33.82 | 34.44 | 0.696 | 24.11 | 23.01 | 0.311 | 25.45 | 24.57 | 0.364 |
Mississippi | 30.70 | 31.32 | 0.559 | 8.11 | 7.62 | 0.580 | 35.01 | 33.81 | 0.484 | 32.88 | 33.95 | 0.432 | 33.20 | 33.93 | 0.533 |
Missouri | 29.51a | 27.07 | 0.013 | 8.45 | 7.27 | 0.193 | 38.91a | 31.33 | 0.000 | 30.46 | 28.71 | 0.157 | 31.66a | 29.08 | 0.017 |
Montana | 28.82b | 27.11 | 0.093 | 10.13b | 8.33 | 0.069 | 38.90 | 38.20 | 0.679 | 29.22 | 27.36 | 0.135 | 30.57 | 28.86 | 0.119 |
Nebraska | 26.33 | 26.34 | 0.987 | 5.20 | 4.96 | 0.674 | 33.89 | 35.90 | 0.239 | 27.69 | 27.40 | 0.806 | 28.63 | 28.68 | 0.960 |
Nevada | 23.47 | 24.12 | 0.526 | 5.51 | 4.61 | 0.190 | 28.56 | 27.75 | 0.629 | 24.81 | 25.84 | 0.405 | 25.30 | 26.09 | 0.482 |
New Hampshire | 24.31a | 22.47 | 0.033 | 6.97 | 6.38 | 0.467 | 36.02 | 33.53 | 0.138 | 24.31b | 22.43 | 0.075 | 25.90a | 23.92 | 0.033 |
New Jersey | 19.25a | 20.78 | 0.050 | 4.64 | 4.14 | 0.337 | 30.27 | 29.89 | 0.794 | 19.31a | 21.34 | 0.033 | 20.73a | 22.45 | 0.044 |
New Mexico | 25.01 | 25.08 | 0.934 | 4.81 | 4.76 | 0.939 | 34.50b | 31.42 | 0.060 | 25.93 | 26.56 | 0.586 | 27.17 | 27.24 | 0.937 |
New York | 22.04a | 19.64 | 0.000 | 4.89a | 3.72 | 0.005 | 28.26a | 26.09 | 0.027 | 22.85a | 20.27 | 0.000 | 23.62a | 21.09 | 0.000 |
North Carolina | 25.99 | 24.78 | 0.116 | 5.89 | 5.88 | 0.996 | 35.79 | 33.90 | 0.184 | 26.82 | 25.58 | 0.196 | 28.07 | 26.71 | 0.110 |
North Dakota | 28.98a | 26.66 | 0.010 | 7.51 | 6.99 | 0.550 | 38.37b | 35.27 | 0.057 | 29.33a | 27.07 | 0.046 | 30.94a | 28.47 | 0.012 |
Ohio | 29.61 | 28.75 | 0.218 | 6.94 | 6.85 | 0.867 | 39.07a | 36.60 | 0.041 | 30.81 | 30.09 | 0.405 | 31.95 | 30.99 | 0.206 |
Oklahoma | 30.95a | 28.81 | 0.035 | 7.31 | 6.19 | 0.171 | 35.50 | 33.92 | 0.360 | 33.19b | 30.83 | 0.068 | 33.53a | 31.28 | 0.046 |
Oregon | 22.75 | 23.11 | 0.672 | 6.18 | 5.50 | 0.341 | 34.41 | 32.31 | 0.176 | 22.73 | 23.57 | 0.410 | 24.28 | 24.71 | 0.636 |
Pennsylvania | 26.96 | 26.48 | 0.475 | 6.36 | 5.88 | 0.397 | 36.17 | 34.60 | 0.150 | 27.74 | 27.43 | 0.706 | 28.89 | 28.39 | 0.496 |
Rhode Island | 24.16a | 22.31 | 0.049 | 6.17b | 4.90 | 0.069 | 33.62a | 28.22 | 0.001 | 24.34 | 23.06 | 0.274 | 25.77b | 23.84 | 0.059 |
South Carolina | 27.98 | 26.94 | 0.284 | 7.37 | 6.73 | 0.441 | 38.97a | 34.25 | 0.006 | 28.57 | 28.09 | 0.679 | 30.00 | 28.92 | 0.299 |
South Dakota | 29.08 | 29.08 | 1.000 | 8.32 | 8.36 | 0.965 | 39.58 | 39.09 | 0.766 | 29.80 | 29.94 | 0.909 | 31.25 | 31.27 | 0.986 |
Tennessee | 30.41 | 29.89 | 0.598 | 7.48 | 7.11 | 0.645 | 36.40 | 36.05 | 0.828 | 32.13 | 31.56 | 0.640 | 32.73 | 32.18 | 0.607 |
Texas | 23.10 | 22.55 | 0.309 | 4.42 | 3.75 | 0.102 | 28.86 | 27.24 | 0.106 | 24.71 | 24.38 | 0.629 | 25.35 | 24.81 | 0.369 |
Utah | 15.45 | 15.24 | 0.791 | 3.36 | 3.61 | 0.656 | 21.30 | 20.35 | 0.531 | 16.22 | 16.10 | 0.911 | 17.15 | 16.87 | 0.754 |
Vermont | 27.99 | 26.56 | 0.161 | 8.59 | 7.50 | 0.243 | 43.90 | 42.76 | 0.560 | 27.16 | 25.62 | 0.216 | 29.65 | 28.16 | 0.173 |
Virginia | 23.81a | 21.29 | 0.000 | 5.63 | 5.06 | 0.296 | 32.30 | 30.23 | 0.133 | 24.52a | 21.71 | 0.002 | 25.61a | 22.89 | 0.001 |
Washington | 19.97 | 20.53 | 0.532 | 5.38 | 5.46 | 0.911 | 29.79 | 28.07 | 0.247 | 20.05 | 21.03 | 0.365 | 21.38 | 21.97 | 0.541 |
West Virginia | 38.25 | 37.92 | 0.782 | 12.38a | 9.45 | 0.009 | 44.33 | 43.82 | 0.781 | 40.01 | 39.97 | 0.978 | 40.57 | 40.46 | 0.935 |
Wisconsin | 25.44 | 25.23 | 0.812 | 6.21 | 5.51 | 0.312 | 32.18 | 32.32 | 0.927 | 26.58 | 26.36 | 0.842 | 27.38 | 27.20 | 0.859 |
Wyoming | 28.61 | 26.98 | 0.117 | 8.09b | 6.62 | 0.085 | 40.21 | 38.59 | 0.346 | 29.11 | 27.54 | 0.227 | 30.69 | 29.06 | 0.152 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Tobacco Products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or "snus"), cigars, or pipe tobacco. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 19.23a | 18.47 | 0.000 | 3.80a | 3.29 | 0.000 | 25.12a | 22.90 | 0.000 | 20.09a | 19.54 | 0.012 | 20.81a | 20.01 | 0.000 |
Northeast | 18.46a | 17.54 | 0.004 | 3.44a | 2.94 | 0.011 | 24.93a | 22.38 | 0.000 | 19.05b | 18.34 | 0.076 | 19.87a | 18.90 | 0.005 |
Midwest | 21.31a | 20.61 | 0.012 | 4.70a | 4.04 | 0.002 | 27.66a | 25.03 | 0.000 | 22.26 | 21.88 | 0.281 | 23.04a | 22.32 | 0.019 |
South | 20.57a | 19.78 | 0.001 | 3.88a | 3.44 | 0.011 | 25.95a | 23.74 | 0.000 | 21.71b | 21.11 | 0.064 | 22.31a | 21.48 | 0.002 |
West | 15.82a | 15.18 | 0.026 | 3.13a | 2.63 | 0.009 | 21.72a | 20.10 | 0.005 | 16.35 | 15.86 | 0.189 | 17.13a | 16.46 | 0.035 |
Alabama | 22.65 | 23.46 | 0.393 | 4.83 | 4.80 | 0.958 | 27.51 | 25.60 | 0.198 | 23.98 | 25.32 | 0.264 | 24.48 | 25.36 | 0.399 |
Alaska | 23.35a | 19.65 | 0.000 | 7.20 | 5.98 | 0.112 | 30.46 | 27.57 | 0.109 | 24.19a | 20.11 | 0.000 | 25.16a | 21.18 | 0.000 |
Arizona | 17.98 | 16.92 | 0.186 | 2.94 | 2.33 | 0.152 | 23.81 | 21.92 | 0.214 | 18.87 | 17.88 | 0.329 | 19.59 | 18.45 | 0.201 |
Arkansas | 25.90 | 24.65 | 0.168 | 5.30 | 4.86 | 0.485 | 29.90 | 27.38 | 0.121 | 27.79 | 26.64 | 0.320 | 28.09 | 26.74 | 0.180 |
California | 14.30a | 13.34 | 0.018 | 2.66a | 2.08 | 0.030 | 19.32a | 17.04 | 0.009 | 14.84 | 14.06 | 0.130 | 15.50a | 14.49 | 0.024 |
Colorado | 16.76 | 15.82 | 0.222 | 3.44 | 3.22 | 0.674 | 25.62 | 25.51 | 0.950 | 16.86 | 15.72 | 0.232 | 18.12 | 17.09 | 0.225 |
Connecticut | 17.95 | 16.84 | 0.159 | 3.54a | 2.49 | 0.018 | 27.43a | 23.71 | 0.018 | 18.10 | 17.38 | 0.463 | 19.40 | 18.27 | 0.187 |
Delaware | 19.03 | 18.36 | 0.432 | 3.22 | 2.56 | 0.142 | 23.53 | 21.69 | 0.237 | 20.07 | 19.56 | 0.634 | 20.53 | 19.84 | 0.464 |
District of Columbia | 18.36 | 18.70 | 0.706 | 2.05 | 1.78 | 0.449 | 21.72 | 22.42 | 0.669 | 18.79 | 19.12 | 0.759 | 19.28 | 19.65 | 0.698 |
Florida | 16.62 | 16.68 | 0.914 | 2.93 | 2.76 | 0.601 | 20.36 | 19.08 | 0.168 | 17.46 | 17.72 | 0.705 | 17.82 | 17.89 | 0.915 |
Georgia | 19.72 | 18.90 | 0.279 | 3.73 | 3.43 | 0.502 | 25.15 | 23.29 | 0.156 | 20.91 | 20.20 | 0.455 | 21.53 | 20.64 | 0.286 |
Hawaii | 14.86b | 13.62 | 0.099 | 2.98 | 2.63 | 0.453 | 22.86 | 22.95 | 0.956 | 14.92 | 13.45 | 0.112 | 15.93 | 14.61 | 0.102 |
Idaho | 17.17 | 18.24 | 0.185 | 4.49 | 4.35 | 0.828 | 24.66 | 27.15 | 0.141 | 17.71 | 18.72 | 0.323 | 18.71 | 19.92 | 0.180 |
Illinois | 18.74 | 18.19 | 0.363 | 3.93a | 3.13 | 0.046 | 26.46a | 23.57 | 0.013 | 19.28 | 19.13 | 0.849 | 20.29 | 19.75 | 0.418 |
Indiana | 22.82 | 21.37 | 0.106 | 5.60b | 4.55 | 0.093 | 28.32a | 24.26 | 0.008 | 24.06 | 23.00 | 0.348 | 24.70 | 23.18 | 0.126 |
Iowa | 21.54 | 20.97 | 0.487 | 4.60 | 3.70 | 0.114 | 29.66 | 28.58 | 0.492 | 22.14 | 21.71 | 0.676 | 23.28 | 22.75 | 0.551 |
Kansas | 18.83 | 19.68 | 0.291 | 3.91 | 3.43 | 0.334 | 23.75 | 23.90 | 0.922 | 19.90 | 21.06 | 0.260 | 20.49 | 21.49 | 0.265 |
Kentucky | 28.27b | 26.66 | 0.098 | 6.51 | 5.88 | 0.403 | 35.74a | 31.46 | 0.019 | 29.63 | 28.33 | 0.281 | 30.49 | 28.77 | 0.107 |
Louisiana | 25.84a | 23.92 | 0.046 | 5.65a | 4.36 | 0.034 | 29.82 | 27.11 | 0.111 | 27.67 | 25.79 | 0.124 | 27.98b | 25.98 | 0.059 |
Maine | 19.97 | 20.16 | 0.827 | 6.29 | 6.17 | 0.870 | 28.52 | 27.60 | 0.568 | 20.15 | 20.50 | 0.741 | 21.15 | 21.35 | 0.838 |
Maryland | 17.78a | 15.70 | 0.006 | 3.46b | 2.68 | 0.078 | 24.05a | 19.79 | 0.002 | 18.44a | 16.56 | 0.047 | 19.20a | 16.99 | 0.008 |
Massachusetts | 16.71 | 16.57 | 0.848 | 3.00 | 2.66 | 0.427 | 23.76b | 21.12 | 0.056 | 16.95 | 17.25 | 0.738 | 17.95 | 17.82 | 0.862 |
Michigan | 22.09 | 21.63 | 0.481 | 4.58a | 3.68 | 0.037 | 26.86a | 23.56 | 0.002 | 23.37 | 23.42 | 0.950 | 23.88 | 23.44 | 0.535 |
Minnesota | 18.59 | 18.26 | 0.653 | 4.19 | 3.82 | 0.478 | 25.47 | 25.90 | 0.781 | 19.21 | 18.76 | 0.628 | 20.07 | 19.74 | 0.683 |
Mississippi | 24.12 | 24.55 | 0.640 | 5.08 | 4.71 | 0.558 | 28.23 | 26.43 | 0.271 | 25.88 | 26.79 | 0.431 | 26.23 | 26.73 | 0.618 |
Missouri | 22.98b | 21.33 | 0.061 | 6.06 | 5.20 | 0.208 | 30.61a | 24.06 | 0.000 | 23.74 | 22.79 | 0.389 | 24.71b | 22.97 | 0.070 |
Montana | 20.95 | 20.53 | 0.619 | 7.08 | 6.03 | 0.177 | 27.70 | 28.45 | 0.660 | 21.36 | 20.83 | 0.603 | 22.25 | 21.88 | 0.684 |
Nebraska | 21.20 | 20.81 | 0.645 | 3.93 | 3.68 | 0.594 | 26.28 | 26.25 | 0.983 | 22.52 | 22.05 | 0.664 | 23.09 | 22.69 | 0.670 |
Nevada | 19.76 | 19.54 | 0.807 | 3.43 | 2.78 | 0.183 | 23.03 | 22.33 | 0.662 | 21.17 | 21.06 | 0.918 | 21.42 | 21.22 | 0.844 |
New Hampshire | 19.16b | 17.68 | 0.087 | 5.04 | 4.87 | 0.790 | 27.46 | 25.55 | 0.233 | 19.35 | 17.80 | 0.142 | 20.45b | 18.84 | 0.083 |
New Jersey | 15.82 | 16.67 | 0.209 | 2.90 | 2.50 | 0.295 | 25.05 | 24.00 | 0.442 | 15.93 | 17.21 | 0.127 | 17.12 | 18.09 | 0.193 |
New Mexico | 20.28 | 20.06 | 0.810 | 2.95 | 2.74 | 0.690 | 28.80a | 25.33 | 0.044 | 21.01 | 21.34 | 0.760 | 22.13 | 21.91 | 0.820 |
New York | 18.08a | 16.16 | 0.000 | 3.14a | 2.41 | 0.026 | 22.22a | 19.30 | 0.002 | 19.00a | 17.10 | 0.003 | 19.46a | 17.41 | 0.000 |
North Carolina | 21.31b | 20.08 | 0.100 | 3.74 | 3.45 | 0.486 | 28.40a | 25.55 | 0.037 | 22.27 | 21.19 | 0.250 | 23.12 | 21.79 | 0.101 |
North Dakota | 21.88b | 20.23 | 0.055 | 5.96 | 5.22 | 0.296 | 26.64 | 25.49 | 0.489 | 22.62b | 20.82 | 0.093 | 23.33b | 21.61 | 0.066 |
Ohio | 23.79 | 22.89 | 0.175 | 4.93 | 4.71 | 0.630 | 30.98a | 28.04 | 0.022 | 24.89 | 24.22 | 0.413 | 25.74 | 24.74 | 0.172 |
Oklahoma | 24.61b | 22.91 | 0.059 | 4.78 | 4.36 | 0.465 | 28.74 | 26.63 | 0.201 | 26.44 | 24.66 | 0.117 | 26.78b | 24.94 | 0.064 |
Oregon | 18.21 | 18.69 | 0.531 | 4.33 | 3.74 | 0.278 | 27.34 | 26.59 | 0.632 | 18.29 | 19.06 | 0.405 | 19.49 | 20.05 | 0.499 |
Pennsylvania | 21.47 | 20.55 | 0.142 | 3.91 | 3.71 | 0.624 | 28.06a | 25.32 | 0.013 | 22.34 | 21.61 | 0.357 | 23.11 | 22.11 | 0.143 |
Rhode Island | 19.19b | 17.66 | 0.065 | 3.69 | 2.97 | 0.147 | 24.92a | 21.15 | 0.015 | 19.79 | 18.56 | 0.239 | 20.58b | 18.95 | 0.072 |
South Carolina | 22.59 | 21.85 | 0.393 | 4.91 | 4.42 | 0.428 | 30.13a | 25.15 | 0.002 | 23.40 | 23.31 | 0.929 | 24.33 | 23.56 | 0.409 |
South Dakota | 23.53 | 22.56 | 0.285 | 7.17 | 6.48 | 0.385 | 31.67 | 29.34 | 0.160 | 24.14 | 23.40 | 0.519 | 25.25 | 24.26 | 0.320 |
Tennessee | 24.78 | 23.40 | 0.125 | 5.07 | 4.72 | 0.582 | 29.32 | 27.56 | 0.291 | 26.36 | 24.91 | 0.200 | 26.78 | 25.27 | 0.129 |
Texas | 18.60 | 18.33 | 0.611 | 2.90 | 2.41 | 0.128 | 23.86 | 22.38 | 0.108 | 19.87 | 19.87 | 0.998 | 20.49 | 20.25 | 0.679 |
Utah | 13.43 | 13.34 | 0.898 | 2.85 | 2.66 | 0.677 | 18.63 | 17.78 | 0.549 | 14.09 | 14.20 | 0.911 | 14.92 | 14.84 | 0.917 |
Vermont | 22.33b | 20.55 | 0.057 | 6.23 | 5.75 | 0.518 | 35.63 | 33.38 | 0.272 | 21.62b | 19.77 | 0.097 | 23.70b | 21.79 | 0.058 |
Virginia | 19.52a | 17.02 | 0.000 | 3.77 | 3.36 | 0.324 | 26.72a | 23.78 | 0.020 | 20.15a | 17.50 | 0.001 | 21.08a | 18.37 | 0.000 |
Washington | 15.89 | 16.50 | 0.436 | 3.61 | 3.40 | 0.691 | 23.08 | 21.96 | 0.426 | 16.12 | 17.11 | 0.309 | 17.07 | 17.76 | 0.427 |
West Virginia | 29.79 | 29.93 | 0.896 | 7.84b | 6.42 | 0.087 | 35.80 | 33.51 | 0.220 | 31.14 | 31.81 | 0.623 | 31.75 | 32.03 | 0.814 |
Wisconsin | 20.51 | 20.23 | 0.747 | 4.33 | 3.85 | 0.365 | 24.34 | 23.46 | 0.559 | 21.79 | 21.61 | 0.876 | 22.15 | 21.88 | 0.776 |
Wyoming | 21.73a | 19.95 | 0.036 | 5.88a | 4.48 | 0.042 | 29.36 | 29.28 | 0.964 | 22.34b | 20.29 | 0.057 | 23.34b | 21.52 | 0.052 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 72.80a | 72.21 | 0.002 | 68.71 | 68.24 | 0.163 | 68.29a | 67.57 | 0.034 | 74.04a | 73.44 | 0.010 | 73.22a | 72.61 | 0.004 |
Northeast | 74.59 | 74.26 | 0.321 | 71.53 | 71.19 | 0.557 | 69.57 | 69.24 | 0.590 | 75.74 | 75.39 | 0.391 | 74.88 | 74.54 | 0.350 |
Midwest | 68.94 | 68.59 | 0.283 | 67.33a | 65.71 | 0.004 | 65.05b | 64.09 | 0.084 | 69.78 | 69.67 | 0.782 | 69.10 | 68.88 | 0.529 |
South | 72.41a | 71.87 | 0.038 | 67.79 | 67.62 | 0.719 | 67.64 | 67.14 | 0.302 | 73.75b | 73.14 | 0.053 | 72.88a | 72.31 | 0.039 |
West | 75.55a | 74.44 | 0.001 | 69.47 | 69.45 | 0.962 | 71.20b | 70.09 | 0.084 | 77.03a | 75.76 | 0.002 | 76.17a | 74.95 | 0.001 |
Alabama | 70.28 | 68.99 | 0.161 | 67.98 | 66.83 | 0.435 | 63.96 | 64.33 | 0.831 | 71.60 | 70.00 | 0.156 | 70.52 | 69.21 | 0.191 |
Alaska | 70.37 | 70.11 | 0.789 | 60.68 | 63.29 | 0.142 | 66.46 | 63.68 | 0.157 | 72.37 | 72.08 | 0.800 | 71.45 | 70.87 | 0.570 |
Arizona | 73.79 | 73.41 | 0.683 | 69.14 | 70.53 | 0.352 | 68.63 | 70.17 | 0.393 | 75.24 | 74.30 | 0.413 | 74.28 | 73.71 | 0.576 |
Arkansas | 69.81b | 68.13 | 0.093 | 66.84 | 64.80 | 0.191 | 66.58a | 63.01 | 0.049 | 70.72 | 69.38 | 0.271 | 70.12 | 68.48 | 0.131 |
California | 78.22a | 76.63 | 0.002 | 70.69 | 71.04 | 0.724 | 74.37 | 73.17 | 0.227 | 79.81a | 77.87 | 0.002 | 78.99a | 77.19 | 0.001 |
Colorado | 73.90 | 73.50 | 0.631 | 68.48 | 67.77 | 0.648 | 67.13 | 67.84 | 0.694 | 75.68 | 75.09 | 0.564 | 74.45 | 74.08 | 0.679 |
Connecticut | 75.07 | 74.30 | 0.413 | 71.27 | 72.10 | 0.595 | 70.14 | 70.71 | 0.730 | 76.32 | 75.13 | 0.304 | 75.45 | 74.51 | 0.361 |
Delaware | 71.98 | 71.90 | 0.933 | 68.02 | 69.23 | 0.432 | 70.32 | 70.28 | 0.985 | 72.66 | 72.42 | 0.839 | 72.35 | 72.14 | 0.847 |
District of Columbia | 76.92 | 76.51 | 0.608 | 62.78 | 64.77 | 0.242 | 72.67 | 70.88 | 0.308 | 78.75 | 78.39 | 0.708 | 77.71 | 77.16 | 0.516 |
Florida | 77.23 | 76.68 | 0.367 | 71.33 | 71.49 | 0.868 | 71.73 | 72.05 | 0.761 | 78.59 | 77.82 | 0.292 | 77.74 | 77.13 | 0.350 |
Georgia | 72.33 | 71.73 | 0.437 | 68.70 | 70.74 | 0.116 | 66.87 | 67.48 | 0.666 | 73.75 | 72.57 | 0.218 | 72.74 | 71.83 | 0.286 |
Hawaii | 72.51 | 72.77 | 0.801 | 65.84 | 65.69 | 0.931 | 66.99 | 65.31 | 0.359 | 74.01 | 74.51 | 0.679 | 73.11 | 73.40 | 0.792 |
Idaho | 71.86 | 71.52 | 0.701 | 67.70 | 68.24 | 0.736 | 66.60 | 64.12 | 0.161 | 73.34 | 73.21 | 0.904 | 72.37 | 71.91 | 0.646 |
Illinois | 72.98 | 72.82 | 0.809 | 68.62 | 67.26 | 0.209 | 68.93 | 67.63 | 0.304 | 74.17 | 74.33 | 0.849 | 73.43 | 73.39 | 0.960 |
Indiana | 68.61 | 67.84 | 0.400 | 65.98b | 63.23 | 0.091 | 63.33 | 63.72 | 0.823 | 69.88 | 69.15 | 0.526 | 68.89 | 68.34 | 0.580 |
Iowa | 65.76 | 65.98 | 0.826 | 65.75 | 64.61 | 0.469 | 61.23 | 60.73 | 0.771 | 66.58 | 67.08 | 0.682 | 65.76 | 66.12 | 0.739 |
Kansas | 66.96b | 68.69 | 0.076 | 69.13 | 69.04 | 0.959 | 64.46 | 63.87 | 0.735 | 67.13b | 69.50 | 0.053 | 66.72b | 68.65 | 0.070 |
Kentucky | 64.61 | 64.98 | 0.728 | 63.55 | 62.19 | 0.420 | 60.10 | 59.84 | 0.891 | 65.47 | 66.14 | 0.609 | 64.71 | 65.26 | 0.636 |
Louisiana | 68.68 | 67.72 | 0.313 | 66.19a | 62.51 | 0.018 | 66.72a | 63.36 | 0.049 | 69.32 | 69.08 | 0.837 | 68.94 | 68.26 | 0.515 |
Maine | 70.93 | 70.78 | 0.889 | 68.94 | 68.37 | 0.709 | 63.64 | 63.42 | 0.896 | 72.10 | 71.99 | 0.931 | 71.09 | 70.98 | 0.919 |
Maryland | 76.56 | 76.27 | 0.715 | 71.55 | 71.94 | 0.797 | 71.31 | 72.33 | 0.525 | 77.96 | 77.36 | 0.548 | 77.06 | 76.69 | 0.680 |
Massachusetts | 74.23 | 73.58 | 0.457 | 71.04 | 70.92 | 0.939 | 69.56 | 71.11 | 0.358 | 75.38 | 74.28 | 0.307 | 74.51 | 73.81 | 0.457 |
Michigan | 69.54 | 68.84 | 0.318 | 67.15 | 68.13 | 0.390 | 65.65 | 65.64 | 0.991 | 70.48 | 69.46 | 0.242 | 69.78 | 68.91 | 0.249 |
Minnesota | 69.80 | 68.67 | 0.241 | 69.10a | 63.77 | 0.001 | 64.97b | 61.93 | 0.084 | 70.65 | 70.31 | 0.776 | 69.87 | 69.17 | 0.505 |
Mississippi | 69.46 | 68.80 | 0.463 | 61.76 | 61.77 | 0.999 | 66.44 | 65.68 | 0.674 | 71.01 | 70.25 | 0.504 | 70.31 | 69.57 | 0.454 |
Missouri | 65.96 | 67.40 | 0.163 | 66.37 | 66.65 | 0.868 | 61.94 | 61.22 | 0.695 | 66.58 | 68.49 | 0.130 | 65.92 | 67.48 | 0.165 |
Montana | 70.08 | 69.38 | 0.456 | 65.01 | 63.20 | 0.278 | 63.43b | 60.11 | 0.062 | 71.72 | 71.52 | 0.867 | 70.56 | 69.95 | 0.553 |
Nebraska | 67.12 | 66.83 | 0.778 | 66.44 | 64.08 | 0.129 | 64.42 | 63.42 | 0.572 | 67.69 | 67.79 | 0.938 | 67.19 | 67.12 | 0.954 |
Nevada | 73.54 | 71.86 | 0.106 | 65.70 | 66.17 | 0.776 | 70.94 | 69.77 | 0.521 | 74.84 | 72.82 | 0.108 | 74.33b | 72.43 | 0.091 |
New Hampshire | 72.62 | 71.37 | 0.155 | 71.36 | 70.42 | 0.535 | 66.68 | 66.00 | 0.689 | 73.69 | 72.30 | 0.196 | 72.74 | 71.46 | 0.179 |
New Jersey | 77.37 | 77.11 | 0.722 | 73.43 | 74.20 | 0.567 | 70.18 | 68.46 | 0.240 | 78.91 | 78.73 | 0.843 | 77.77 | 77.40 | 0.641 |
New Mexico | 72.69 | 71.37 | 0.142 | 64.28 | 62.42 | 0.281 | 65.75 | 64.74 | 0.566 | 74.91 | 73.57 | 0.230 | 73.59 | 72.32 | 0.198 |
New York | 76.70 | 76.63 | 0.905 | 72.36 | 72.35 | 0.992 | 71.13 | 70.47 | 0.549 | 78.09 | 78.08 | 0.986 | 77.09 | 77.01 | 0.899 |
North Carolina | 70.91 | 69.92 | 0.232 | 67.29 | 66.26 | 0.450 | 65.74 | 65.06 | 0.658 | 72.18 | 71.12 | 0.300 | 71.29 | 70.29 | 0.273 |
North Dakota | 66.95 | 66.19 | 0.440 | 67.22 | 64.63 | 0.113 | 65.86a | 62.17 | 0.031 | 67.16 | 67.20 | 0.978 | 66.92 | 66.33 | 0.578 |
Ohio | 66.81 | 66.50 | 0.675 | 66.27 | 64.37 | 0.114 | 63.56 | 63.59 | 0.980 | 67.39 | 67.20 | 0.840 | 66.86 | 66.71 | 0.853 |
Oklahoma | 67.71 | 67.89 | 0.850 | 62.04 | 61.00 | 0.547 | 64.26 | 65.93 | 0.346 | 69.04 | 69.11 | 0.953 | 68.32 | 68.64 | 0.765 |
Oregon | 71.66 | 70.91 | 0.424 | 69.76b | 67.04 | 0.084 | 64.90 | 64.17 | 0.662 | 72.89 | 72.32 | 0.614 | 71.84 | 71.26 | 0.569 |
Pennsylvania | 70.22 | 69.83 | 0.574 | 69.84b | 67.74 | 0.059 | 67.52 | 67.40 | 0.919 | 70.68 | 70.42 | 0.760 | 70.25 | 70.02 | 0.756 |
Rhode Island | 74.94 | 73.68 | 0.153 | 68.14 | 68.47 | 0.837 | 69.71 | 68.66 | 0.538 | 76.61 | 75.12 | 0.162 | 75.54 | 74.13 | 0.137 |
South Carolina | 70.58 | 69.46 | 0.226 | 66.20 | 64.24 | 0.202 | 66.17 | 64.61 | 0.351 | 71.78 | 70.79 | 0.382 | 71.00 | 69.96 | 0.299 |
South Dakota | 67.58 | 66.33 | 0.185 | 64.95b | 61.82 | 0.054 | 62.21 | 61.46 | 0.665 | 68.84 | 67.71 | 0.336 | 67.86 | 66.80 | 0.312 |
Tennessee | 69.41 | 68.93 | 0.620 | 66.21 | 64.36 | 0.233 | 64.53 | 63.99 | 0.755 | 70.58 | 70.24 | 0.781 | 69.74 | 69.39 | 0.744 |
Texas | 73.49 | 72.85 | 0.244 | 67.55 | 68.07 | 0.628 | 68.97 | 67.36 | 0.140 | 75.16 | 74.51 | 0.340 | 74.20 | 73.42 | 0.194 |
Utah | 75.31 | 74.93 | 0.657 | 73.13 | 74.79 | 0.296 | 70.97b | 68.10 | 0.094 | 76.69 | 76.48 | 0.851 | 75.62 | 74.94 | 0.482 |
Vermont | 70.78 | 71.36 | 0.551 | 69.26 | 68.10 | 0.436 | 66.16 | 65.33 | 0.645 | 71.74 | 72.72 | 0.397 | 70.91 | 71.63 | 0.489 |
Virginia | 71.96 | 72.64 | 0.349 | 69.07 | 69.65 | 0.655 | 67.81 | 68.82 | 0.499 | 72.97 | 73.59 | 0.480 | 72.24 | 72.93 | 0.380 |
Washington | 71.37 | 70.82 | 0.539 | 67.88 | 65.64 | 0.135 | 67.87 | 65.05 | 0.109 | 72.31 | 72.27 | 0.970 | 71.70 | 71.31 | 0.685 |
West Virginia | 65.62 | 65.07 | 0.607 | 65.59 | 65.37 | 0.887 | 60.25 | 59.93 | 0.859 | 66.41 | 65.78 | 0.629 | 65.62 | 65.04 | 0.618 |
Wisconsin | 69.60a | 67.56 | 0.040 | 68.35a | 64.76 | 0.019 | 66.71a | 63.06 | 0.034 | 70.22 | 68.62 | 0.191 | 69.72b | 67.83 | 0.080 |
Wyoming | 66.52 | 67.68 | 0.232 | 64.36 | 62.36 | 0.234 | 64.20 | 61.79 | 0.169 | 67.16b | 69.24 | 0.075 | 66.74 | 68.22 | 0.157 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 2.81 | 2.76 | 0.294 | 3.30a | 3.07 | 0.046 | 7.14 | 7.17 | 0.849 | 2.04 | 2.00 | 0.555 | 2.76 | 2.72 | 0.503 |
Northeast | 2.84 | 2.79 | 0.571 | 2.94 | 2.84 | 0.614 | 7.63 | 7.67 | 0.891 | 2.06 | 2.00 | 0.605 | 2.83 | 2.78 | 0.621 |
Midwest | 2.61 | 2.62 | 0.938 | 3.20a | 2.86 | 0.039 | 6.51 | 6.62 | 0.665 | 1.89 | 1.93 | 0.687 | 2.55 | 2.60 | 0.647 |
South | 2.65 | 2.62 | 0.765 | 3.07 | 2.88 | 0.192 | 6.81 | 6.99 | 0.475 | 1.91 | 1.89 | 0.819 | 2.60 | 2.60 | 0.947 |
West | 3.24 | 3.07 | 0.135 | 4.01 | 3.73 | 0.227 | 7.84 | 7.58 | 0.472 | 2.36 | 2.24 | 0.331 | 3.16 | 3.00 | 0.194 |
Alabama | 2.99 | 2.86 | 0.599 | 2.74 | 2.73 | 0.967 | 7.68 | 7.25 | 0.645 | 2.24 | 2.16 | 0.757 | 3.01 | 2.87 | 0.592 |
Alaska | 4.32a | 3.69 | 0.049 | 4.80 | 4.55 | 0.651 | 8.81 | 7.88 | 0.336 | 3.44 | 2.88 | 0.110 | 4.27b | 3.60 | 0.051 |
Arizona | 3.48a | 2.79 | 0.006 | 4.69a | 3.52 | 0.023 | 8.68b | 7.07 | 0.071 | 2.44b | 1.98 | 0.083 | 3.35a | 2.71 | 0.017 |
Arkansas | 2.54 | 2.80 | 0.249 | 3.07 | 3.12 | 0.927 | 5.73 | 6.01 | 0.716 | 1.94 | 2.23 | 0.221 | 2.48 | 2.76 | 0.236 |
California | 3.27b | 2.97 | 0.062 | 3.94 | 3.73 | 0.560 | 7.87 | 7.27 | 0.272 | 2.39 | 2.15 | 0.173 | 3.21b | 2.89 | 0.072 |
Colorado | 3.02 | 3.43 | 0.128 | 3.84 | 3.88 | 0.949 | 7.83b | 9.66 | 0.080 | 2.12 | 2.37 | 0.353 | 2.94 | 3.39 | 0.111 |
Connecticut | 3.62 | 3.47 | 0.643 | 4.03 | 3.48 | 0.342 | 10.06 | 10.16 | 0.937 | 2.53 | 2.38 | 0.655 | 3.58 | 3.47 | 0.746 |
Delaware | 3.05 | 3.35 | 0.311 | 3.22 | 3.46 | 0.617 | 8.01 | 8.38 | 0.693 | 2.27 | 2.58 | 0.307 | 3.04 | 3.33 | 0.333 |
District of Columbia | 3.09a | 3.93 | 0.007 | 3.40 | 3.68 | 0.602 | 6.14a | 8.36 | 0.013 | 2.43a | 3.08 | 0.049 | 3.07a | 3.94 | 0.008 |
Florida | 2.45b | 2.71 | 0.092 | 3.31 | 3.62 | 0.377 | 6.90 | 7.19 | 0.604 | 1.74b | 2.01 | 0.096 | 2.38 | 2.63 | 0.112 |
Georgia | 2.54 | 2.39 | 0.451 | 2.62 | 2.43 | 0.589 | 5.80 | 6.06 | 0.693 | 1.96 | 1.77 | 0.361 | 2.53 | 2.39 | 0.501 |
Hawaii | 2.67b | 2.31 | 0.083 | 3.25 | 2.89 | 0.453 | 7.54 | 6.57 | 0.259 | 1.89 | 1.67 | 0.282 | 2.61 | 2.26 | 0.103 |
Idaho | 2.81 | 2.63 | 0.380 | 3.46 | 3.10 | 0.412 | 6.79 | 5.94 | 0.218 | 2.05 | 2.01 | 0.860 | 2.73 | 2.57 | 0.468 |
Illinois | 2.59 | 2.59 | 0.973 | 3.21 | 2.94 | 0.390 | 6.44 | 6.81 | 0.586 | 1.87 | 1.87 | 0.964 | 2.52 | 2.56 | 0.854 |
Indiana | 2.47 | 2.48 | 0.974 | 3.13 | 2.52 | 0.154 | 5.89 | 6.22 | 0.647 | 1.78 | 1.82 | 0.871 | 2.40 | 2.47 | 0.726 |
Iowa | 2.25 | 2.35 | 0.572 | 2.99 | 2.76 | 0.556 | 5.72 | 6.27 | 0.441 | 1.54 | 1.60 | 0.712 | 2.17 | 2.31 | 0.476 |
Kansas | 2.37 | 2.31 | 0.746 | 2.99 | 2.43 | 0.143 | 5.76 | 5.67 | 0.896 | 1.67 | 1.69 | 0.947 | 2.30 | 2.29 | 0.966 |
Kentucky | 2.97 | 2.82 | 0.502 | 3.31 | 2.92 | 0.357 | 7.51 | 7.38 | 0.874 | 2.18 | 2.07 | 0.632 | 2.94 | 2.81 | 0.596 |
Louisiana | 2.75 | 2.67 | 0.736 | 2.60 | 2.42 | 0.647 | 6.49 | 6.63 | 0.869 | 2.13 | 2.05 | 0.742 | 2.77 | 2.70 | 0.787 |
Maine | 2.71 | 3.03 | 0.163 | 3.52 | 3.55 | 0.955 | 7.35 | 8.00 | 0.465 | 2.00 | 2.32 | 0.181 | 2.63 | 2.99 | 0.148 |
Maryland | 3.17 | 2.79 | 0.126 | 3.02 | 2.73 | 0.468 | 8.49 | 8.01 | 0.561 | 2.35 | 1.99 | 0.189 | 3.18 | 2.79 | 0.147 |
Massachusetts | 3.34 | 3.22 | 0.628 | 3.38 | 3.13 | 0.576 | 8.41 | 8.33 | 0.921 | 2.46 | 2.34 | 0.687 | 3.34 | 3.22 | 0.677 |
Michigan | 3.05 | 2.96 | 0.616 | 3.48b | 2.91 | 0.089 | 7.56 | 7.16 | 0.505 | 2.24 | 2.26 | 0.893 | 3.01 | 2.97 | 0.826 |
Minnesota | 2.59 | 2.36 | 0.254 | 3.44 | 3.10 | 0.409 | 6.73 | 5.99 | 0.314 | 1.82 | 1.69 | 0.537 | 2.50 | 2.28 | 0.304 |
Mississippi | 2.73 | 2.73 | 0.998 | 2.90 | 2.88 | 0.966 | 6.08 | 6.54 | 0.484 | 2.11 | 2.05 | 0.793 | 2.71 | 2.71 | 0.995 |
Missouri | 2.70 | 2.54 | 0.439 | 3.24 | 2.66 | 0.142 | 6.21 | 6.20 | 0.994 | 2.06 | 1.93 | 0.584 | 2.64 | 2.53 | 0.596 |
Montana | 3.10 | 3.11 | 0.974 | 4.23 | 3.93 | 0.565 | 7.71 | 8.10 | 0.658 | 2.23 | 2.22 | 0.992 | 3.00 | 3.03 | 0.886 |
Nebraska | 2.39 | 2.54 | 0.451 | 2.81 | 2.71 | 0.815 | 6.08 | 6.95 | 0.282 | 1.67 | 1.73 | 0.762 | 2.34 | 2.52 | 0.404 |
Nevada | 3.01b | 3.48 | 0.092 | 4.51 | 4.17 | 0.562 | 6.86a | 9.48 | 0.013 | 2.26 | 2.53 | 0.347 | 2.86b | 3.41 | 0.062 |
New Hampshire | 3.44 | 3.15 | 0.270 | 3.59 | 3.44 | 0.746 | 9.97 | 9.57 | 0.654 | 2.40 | 2.13 | 0.349 | 3.43 | 3.13 | 0.276 |
New Jersey | 2.18 | 2.28 | 0.593 | 2.34 | 2.46 | 0.742 | 6.49 | 6.80 | 0.606 | 1.52 | 1.58 | 0.728 | 2.17 | 2.26 | 0.621 |
New Mexico | 3.20 | 3.17 | 0.901 | 4.49 | 4.11 | 0.551 | 8.02 | 8.41 | 0.675 | 2.23 | 2.18 | 0.885 | 3.06 | 3.07 | 0.993 |
New York | 2.82 | 2.73 | 0.598 | 2.96 | 2.87 | 0.772 | 7.45 | 7.67 | 0.712 | 2.03 | 1.92 | 0.511 | 2.81 | 2.72 | 0.625 |
North Carolina | 2.89 | 2.72 | 0.397 | 3.20 | 2.99 | 0.589 | 8.23 | 7.49 | 0.352 | 2.00 | 1.94 | 0.782 | 2.86 | 2.69 | 0.434 |
North Dakota | 2.37 | 2.52 | 0.537 | 2.98 | 2.93 | 0.915 | 4.86 | 5.65 | 0.263 | 1.76 | 1.82 | 0.804 | 2.32 | 2.48 | 0.510 |
Ohio | 2.61a | 2.97 | 0.044 | 2.90 | 3.10 | 0.541 | 6.81 | 7.51 | 0.242 | 1.90b | 2.23 | 0.085 | 2.58a | 2.96 | 0.049 |
Oklahoma | 2.63 | 2.77 | 0.612 | 2.95 | 3.09 | 0.777 | 5.78 | 6.94 | 0.165 | 2.04 | 2.01 | 0.934 | 2.60 | 2.74 | 0.634 |
Oregon | 3.79 | 3.32 | 0.103 | 4.69 | 3.96 | 0.164 | 9.30 | 7.85 | 0.146 | 2.86 | 2.58 | 0.369 | 3.71 | 3.27 | 0.146 |
Pennsylvania | 2.65 | 2.63 | 0.909 | 2.46 | 2.47 | 0.994 | 6.88 | 6.64 | 0.664 | 2.01 | 2.03 | 0.904 | 2.67 | 2.65 | 0.905 |
Rhode Island | 4.11a | 3.46 | 0.041 | 4.81 | 3.88 | 0.109 | 9.82 | 8.45 | 0.199 | 3.00 | 2.52 | 0.152 | 4.05b | 3.43 | 0.066 |
South Carolina | 2.91 | 2.75 | 0.489 | 3.27 | 3.13 | 0.757 | 7.70 | 7.65 | 0.949 | 2.10 | 1.95 | 0.522 | 2.87 | 2.71 | 0.509 |
South Dakota | 2.89 | 3.08 | 0.518 | 3.59 | 3.63 | 0.939 | 6.07 | 6.94 | 0.306 | 2.26 | 2.36 | 0.748 | 2.82 | 3.02 | 0.512 |
Tennessee | 2.80 | 2.70 | 0.648 | 3.28 | 3.10 | 0.685 | 7.30 | 7.34 | 0.966 | 2.02 | 1.92 | 0.675 | 2.75 | 2.66 | 0.695 |
Texas | 2.40 | 2.28 | 0.413 | 3.16b | 2.56 | 0.061 | 6.20 | 6.56 | 0.530 | 1.60 | 1.48 | 0.400 | 2.31 | 2.25 | 0.699 |
Utah | 2.66 | 2.95 | 0.179 | 2.60 | 2.72 | 0.723 | 6.85 | 6.93 | 0.916 | 1.72b | 2.10 | 0.081 | 2.67 | 2.99 | 0.187 |
Vermont | 3.79 | 3.76 | 0.927 | 3.87 | 3.99 | 0.849 | 10.99 | 11.17 | 0.878 | 2.52 | 2.45 | 0.817 | 3.78 | 3.74 | 0.902 |
Virginia | 2.58 | 2.74 | 0.411 | 2.75 | 2.57 | 0.602 | 6.66 | 7.38 | 0.261 | 1.90 | 2.01 | 0.567 | 2.57 | 2.75 | 0.354 |
Washington | 3.19 | 3.50 | 0.253 | 4.11 | 4.16 | 0.929 | 7.17 | 7.99 | 0.377 | 2.46 | 2.74 | 0.327 | 3.10 | 3.44 | 0.242 |
West Virginia | 2.67 | 2.73 | 0.801 | 3.47 | 3.36 | 0.813 | 6.82 | 7.17 | 0.663 | 1.97 | 2.02 | 0.866 | 2.60 | 2.67 | 0.765 |
Wisconsin | 2.40 | 2.17 | 0.251 | 3.43 | 2.76 | 0.117 | 6.36 | 5.69 | 0.397 | 1.63 | 1.52 | 0.608 | 2.30 | 2.11 | 0.381 |
Wyoming | 2.56 | 2.53 | 0.913 | 3.93 | 3.47 | 0.382 | 6.15 | 5.82 | 0.667 | 1.80 | 1.90 | 0.638 | 2.42 | 2.44 | 0.926 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Illicit Drug Use Disorder is defined as meeting criteria for illicit drug dependence or abuse. Dependence or abuse is based on definitions found in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). NOTE: Illicit Drug Use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 0.71a | 0.63 | 0.022 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.287 | 1.03b | 0.91 | 0.088 | 0.67b | 0.60 | 0.080 | 0.72a | 0.65 | 0.029 |
Northeast | 0.67 | 0.63 | 0.334 | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.679 | 0.98 | 0.86 | 0.203 | 0.65 | 0.61 | 0.540 | 0.69 | 0.64 | 0.350 |
Midwest | 0.71 | 0.67 | 0.348 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.316 | 1.05 | 1.00 | 0.636 | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.494 | 0.73 | 0.69 | 0.410 |
South | 0.73a | 0.65 | 0.041 | 0.59 | 0.51 | 0.188 | 1.04 | 1.00 | 0.575 | 0.69b | 0.61 | 0.075 | 0.74b | 0.66 | 0.055 |
West | 0.69a | 0.59 | 0.014 | 0.57 | 0.55 | 0.795 | 1.05a | 0.76 | 0.006 | 0.65 | 0.56 | 0.109 | 0.71a | 0.59 | 0.014 |
Alabama | 0.94 | 0.77 | 0.176 | 0.47 | 0.52 | 0.721 | 1.49 | 1.33 | 0.646 | 0.90 | 0.71 | 0.230 | 0.98 | 0.80 | 0.166 |
Alaska | 0.76 | 0.67 | 0.340 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.894 | 1.10 | 0.79 | 0.188 | 0.72 | 0.66 | 0.637 | 0.78 | 0.68 | 0.353 |
Arizona | 0.75 | 0.63 | 0.214 | 0.65 | 0.52 | 0.359 | 1.14 | 0.93 | 0.350 | 0.70 | 0.59 | 0.409 | 0.76 | 0.64 | 0.256 |
Arkansas | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.947 | 0.60 | 0.53 | 0.594 | 1.09 | 1.08 | 0.948 | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.987 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.994 |
California | 0.63a | 0.51 | 0.028 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.972 | 0.86a | 0.56 | 0.030 | 0.60 | 0.49 | 0.135 | 0.64a | 0.50 | 0.025 |
Colorado | 0.78 | 0.67 | 0.236 | 0.55 | 0.49 | 0.658 | 1.44 | 1.19 | 0.372 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.436 | 0.81 | 0.68 | 0.253 |
Connecticut | 0.70 | 0.62 | 0.452 | 0.59 | 0.48 | 0.346 | 0.87 | 0.95 | 0.722 | 0.69 | 0.58 | 0.465 | 0.71 | 0.63 | 0.506 |
Delaware | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.947 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.968 | 1.08 | 0.91 | 0.437 | 0.71 | 0.73 | 0.891 | 0.76 | 0.75 | 0.949 |
District of Columbia | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.956 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.952 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.944 | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.986 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.960 |
Florida | 0.67 | 0.63 | 0.530 | 0.60 | 0.54 | 0.467 | 1.04 | 0.97 | 0.701 | 0.62 | 0.59 | 0.669 | 0.68 | 0.63 | 0.575 |
Georgia | 0.72 | 0.62 | 0.257 | 0.58 | 0.48 | 0.264 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.971 | 0.71 | 0.60 | 0.324 | 0.74 | 0.64 | 0.306 |
Hawaii | 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.434 | 0.43 | 0.54 | 0.431 | 0.84 | 0.58 | 0.184 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.596 | 0.54 | 0.46 | 0.364 |
Idaho | 0.85 | 0.76 | 0.436 | 0.57 | 0.58 | 0.927 | 1.45 | 1.07 | 0.155 | 0.79 | 0.74 | 0.741 | 0.88 | 0.79 | 0.433 |
Illinois | 0.63 | 0.58 | 0.447 | 0.66 | 0.55 | 0.332 | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.890 | 0.60 | 0.54 | 0.573 | 0.63 | 0.58 | 0.532 |
Indiana | 0.77 | 0.74 | 0.814 | 0.57 | 0.49 | 0.512 | 1.17 | 1.23 | 0.830 | 0.72 | 0.69 | 0.822 | 0.79 | 0.77 | 0.871 |
Iowa | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.919 | 0.52 | 0.46 | 0.583 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.973 | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.884 | 0.69 | 0.70 | 0.874 |
Kansas | 0.73 | 0.65 | 0.428 | 0.52 | 0.46 | 0.597 | 1.13 | 0.92 | 0.366 | 0.68 | 0.63 | 0.694 | 0.75 | 0.67 | 0.458 |
Kentucky | 0.90 | 0.82 | 0.525 | 0.49 | 0.45 | 0.707 | 1.21 | 1.36 | 0.583 | 0.89 | 0.78 | 0.452 | 0.94 | 0.86 | 0.542 |
Louisiana | 0.83 | 0.70 | 0.236 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.582 | 1.04 | 1.15 | 0.639 | 0.83 | 0.65 | 0.240 | 0.86 | 0.72 | 0.252 |
Maine | 0.73 | 0.78 | 0.621 | 0.47 | 0.46 | 0.953 | 1.22 | 1.39 | 0.584 | 0.69 | 0.73 | 0.762 | 0.75 | 0.80 | 0.619 |
Maryland | 0.72 | 0.59 | 0.215 | 0.57 | 0.47 | 0.410 | 0.90 | 0.78 | 0.539 | 0.71 | 0.58 | 0.335 | 0.73 | 0.60 | 0.243 |
Massachusetts | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.998 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.590 | 0.88 | 0.80 | 0.665 | 0.66 | 0.68 | 0.879 | 0.69 | 0.70 | 0.960 |
Michigan | 0.78 | 0.74 | 0.612 | 0.50 | 0.49 | 0.880 | 1.19 | 0.98 | 0.319 | 0.75 | 0.73 | 0.888 | 0.81 | 0.77 | 0.619 |
Minnesota | 0.66 | 0.59 | 0.468 | 0.52 | 0.44 | 0.481 | 0.96 | 0.81 | 0.444 | 0.63 | 0.57 | 0.662 | 0.67 | 0.61 | 0.508 |
Mississippi | 0.86 | 0.75 | 0.348 | 0.53 | 0.50 | 0.787 | 1.04 | 1.23 | 0.489 | 0.87 | 0.70 | 0.277 | 0.90 | 0.78 | 0.360 |
Missouri | 0.76 | 0.69 | 0.495 | 0.61 | 0.50 | 0.364 | 0.98 | 1.04 | 0.809 | 0.74 | 0.65 | 0.524 | 0.78 | 0.70 | 0.551 |
Montana | 0.75 | 0.72 | 0.696 | 0.55 | 0.49 | 0.640 | 1.37 | 1.19 | 0.537 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.933 | 0.77 | 0.74 | 0.731 |
Nebraska | 0.67 | 0.65 | 0.775 | 0.54 | 0.47 | 0.498 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.965 | 0.64 | 0.62 | 0.829 | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.834 |
Nevada | 0.72 | 0.69 | 0.822 | 0.64 | 0.61 | 0.789 | 1.18 | 0.93 | 0.326 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.931 | 0.72 | 0.70 | 0.846 |
New Hampshire | 0.79 | 0.69 | 0.372 | 0.52 | 0.48 | 0.705 | 1.30 | 1.24 | 0.787 | 0.74 | 0.63 | 0.446 | 0.82 | 0.71 | 0.383 |
New Jersey | 0.67 | 0.60 | 0.468 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.995 | 1.08 | 0.82 | 0.190 | 0.64 | 0.59 | 0.693 | 0.70 | 0.62 | 0.462 |
New Mexico | 0.64 | 0.52 | 0.129 | 0.65 | 0.59 | 0.724 | 1.09 | 0.93 | 0.447 | 0.57 | 0.45 | 0.242 | 0.64 | 0.52 | 0.139 |
New York | 0.61 | 0.56 | 0.452 | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.797 | 0.80 | 0.72 | 0.589 | 0.61 | 0.55 | 0.569 | 0.63 | 0.58 | 0.466 |
North Carolina | 0.73 | 0.65 | 0.327 | 0.49 | 0.46 | 0.737 | 1.10 | 0.88 | 0.279 | 0.70 | 0.64 | 0.571 | 0.75 | 0.67 | 0.343 |
North Dakota | 0.75 | 0.66 | 0.308 | 0.51 | 0.46 | 0.659 | 1.17 | 1.05 | 0.603 | 0.69 | 0.60 | 0.479 | 0.78 | 0.68 | 0.328 |
Ohio | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.937 | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.735 | 1.17 | 1.20 | 0.881 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.997 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.968 |
Oklahoma | 0.72 | 0.69 | 0.742 | 0.54 | 0.52 | 0.851 | 1.08 | 0.88 | 0.419 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.993 | 0.73 | 0.70 | 0.759 |
Oregon | 0.73 | 0.69 | 0.692 | 0.52 | 0.51 | 0.927 | 1.27 | 0.87 | 0.144 | 0.67 | 0.69 | 0.917 | 0.75 | 0.71 | 0.697 |
Pennsylvania | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.726 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.971 | 1.20 | 1.02 | 0.348 | 0.67 | 0.66 | 0.953 | 0.74 | 0.71 | 0.720 |
Rhode Island | 0.74 | 0.61 | 0.171 | 0.48 | 0.43 | 0.647 | 1.04 | 0.84 | 0.358 | 0.71 | 0.59 | 0.320 | 0.76 | 0.63 | 0.184 |
South Carolina | 0.79 | 0.73 | 0.583 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.974 | 1.12 | 1.30 | 0.535 | 0.77 | 0.67 | 0.488 | 0.82 | 0.75 | 0.584 |
South Dakota | 0.72 | 0.69 | 0.800 | 0.50 | 0.51 | 0.917 | 1.19 | 0.93 | 0.293 | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.940 | 0.74 | 0.71 | 0.792 |
Tennessee | 0.86 | 0.76 | 0.317 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.993 | 1.37 | 1.34 | 0.917 | 0.82 | 0.69 | 0.349 | 0.90 | 0.78 | 0.314 |
Texas | 0.64 | 0.55 | 0.114 | 0.73 | 0.58 | 0.167 | 0.96 | 0.91 | 0.756 | 0.58 | 0.48 | 0.215 | 0.63 | 0.54 | 0.178 |
Utah | 0.89 | 0.79 | 0.349 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.996 | 1.54 | 1.25 | 0.321 | 0.81 | 0.74 | 0.623 | 0.95 | 0.83 | 0.347 |
Vermont | 0.90 | 0.76 | 0.228 | 0.40 | 0.42 | 0.841 | 1.82b | 1.26 | 0.081 | 0.79 | 0.70 | 0.560 | 0.94 | 0.79 | 0.220 |
Virginia | 0.65 | 0.62 | 0.674 | 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.536 | 0.88 | 0.81 | 0.682 | 0.63 | 0.60 | 0.814 | 0.66 | 0.63 | 0.720 |
Washington | 0.79 | 0.69 | 0.296 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.879 | 1.16 | 0.82 | 0.148 | 0.76 | 0.68 | 0.539 | 0.82 | 0.70 | 0.283 |
West Virginia | 0.86 | 0.79 | 0.529 | 0.39 | 0.44 | 0.694 | 1.50 | 1.36 | 0.655 | 0.82 | 0.75 | 0.618 | 0.91 | 0.83 | 0.509 |
Wisconsin | 0.68 | 0.62 | 0.541 | 0.54 | 0.45 | 0.377 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.899 | 0.65 | 0.59 | 0.638 | 0.70 | 0.64 | 0.598 |
Wyoming | 0.74 | 0.67 | 0.428 | 0.62 | 0.53 | 0.366 | 1.27 | 1.02 | 0.375 | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.770 | 0.75 | 0.69 | 0.487 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Pain Reliever Use Disorder is defined as meeting criteria for pain reliever dependence or abuse. Dependence or abuse is based on definitions found in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). NOTE: Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. NOTE: Prescription psychotherapeutic subtypes were revised in 2016; one effect was the comparability of codeine products between 2015 and 2016. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 5.73a | 5.46 | 0.002 | 2.23a | 1.87 | 0.000 | 10.80a | 10.35 | 0.045 | 5.31a | 5.09 | 0.039 | 6.09a | 5.82 | 0.007 |
Northeast | 6.01a | 5.61 | 0.013 | 2.28a | 1.82 | 0.002 | 11.69b | 10.98 | 0.078 | 5.49b | 5.17 | 0.090 | 6.36a | 5.97 | 0.023 |
Midwest | 5.90 | 5.82 | 0.566 | 2.29a | 1.99 | 0.029 | 11.66 | 11.47 | 0.588 | 5.37 | 5.35 | 0.871 | 6.28 | 6.22 | 0.693 |
South | 5.25a | 4.99 | 0.024 | 2.08a | 1.67 | 0.001 | 9.86a | 9.28 | 0.034 | 4.87 | 4.69 | 0.211 | 5.58b | 5.33 | 0.052 |
West | 6.14a | 5.77 | 0.037 | 2.38b | 2.11 | 0.100 | 10.85 | 10.54 | 0.421 | 5.80b | 5.42 | 0.084 | 6.53a | 6.15 | 0.048 |
Alabama | 4.16 | 4.51 | 0.352 | 1.67 | 1.54 | 0.658 | 9.08 | 7.93 | 0.165 | 3.64 | 4.30 | 0.164 | 4.42 | 4.81 | 0.339 |
Alaska | 6.82 | 6.57 | 0.605 | 2.59 | 2.21 | 0.359 | 10.45 | 11.26 | 0.471 | 6.72 | 6.35 | 0.557 | 7.30 | 7.06 | 0.656 |
Arizona | 5.34 | 5.49 | 0.698 | 2.28 | 1.85 | 0.188 | 11.46 | 11.31 | 0.878 | 4.68 | 4.97 | 0.570 | 5.66 | 5.88 | 0.627 |
Arkansas | 4.98 | 5.38 | 0.271 | 2.14 | 2.12 | 0.941 | 9.82 | 9.32 | 0.582 | 4.52 | 5.14 | 0.188 | 5.28 | 5.73 | 0.267 |
California | 6.40a | 5.51 | 0.001 | 2.33 | 2.01 | 0.200 | 10.64 | 9.90 | 0.232 | 6.15a | 5.18 | 0.004 | 6.82a | 5.87 | 0.002 |
Colorado | 6.41 | 6.30 | 0.820 | 2.60 | 2.07 | 0.140 | 11.53 | 12.23 | 0.498 | 6.00 | 5.83 | 0.773 | 6.79 | 6.73 | 0.897 |
Connecticut | 6.78 | 6.10 | 0.147 | 2.82 | 2.68 | 0.755 | 11.34 | 11.18 | 0.886 | 6.50 | 5.68 | 0.150 | 7.18 | 6.44 | 0.148 |
Delaware | 6.13 | 6.15 | 0.970 | 2.08 | 1.79 | 0.365 | 10.54 | 10.09 | 0.639 | 5.89 | 6.03 | 0.823 | 6.51 | 6.56 | 0.934 |
District of Columbia | 8.53 | 9.08 | 0.369 | 1.88 | 1.97 | 0.822 | 13.17 | 13.62 | 0.712 | 8.03 | 8.67 | 0.379 | 8.91 | 9.48 | 0.373 |
Florida | 5.63 | 5.29 | 0.229 | 2.20 | 2.03 | 0.461 | 9.94 | 9.95 | 0.989 | 5.36 | 4.97 | 0.250 | 5.93 | 5.57 | 0.242 |
Georgia | 4.48 | 4.42 | 0.824 | 1.73b | 1.27 | 0.072 | 8.76 | 7.83 | 0.194 | 4.11 | 4.26 | 0.667 | 4.79 | 4.78 | 0.954 |
Hawaii | 5.01 | 5.23 | 0.584 | 2.35 | 2.15 | 0.652 | 9.86 | 11.26 | 0.161 | 4.58 | 4.72 | 0.778 | 5.25 | 5.51 | 0.558 |
Idaho | 5.54 | 5.90 | 0.405 | 2.56 | 2.31 | 0.513 | 10.70 | 10.39 | 0.737 | 5.09 | 5.65 | 0.310 | 5.90 | 6.33 | 0.372 |
Illinois | 5.60a | 6.25 | 0.028 | 2.25 | 2.39 | 0.661 | 10.91 | 12.16 | 0.127 | 5.14b | 5.76 | 0.089 | 5.96a | 6.65 | 0.031 |
Indiana | 5.36 | 5.24 | 0.737 | 2.07 | 1.58 | 0.112 | 11.44 | 10.69 | 0.455 | 4.71 | 4.75 | 0.929 | 5.72 | 5.63 | 0.833 |
Iowa | 6.42 | 7.08 | 0.153 | 2.46 | 2.25 | 0.589 | 11.95a | 14.25 | 0.041 | 5.91 | 6.39 | 0.404 | 6.83 | 7.58 | 0.140 |
Kansas | 5.08 | 5.52 | 0.213 | 2.36 | 2.39 | 0.929 | 11.96 | 11.27 | 0.495 | 4.19 | 4.91 | 0.111 | 5.38 | 5.87 | 0.217 |
Kentucky | 5.38 | 4.94 | 0.299 | 2.08 | 1.61 | 0.169 | 10.04 | 8.95 | 0.193 | 5.00 | 4.68 | 0.551 | 5.71 | 5.28 | 0.345 |
Louisiana | 6.51 | 6.16 | 0.414 | 2.60 | 2.26 | 0.375 | 10.02 | 10.03 | 0.997 | 6.40 | 6.00 | 0.475 | 6.93 | 6.57 | 0.452 |
Maine | 5.68 | 5.62 | 0.885 | 2.42 | 2.26 | 0.662 | 11.61 | 10.50 | 0.260 | 5.21 | 5.29 | 0.864 | 5.97 | 5.91 | 0.899 |
Maryland | 5.95 | 5.37 | 0.147 | 1.99b | 1.44 | 0.070 | 11.45 | 10.46 | 0.283 | 5.54 | 5.04 | 0.318 | 6.34 | 5.76 | 0.181 |
Massachusetts | 7.52 | 7.12 | 0.392 | 2.56 | 2.18 | 0.362 | 12.93 | 14.10 | 0.325 | 7.11 | 6.44 | 0.246 | 7.97 | 7.56 | 0.422 |
Michigan | 5.75 | 5.49 | 0.349 | 2.36a | 1.81 | 0.049 | 10.83b | 9.64 | 0.078 | 5.30 | 5.22 | 0.835 | 6.10 | 5.86 | 0.438 |
Minnesota | 5.72b | 5.06 | 0.078 | 2.16 | 1.70 | 0.141 | 12.22 | 10.94 | 0.175 | 5.11 | 4.53 | 0.219 | 6.09b | 5.41 | 0.097 |
Mississippi | 4.56 | 4.42 | 0.664 | 1.68 | 1.25 | 0.107 | 8.39 | 7.91 | 0.522 | 4.25 | 4.23 | 0.944 | 4.88 | 4.77 | 0.757 |
Missouri | 5.80 | 5.33 | 0.209 | 2.21 | 1.86 | 0.298 | 11.75a | 9.49 | 0.017 | 5.24 | 5.06 | 0.704 | 6.17 | 5.68 | 0.236 |
Montana | 7.24 | 7.65 | 0.410 | 2.91 | 3.72 | 0.151 | 14.65 | 13.85 | 0.521 | 6.51 | 7.08 | 0.345 | 7.65 | 8.01 | 0.495 |
Nebraska | 5.88 | 5.80 | 0.839 | 2.43 | 2.17 | 0.486 | 11.12 | 12.54 | 0.197 | 5.38 | 5.06 | 0.523 | 6.25 | 6.19 | 0.890 |
Nevada | 5.33 | 5.66 | 0.454 | 2.59 | 2.33 | 0.489 | 11.04 | 11.75 | 0.477 | 4.79 | 5.16 | 0.509 | 5.61 | 6.00 | 0.424 |
New Hampshire | 6.02 | 6.13 | 0.798 | 2.28 | 1.98 | 0.405 | 12.01 | 12.94 | 0.402 | 5.47 | 5.52 | 0.941 | 6.36 | 6.51 | 0.764 |
New Jersey | 4.83 | 4.71 | 0.721 | 2.19a | 1.54 | 0.036 | 11.24 | 11.11 | 0.882 | 4.18 | 4.13 | 0.900 | 5.10 | 5.03 | 0.854 |
New Mexico | 6.98a | 6.01 | 0.040 | 2.76 | 2.22 | 0.194 | 11.56 | 10.87 | 0.499 | 6.74b | 5.68 | 0.080 | 7.43b | 6.42 | 0.051 |
New York | 6.07 | 5.67 | 0.154 | 2.21b | 1.79 | 0.084 | 11.16a | 9.80 | 0.037 | 5.64 | 5.41 | 0.513 | 6.43 | 6.02 | 0.187 |
North Carolina | 4.65 | 4.38 | 0.401 | 1.62 | 1.31 | 0.265 | 9.01a | 7.34 | 0.025 | 4.31 | 4.28 | 0.944 | 4.96 | 4.69 | 0.445 |
North Dakota | 6.96 | 6.55 | 0.358 | 2.82b | 2.07 | 0.060 | 12.74 | 12.49 | 0.821 | 6.17 | 5.83 | 0.538 | 7.34 | 6.97 | 0.439 |
Ohio | 6.07 | 5.60 | 0.122 | 2.16 | 1.71 | 0.106 | 11.59 | 11.41 | 0.813 | 5.65 | 5.13 | 0.168 | 6.47 | 5.99 | 0.152 |
Oklahoma | 5.45 | 5.90 | 0.290 | 2.09 | 1.97 | 0.711 | 9.73 | 9.93 | 0.836 | 5.13 | 5.71 | 0.290 | 5.82 | 6.33 | 0.275 |
Oregon | 7.07 | 7.46 | 0.428 | 2.79 | 2.94 | 0.720 | 11.94 | 12.49 | 0.576 | 6.78 | 7.18 | 0.514 | 7.46 | 7.87 | 0.447 |
Pennsylvania | 5.62a | 4.97 | 0.026 | 2.12a | 1.50 | 0.021 | 11.99a | 10.32 | 0.030 | 5.00 | 4.52 | 0.172 | 5.95a | 5.29 | 0.038 |
Rhode Island | 6.84 | 6.74 | 0.830 | 2.32 | 2.25 | 0.864 | 11.98 | 12.48 | 0.628 | 6.39 | 6.17 | 0.730 | 7.25 | 7.13 | 0.831 |
South Carolina | 5.75 | 5.43 | 0.359 | 2.11 | 1.57 | 0.102 | 10.88 | 11.44 | 0.553 | 5.35 | 4.93 | 0.339 | 6.11 | 5.80 | 0.428 |
South Dakota | 7.27 | 7.51 | 0.649 | 2.87 | 3.47 | 0.293 | 12.96 | 13.57 | 0.624 | 6.82 | 6.99 | 0.800 | 7.73 | 7.94 | 0.717 |
Tennessee | 5.05 | 4.82 | 0.501 | 1.85 | 1.66 | 0.556 | 10.22 | 9.42 | 0.358 | 4.59 | 4.46 | 0.768 | 5.38 | 5.14 | 0.527 |
Texas | 5.10a | 4.58 | 0.026 | 2.38a | 1.60 | 0.001 | 9.69 | 9.06 | 0.289 | 4.65 | 4.20 | 0.129 | 5.43b | 4.94 | 0.062 |
Utah | 4.28b | 4.89 | 0.069 | 1.87 | 1.75 | 0.690 | 8.74 | 8.92 | 0.825 | 3.69b | 4.52 | 0.057 | 4.62b | 5.33 | 0.060 |
Vermont | 6.80 | 7.26 | 0.373 | 2.60 | 2.53 | 0.888 | 15.21 | 16.03 | 0.549 | 5.75 | 6.20 | 0.478 | 7.16 | 7.65 | 0.372 |
Virginia | 5.70 | 5.49 | 0.499 | 2.08 | 1.90 | 0.535 | 10.85 | 10.77 | 0.920 | 5.28 | 5.05 | 0.580 | 6.06 | 5.84 | 0.528 |
Washington | 5.73 | 6.09 | 0.389 | 2.30 | 2.29 | 0.994 | 10.70 | 10.55 | 0.879 | 5.32 | 5.82 | 0.335 | 6.06 | 6.45 | 0.390 |
West Virginia | 4.47 | 4.44 | 0.950 | 2.14 | 1.67 | 0.189 | 11.09b | 9.28 | 0.067 | 3.73 | 4.02 | 0.554 | 4.68 | 4.69 | 0.974 |
Wisconsin | 7.16 | 6.96 | 0.666 | 2.63 | 2.27 | 0.369 | 14.03 | 14.44 | 0.721 | 6.56 | 6.28 | 0.633 | 7.62 | 7.43 | 0.713 |
Wyoming | 6.54 | 6.34 | 0.641 | 2.86 | 2.68 | 0.694 | 12.83 | 11.90 | 0.399 | 5.94 | 5.88 | 0.915 | 6.92 | 6.71 | 0.668 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Alcohol Use Disorder is defined as meeting criteria for alcohol dependence or abuse. Dependence or abuse is based on definitions found in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 7.62a | 7.35 | 0.007 | 4.61a | 4.13 | 0.000 | 15.20 | 14.97 | 0.375 | 6.72b | 6.49 | 0.059 | 7.93a | 7.68 | 0.024 |
Northeast | 7.93b | 7.63 | 0.097 | 4.24b | 3.84 | 0.089 | 16.73 | 16.35 | 0.453 | 6.91 | 6.64 | 0.237 | 8.28 | 7.98 | 0.133 |
Midwest | 7.74 | 7.63 | 0.527 | 4.75a | 4.09 | 0.002 | 15.53 | 15.33 | 0.642 | 6.79 | 6.78 | 0.962 | 8.05 | 8.00 | 0.782 |
South | 7.00b | 6.77 | 0.097 | 4.21a | 3.82 | 0.046 | 14.19 | 13.97 | 0.547 | 6.16 | 5.97 | 0.286 | 7.29 | 7.08 | 0.153 |
West | 8.26a | 7.82 | 0.021 | 5.40b | 4.85 | 0.053 | 15.36 | 15.20 | 0.750 | 7.39b | 6.95 | 0.059 | 8.55a | 8.12 | 0.039 |
Alabama | 6.35 | 6.59 | 0.569 | 3.87 | 3.96 | 0.855 | 13.79 | 12.09 | 0.152 | 5.41 | 6.01 | 0.251 | 6.60 | 6.86 | 0.583 |
Alaska | 9.58 | 8.98 | 0.253 | 8.33a | 6.54 | 0.037 | 15.85 | 16.53 | 0.602 | 8.60 | 8.04 | 0.388 | 9.72 | 9.26 | 0.418 |
Arizona | 7.57 | 7.45 | 0.780 | 5.62 | 4.77 | 0.146 | 16.66 | 15.98 | 0.597 | 6.28 | 6.36 | 0.884 | 7.78 | 7.73 | 0.915 |
Arkansas | 6.67 | 7.37 | 0.103 | 4.16 | 4.10 | 0.918 | 13.13 | 13.55 | 0.730 | 5.91 | 6.76 | 0.103 | 6.94b | 7.72 | 0.098 |
California | 8.45a | 7.48 | 0.001 | 5.07 | 4.63 | 0.257 | 14.97 | 14.20 | 0.303 | 7.72a | 6.69 | 0.003 | 8.80a | 7.78 | 0.001 |
Colorado | 8.49 | 8.76 | 0.611 | 6.73 | 5.60 | 0.155 | 16.77b | 19.39 | 0.056 | 7.32 | 7.39 | 0.899 | 8.67 | 9.07 | 0.477 |
Connecticut | 9.17 | 8.40 | 0.168 | 5.00 | 4.64 | 0.585 | 18.42 | 18.34 | 0.956 | 8.16 | 7.22 | 0.159 | 9.59 | 8.77 | 0.178 |
Delaware | 7.92 | 8.53 | 0.273 | 4.32 | 4.32 | 0.999 | 16.03 | 16.08 | 0.962 | 7.06 | 7.86 | 0.238 | 8.26 | 8.93 | 0.271 |
District of Columbia | 10.33 | 11.21 | 0.155 | 5.72 | 5.14 | 0.448 | 18.19 | 19.23 | 0.464 | 9.02 | 10.05 | 0.160 | 10.59 | 11.55 | 0.141 |
Florida | 7.11 | 6.95 | 0.611 | 4.30 | 4.54 | 0.582 | 14.76 | 14.56 | 0.801 | 6.31 | 6.14 | 0.652 | 7.35 | 7.16 | 0.559 |
Georgia | 6.25 | 6.00 | 0.448 | 3.74 | 3.18 | 0.205 | 12.36 | 11.59 | 0.426 | 5.53 | 5.43 | 0.798 | 6.54 | 6.32 | 0.551 |
Hawaii | 6.99 | 6.77 | 0.611 | 4.28 | 3.93 | 0.539 | 14.98 | 15.37 | 0.758 | 6.10 | 5.88 | 0.665 | 7.23 | 7.03 | 0.652 |
Idaho | 7.63 | 7.79 | 0.718 | 5.39 | 4.65 | 0.191 | 14.23 | 13.18 | 0.387 | 6.83 | 7.34 | 0.377 | 7.90 | 8.18 | 0.591 |
Illinois | 7.55 | 7.98 | 0.243 | 5.21 | 4.67 | 0.289 | 14.78 | 16.03 | 0.199 | 6.65 | 7.07 | 0.331 | 7.80 | 8.32 | 0.189 |
Indiana | 7.12 | 7.14 | 0.951 | 4.23b | 3.29 | 0.076 | 14.81 | 14.61 | 0.871 | 6.13 | 6.33 | 0.706 | 7.43 | 7.56 | 0.790 |
Iowa | 7.73a | 8.73 | 0.027 | 4.78 | 4.18 | 0.274 | 14.35a | 17.23 | 0.030 | 6.90 | 7.76 | 0.101 | 8.03a | 9.20 | 0.018 |
Kansas | 6.82 | 6.92 | 0.819 | 4.88 | 4.09 | 0.128 | 15.06 | 14.05 | 0.404 | 5.59 | 6.02 | 0.398 | 7.04 | 7.24 | 0.675 |
Kentucky | 7.73 | 7.12 | 0.236 | 4.10 | 3.62 | 0.348 | 14.40 | 13.72 | 0.544 | 7.06 | 6.46 | 0.334 | 8.10 | 7.47 | 0.265 |
Louisiana | 8.09 | 8.02 | 0.894 | 4.34 | 3.89 | 0.396 | 13.68 | 14.25 | 0.642 | 7.60 | 7.50 | 0.869 | 8.48 | 8.46 | 0.958 |
Maine | 7.63 | 8.08 | 0.360 | 5.02 | 4.75 | 0.645 | 15.73 | 16.02 | 0.822 | 6.79 | 7.33 | 0.348 | 7.85 | 8.36 | 0.340 |
Maryland | 8.20 | 7.49 | 0.116 | 3.98 | 3.45 | 0.298 | 17.73 | 16.84 | 0.486 | 7.19 | 6.52 | 0.221 | 8.62 | 7.89 | 0.138 |
Massachusetts | 9.83 | 9.64 | 0.738 | 4.54 | 4.26 | 0.627 | 18.77 | 19.92 | 0.423 | 8.84 | 8.44 | 0.550 | 10.31 | 10.13 | 0.760 |
Michigan | 7.77 | 7.56 | 0.537 | 4.75a | 3.87 | 0.040 | 15.62 | 14.47 | 0.198 | 6.79 | 6.84 | 0.909 | 8.08 | 7.93 | 0.697 |
Minnesota | 7.71a | 6.72 | 0.019 | 5.00 | 4.27 | 0.188 | 16.61 | 14.88 | 0.148 | 6.61b | 5.72 | 0.075 | 7.99a | 6.97 | 0.027 |
Mississippi | 6.41 | 6.44 | 0.941 | 3.87 | 3.49 | 0.443 | 12.16 | 12.82 | 0.554 | 5.72 | 5.72 | 0.994 | 6.69 | 6.77 | 0.872 |
Missouri | 7.66 | 7.29 | 0.444 | 4.44 | 3.72 | 0.181 | 15.05b | 13.08 | 0.094 | 6.82 | 6.77 | 0.944 | 7.99 | 7.66 | 0.525 |
Montana | 8.90 | 8.98 | 0.879 | 6.39 | 6.30 | 0.898 | 18.75 | 17.91 | 0.525 | 7.57 | 7.84 | 0.654 | 9.14 | 9.23 | 0.868 |
Nebraska | 7.85 | 7.69 | 0.718 | 4.43 | 4.05 | 0.468 | 14.34 | 16.10 | 0.168 | 7.13 | 6.66 | 0.405 | 8.23 | 8.08 | 0.781 |
Nevada | 7.26 | 8.04 | 0.118 | 5.45 | 5.20 | 0.707 | 15.43a | 18.76 | 0.019 | 6.24 | 6.81 | 0.350 | 7.44 | 8.32 | 0.106 |
New Hampshire | 8.31 | 8.32 | 0.993 | 4.56 | 4.25 | 0.596 | 18.44 | 19.33 | 0.508 | 7.12 | 7.04 | 0.889 | 8.66 | 8.69 | 0.959 |
New Jersey | 6.28 | 6.23 | 0.892 | 3.83 | 3.34 | 0.320 | 15.84 | 15.80 | 0.975 | 5.13 | 5.14 | 0.993 | 6.53 | 6.52 | 0.980 |
New Mexico | 8.91b | 8.01 | 0.090 | 7.15 | 6.01 | 0.182 | 16.72 | 16.81 | 0.946 | 7.81 | 6.80 | 0.119 | 9.09 | 8.22 | 0.132 |
New York | 8.00 | 7.71 | 0.340 | 4.46 | 4.04 | 0.262 | 15.85 | 15.18 | 0.422 | 7.07 | 6.88 | 0.603 | 8.33 | 8.04 | 0.391 |
North Carolina | 6.75 | 6.27 | 0.183 | 4.13 | 3.63 | 0.265 | 14.29b | 12.25 | 0.057 | 5.85 | 5.64 | 0.628 | 7.03 | 6.54 | 0.218 |
North Dakota | 8.69 | 8.24 | 0.338 | 5.43b | 4.39 | 0.098 | 15.30 | 15.13 | 0.895 | 7.61 | 7.25 | 0.497 | 8.98 | 8.60 | 0.439 |
Ohio | 7.88 | 7.67 | 0.544 | 4.29 | 3.99 | 0.489 | 16.07 | 15.97 | 0.915 | 7.00 | 6.79 | 0.609 | 8.25 | 8.05 | 0.588 |
Oklahoma | 6.87 | 7.44 | 0.209 | 4.35 | 4.36 | 0.982 | 13.01 | 13.93 | 0.452 | 6.13 | 6.72 | 0.265 | 7.15 | 7.78 | 0.202 |
Oregon | 9.55 | 9.39 | 0.764 | 5.98 | 5.30 | 0.295 | 18.04 | 17.17 | 0.509 | 8.64 | 8.65 | 0.985 | 9.88 | 9.76 | 0.836 |
Pennsylvania | 7.44 | 6.88 | 0.101 | 3.55 | 3.19 | 0.343 | 16.61 | 15.19 | 0.114 | 6.42 | 5.99 | 0.297 | 7.80 | 7.22 | 0.116 |
Rhode Island | 8.92 | 8.44 | 0.327 | 5.62 | 4.69 | 0.140 | 17.86 | 17.28 | 0.672 | 7.64 | 7.24 | 0.492 | 9.22 | 8.77 | 0.401 |
South Carolina | 7.76 | 7.53 | 0.611 | 4.29 | 4.09 | 0.713 | 15.87 | 16.69 | 0.509 | 6.86 | 6.49 | 0.499 | 8.10 | 7.86 | 0.631 |
South Dakota | 8.96 | 9.18 | 0.694 | 5.78 | 5.59 | 0.782 | 15.82 | 17.38 | 0.262 | 8.16 | 8.23 | 0.913 | 9.29 | 9.56 | 0.660 |
Tennessee | 6.86 | 6.66 | 0.620 | 4.04 | 3.86 | 0.722 | 13.81 | 14.12 | 0.778 | 6.06 | 5.81 | 0.587 | 7.14 | 6.94 | 0.643 |
Texas | 6.68b | 6.14 | 0.055 | 4.54a | 3.61 | 0.017 | 13.68 | 13.62 | 0.944 | 5.70 | 5.16 | 0.104 | 6.93 | 6.44 | 0.111 |
Utah | 6.08b | 6.78 | 0.069 | 4.16 | 3.84 | 0.535 | 11.82 | 12.42 | 0.586 | 5.11b | 6.03 | 0.053 | 6.35b | 7.19 | 0.051 |
Vermont | 9.26 | 9.64 | 0.500 | 5.41 | 5.47 | 0.940 | 21.89 | 22.65 | 0.644 | 7.44 | 7.79 | 0.592 | 9.59 | 9.99 | 0.509 |
Virginia | 7.38 | 7.41 | 0.940 | 3.71 | 3.65 | 0.883 | 15.27 | 16.10 | 0.402 | 6.51 | 6.45 | 0.887 | 7.74 | 7.78 | 0.931 |
Washington | 8.17 | 8.56 | 0.402 | 5.43 | 5.18 | 0.715 | 14.93 | 15.44 | 0.676 | 7.40 | 7.88 | 0.387 | 8.43 | 8.89 | 0.374 |
West Virginia | 6.22 | 6.30 | 0.859 | 5.00 | 4.42 | 0.337 | 14.21 | 13.99 | 0.848 | 5.17 | 5.37 | 0.691 | 6.33 | 6.47 | 0.772 |
Wisconsin | 8.74 | 8.13 | 0.256 | 5.16 | 4.23 | 0.101 | 17.62 | 16.68 | 0.490 | 7.69 | 7.18 | 0.424 | 9.10 | 8.52 | 0.321 |
Wyoming | 8.24 | 7.80 | 0.334 | 6.37 | 5.40 | 0.178 | 15.58 | 14.37 | 0.336 | 7.25 | 7.04 | 0.701 | 8.43 | 8.05 | 0.434 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Substance Use Disorder is defined as meeting criteria for illicit drug or alcohol dependence or abuse. Dependence or abuse is based on definitions found in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). NOTE: Illicit Drug Use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 2.53 | 2.45 | 0.123 | 3.14a | 2.92 | 0.047 | 6.62 | 6.58 | 0.822 | 1.78 | 1.72 | 0.357 | 2.47 | 2.40 | 0.250 |
Northeast | 2.54 | 2.48 | 0.482 | 2.72 | 2.65 | 0.690 | 6.77 | 6.73 | 0.869 | 1.83 | 1.78 | 0.601 | 2.52 | 2.46 | 0.520 |
Midwest | 2.36 | 2.30 | 0.423 | 2.86b | 2.56 | 0.070 | 6.00 | 5.91 | 0.726 | 1.69 | 1.67 | 0.785 | 2.31 | 2.27 | 0.640 |
South | 2.34 | 2.30 | 0.646 | 2.91 | 2.73 | 0.220 | 6.45 | 6.59 | 0.554 | 1.59 | 1.56 | 0.740 | 2.28 | 2.26 | 0.824 |
West | 2.98b | 2.80 | 0.082 | 4.05 | 3.72 | 0.198 | 7.30 | 7.04 | 0.434 | 2.12 | 1.99 | 0.262 | 2.87 | 2.71 | 0.134 |
Alabama | 2.64 | 2.48 | 0.454 | 2.52 | 2.49 | 0.939 | 7.15 | 7.08 | 0.934 | 1.91 | 1.73 | 0.412 | 2.66 | 2.47 | 0.446 |
Alaska | 3.45 | 3.07 | 0.109 | 4.42 | 4.15 | 0.616 | 8.30 | 7.33 | 0.300 | 2.43 | 2.21 | 0.384 | 3.34 | 2.95 | 0.130 |
Arizona | 2.89a | 2.32 | 0.005 | 4.75a | 3.52 | 0.022 | 7.91b | 6.39 | 0.072 | 1.81 | 1.49 | 0.106 | 2.69a | 2.19 | 0.019 |
Arkansas | 2.21 | 2.26 | 0.781 | 2.80 | 2.74 | 0.883 | 5.51 | 5.37 | 0.829 | 1.59 | 1.69 | 0.589 | 2.15 | 2.21 | 0.744 |
California | 3.11a | 2.80 | 0.046 | 4.03 | 3.79 | 0.526 | 7.41 | 6.73 | 0.171 | 2.25 | 2.02 | 0.176 | 3.02b | 2.70 | 0.055 |
Colorado | 2.88b | 3.30 | 0.091 | 4.05 | 3.98 | 0.912 | 7.33a | 9.34 | 0.034 | 1.99 | 2.24 | 0.350 | 2.76b | 3.24 | 0.074 |
Connecticut | 3.26 | 3.11 | 0.638 | 3.70 | 3.25 | 0.401 | 8.55 | 8.71 | 0.886 | 2.35 | 2.18 | 0.625 | 3.21 | 3.09 | 0.728 |
Delaware | 2.58 | 2.82 | 0.312 | 3.26 | 3.24 | 0.961 | 6.85 | 7.32 | 0.559 | 1.85 | 2.10 | 0.319 | 2.51 | 2.78 | 0.301 |
District of Columbia | 2.92b | 3.50 | 0.063 | 3.08 | 3.36 | 0.575 | 5.97a | 7.81 | 0.019 | 2.28 | 2.67 | 0.269 | 2.91b | 3.51 | 0.068 |
Florida | 2.27 | 2.41 | 0.331 | 3.29 | 3.51 | 0.551 | 6.40 | 6.55 | 0.793 | 1.58 | 1.73 | 0.320 | 2.17 | 2.31 | 0.372 |
Georgia | 2.32 | 2.18 | 0.395 | 2.57 | 2.39 | 0.610 | 5.76 | 5.93 | 0.791 | 1.70 | 1.51 | 0.325 | 2.30 | 2.15 | 0.441 |
Hawaii | 2.37b | 2.01 | 0.052 | 3.39 | 2.96 | 0.406 | 6.95 | 5.86 | 0.146 | 1.59 | 1.39 | 0.281 | 2.28b | 1.93 | 0.071 |
Idaho | 2.56a | 2.09 | 0.016 | 3.49 | 2.86 | 0.153 | 6.73a | 5.33 | 0.028 | 1.73 | 1.45 | 0.169 | 2.45a | 2.00 | 0.031 |
Illinois | 2.42 | 2.32 | 0.577 | 2.88 | 2.68 | 0.518 | 5.85 | 5.88 | 0.960 | 1.80 | 1.70 | 0.627 | 2.37 | 2.29 | 0.649 |
Indiana | 2.26 | 2.18 | 0.685 | 2.91 | 2.31 | 0.139 | 5.38 | 5.51 | 0.855 | 1.62 | 1.58 | 0.843 | 2.19 | 2.17 | 0.922 |
Iowa | 2.12 | 2.21 | 0.646 | 2.56 | 2.42 | 0.707 | 5.34 | 5.84 | 0.460 | 1.49 | 1.54 | 0.823 | 2.08 | 2.19 | 0.591 |
Kansas | 2.00 | 1.91 | 0.638 | 2.67 | 2.24 | 0.268 | 5.26 | 5.02 | 0.721 | 1.32 | 1.32 | 0.974 | 1.93 | 1.88 | 0.806 |
Kentucky | 2.50 | 2.41 | 0.681 | 2.83 | 2.55 | 0.504 | 6.46 | 6.58 | 0.872 | 1.81 | 1.72 | 0.684 | 2.46 | 2.40 | 0.770 |
Louisiana | 2.37 | 2.37 | 0.988 | 2.30 | 2.15 | 0.662 | 6.24 | 6.39 | 0.849 | 1.72 | 1.74 | 0.932 | 2.38 | 2.40 | 0.929 |
Maine | 2.45 | 2.70 | 0.274 | 2.93 | 2.90 | 0.943 | 6.63 | 7.35 | 0.382 | 1.84 | 2.06 | 0.367 | 2.41 | 2.69 | 0.261 |
Maryland | 2.59 | 2.44 | 0.492 | 2.64 | 2.56 | 0.842 | 7.36 | 6.98 | 0.637 | 1.84 | 1.74 | 0.655 | 2.59 | 2.43 | 0.502 |
Massachusetts | 3.15 | 3.03 | 0.646 | 3.00 | 2.90 | 0.809 | 7.54 | 7.47 | 0.935 | 2.41 | 2.28 | 0.678 | 3.17 | 3.04 | 0.665 |
Michigan | 2.74 | 2.49 | 0.155 | 3.17b | 2.59 | 0.091 | 6.97 | 6.21 | 0.192 | 1.97 | 1.86 | 0.569 | 2.70 | 2.48 | 0.252 |
Minnesota | 2.35 | 2.12 | 0.251 | 3.03 | 2.69 | 0.414 | 6.28 | 5.34 | 0.185 | 1.64 | 1.54 | 0.637 | 2.28 | 2.06 | 0.307 |
Mississippi | 2.54 | 2.38 | 0.415 | 2.51 | 2.48 | 0.937 | 6.43 | 6.45 | 0.976 | 1.85 | 1.65 | 0.366 | 2.54 | 2.36 | 0.411 |
Missouri | 2.38 | 2.27 | 0.588 | 2.83 | 2.34 | 0.196 | 5.62 | 5.81 | 0.755 | 1.79 | 1.69 | 0.658 | 2.33 | 2.27 | 0.756 |
Montana | 2.67 | 2.64 | 0.886 | 3.55 | 3.39 | 0.726 | 7.41 | 7.63 | 0.798 | 1.80 | 1.76 | 0.857 | 2.58 | 2.57 | 0.942 |
Nebraska | 2.12 | 2.29 | 0.321 | 2.60 | 2.57 | 0.946 | 5.81 | 6.51 | 0.309 | 1.39 | 1.50 | 0.527 | 2.06 | 2.26 | 0.298 |
Nevada | 2.55a | 3.05 | 0.032 | 4.30 | 4.21 | 0.877 | 6.43a | 9.16 | 0.007 | 1.77 | 2.03 | 0.273 | 2.37a | 2.94 | 0.026 |
New Hampshire | 2.87 | 2.66 | 0.371 | 3.05 | 2.92 | 0.778 | 8.17 | 8.51 | 0.647 | 2.02 | 1.73 | 0.258 | 2.85 | 2.64 | 0.385 |
New Jersey | 1.84 | 1.85 | 0.951 | 2.41 | 2.40 | 0.971 | 5.59 | 5.52 | 0.900 | 1.22 | 1.25 | 0.858 | 1.79 | 1.80 | 0.939 |
New Mexico | 2.76 | 2.81 | 0.834 | 4.55 | 4.25 | 0.657 | 7.66 | 8.11 | 0.614 | 1.72 | 1.76 | 0.845 | 2.57 | 2.66 | 0.720 |
New York | 2.49 | 2.52 | 0.849 | 2.76 | 2.80 | 0.913 | 6.78 | 7.02 | 0.634 | 1.75 | 1.76 | 0.948 | 2.47 | 2.50 | 0.861 |
North Carolina | 2.40 | 2.32 | 0.664 | 3.01 | 2.83 | 0.615 | 7.60 | 6.78 | 0.283 | 1.49 | 1.56 | 0.679 | 2.34 | 2.27 | 0.733 |
North Dakota | 2.05 | 2.08 | 0.835 | 2.39 | 2.52 | 0.759 | 4.83 | 5.20 | 0.576 | 1.40 | 1.39 | 0.944 | 2.02 | 2.04 | 0.881 |
Ohio | 2.28 | 2.53 | 0.116 | 2.49 | 2.69 | 0.501 | 6.28 | 6.77 | 0.395 | 1.61 | 1.84 | 0.190 | 2.25 | 2.51 | 0.135 |
Oklahoma | 2.05 | 2.23 | 0.318 | 2.96 | 3.12 | 0.717 | 5.50 | 6.60 | 0.168 | 1.33 | 1.37 | 0.834 | 1.95 | 2.13 | 0.341 |
Oregon | 3.43b | 2.99 | 0.083 | 4.72 | 4.01 | 0.222 | 8.35 | 7.46 | 0.323 | 2.55 | 2.21 | 0.232 | 3.31 | 2.90 | 0.127 |
Pennsylvania | 2.41 | 2.23 | 0.259 | 2.23 | 2.14 | 0.745 | 6.09 | 5.47 | 0.228 | 1.85 | 1.74 | 0.541 | 2.42 | 2.24 | 0.274 |
Rhode Island | 3.68a | 3.07 | 0.039 | 4.61b | 3.64 | 0.088 | 8.76 | 7.70 | 0.289 | 2.66 | 2.18 | 0.128 | 3.60b | 3.02 | 0.066 |
South Carolina | 2.66 | 2.37 | 0.157 | 3.06 | 2.88 | 0.676 | 7.48 | 6.93 | 0.494 | 1.85 | 1.61 | 0.259 | 2.62 | 2.32 | 0.165 |
South Dakota | 2.30 | 2.45 | 0.518 | 2.99 | 3.13 | 0.753 | 5.79 | 6.73 | 0.274 | 1.61 | 1.64 | 0.890 | 2.23 | 2.38 | 0.546 |
Tennessee | 2.49 | 2.43 | 0.760 | 3.02 | 2.85 | 0.691 | 6.81 | 6.98 | 0.820 | 1.72 | 1.66 | 0.743 | 2.43 | 2.39 | 0.816 |
Texas | 2.15 | 2.06 | 0.449 | 3.06b | 2.52 | 0.095 | 6.12 | 6.47 | 0.483 | 1.29 | 1.20 | 0.446 | 2.04 | 2.00 | 0.772 |
Utah | 2.43 | 2.55 | 0.585 | 2.54 | 2.57 | 0.936 | 6.38 | 6.16 | 0.764 | 1.51 | 1.73 | 0.306 | 2.41 | 2.54 | 0.580 |
Vermont | 3.28 | 3.30 | 0.929 | 3.23 | 3.25 | 0.969 | 9.72 | 10.33 | 0.583 | 2.15 | 2.09 | 0.828 | 3.28 | 3.31 | 0.932 |
Virginia | 2.29 | 2.37 | 0.601 | 2.63 | 2.43 | 0.551 | 6.31 | 7.11 | 0.205 | 1.59 | 1.61 | 0.920 | 2.25 | 2.36 | 0.510 |
Washington | 2.94 | 3.15 | 0.390 | 3.97 | 3.92 | 0.935 | 6.27 | 7.35 | 0.194 | 2.30 | 2.42 | 0.634 | 2.84 | 3.08 | 0.357 |
West Virginia | 2.34 | 2.32 | 0.905 | 2.90 | 2.78 | 0.784 | 5.86 | 6.00 | 0.839 | 1.77 | 1.74 | 0.889 | 2.29 | 2.28 | 0.943 |
Wisconsin | 2.31 | 2.00 | 0.114 | 3.22 | 2.55 | 0.108 | 6.05 | 5.18 | 0.256 | 1.59 | 1.41 | 0.396 | 2.22 | 1.95 | 0.185 |
Wyoming | 2.17 | 2.05 | 0.493 | 3.74 | 3.13 | 0.265 | 5.81 | 5.40 | 0.568 | 1.38 | 1.39 | 0.950 | 2.01 | 1.94 | 0.699 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Respondents were classified as needing illicit drug treatment if they met the criteria for an illicit drug use disorder as defined in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) or received treatment for illicit drug use at a specialty facility (i.e., drug and alcohol rehabilitation facility [inpatient or outpatient], hospital [inpatient only], or mental health center). Needing But Not Receiving Illicit Drug Treatment refers to respondents who are classified as needing illicit drug treatment, but who did not receive illicit drug treatment at a specialty facility. Illicit Drug Use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 5.48a | 5.22 | 0.004 | 2.15a | 1.79 | 0.000 | 10.47a | 9.99 | 0.031 | 5.05b | 4.85 | 0.059 | 5.82a | 5.57 | 0.009 |
Northeast | 5.68b | 5.40 | 0.076 | 2.17a | 1.72 | 0.004 | 11.16 | 10.54 | 0.121 | 5.17 | 4.98 | 0.317 | 6.01 | 5.75 | 0.121 |
Midwest | 5.58 | 5.52 | 0.605 | 2.20a | 1.89 | 0.018 | 10.64 | 10.67 | 0.932 | 5.14 | 5.10 | 0.777 | 5.93 | 5.89 | 0.763 |
South | 5.01a | 4.73 | 0.016 | 2.06a | 1.64 | 0.001 | 9.67a | 9.09 | 0.043 | 4.60 | 4.40 | 0.164 | 5.31a | 5.05 | 0.035 |
West | 5.99a | 5.59 | 0.020 | 2.23 | 1.99 | 0.146 | 11.06 | 10.40 | 0.114 | 5.58b | 5.23 | 0.091 | 6.38a | 5.96 | 0.026 |
Alabama | 4.03 | 4.24 | 0.491 | 1.79 | 1.64 | 0.637 | 8.70 | 7.80 | 0.317 | 3.52 | 3.97 | 0.247 | 4.26 | 4.50 | 0.469 |
Alaska | 6.54 | 6.35 | 0.664 | 2.28 | 1.98 | 0.412 | 10.06 | 10.27 | 0.853 | 6.47 | 6.26 | 0.719 | 7.02 | 6.84 | 0.709 |
Arizona | 5.09 | 5.16 | 0.844 | 2.24 | 1.82 | 0.203 | 11.54 | 11.30 | 0.828 | 4.35 | 4.55 | 0.651 | 5.39 | 5.51 | 0.765 |
Arkansas | 4.41 | 4.73 | 0.304 | 2.09 | 1.99 | 0.778 | 9.21 | 8.94 | 0.771 | 3.90 | 4.37 | 0.223 | 4.66 | 5.01 | 0.290 |
California | 6.25a | 5.41 | 0.001 | 2.16 | 1.95 | 0.391 | 11.17b | 9.93 | 0.057 | 5.88a | 5.05 | 0.009 | 6.67a | 5.76 | 0.001 |
Colorado | 6.48 | 6.27 | 0.634 | 2.44b | 1.88 | 0.089 | 11.59 | 12.01 | 0.709 | 6.10 | 5.86 | 0.657 | 6.89 | 6.72 | 0.720 |
Connecticut | 6.45 | 5.77 | 0.111 | 2.62 | 2.41 | 0.616 | 10.72 | 10.21 | 0.653 | 6.20 | 5.44 | 0.149 | 6.83 | 6.10 | 0.116 |
Delaware | 5.73 | 5.97 | 0.576 | 1.96 | 1.59 | 0.195 | 10.68 | 9.72 | 0.347 | 5.38 | 5.88 | 0.353 | 6.09 | 6.38 | 0.528 |
District of Columbia | 8.03 | 8.19 | 0.761 | 1.78 | 1.74 | 0.926 | 14.29 | 13.64 | 0.640 | 7.16 | 7.56 | 0.525 | 8.38 | 8.55 | 0.759 |
Florida | 5.23 | 5.03 | 0.459 | 2.14 | 1.99 | 0.594 | 9.56 | 9.76 | 0.763 | 4.93 | 4.68 | 0.452 | 5.50 | 5.29 | 0.478 |
Georgia | 4.33 | 4.10 | 0.415 | 1.81b | 1.31 | 0.062 | 8.81 | 7.57 | 0.111 | 3.89 | 3.88 | 0.980 | 4.61 | 4.41 | 0.519 |
Hawaii | 4.85 | 4.96 | 0.765 | 2.12 | 1.99 | 0.768 | 10.86 | 11.42 | 0.649 | 4.26 | 4.38 | 0.785 | 5.10 | 5.23 | 0.746 |
Idaho | 5.21 | 5.41 | 0.635 | 2.47 | 2.03 | 0.243 | 9.48 | 9.32 | 0.870 | 4.88 | 5.23 | 0.511 | 5.55 | 5.81 | 0.556 |
Illinois | 5.44 | 5.93 | 0.101 | 2.18 | 2.26 | 0.775 | 10.60 | 11.41 | 0.330 | 4.99 | 5.49 | 0.171 | 5.78 | 6.31 | 0.106 |
Indiana | 5.00 | 4.94 | 0.851 | 2.09b | 1.56 | 0.099 | 10.11 | 9.84 | 0.794 | 4.47 | 4.52 | 0.914 | 5.32 | 5.31 | 0.977 |
Iowa | 6.28 | 6.89 | 0.166 | 2.31 | 2.06 | 0.501 | 11.06b | 13.33 | 0.062 | 5.91 | 6.32 | 0.459 | 6.69 | 7.38 | 0.149 |
Kansas | 4.96 | 5.38 | 0.220 | 2.39 | 2.29 | 0.779 | 11.74 | 11.34 | 0.709 | 4.07 | 4.71 | 0.131 | 5.25 | 5.72 | 0.210 |
Kentucky | 4.80 | 4.72 | 0.829 | 2.06 | 1.64 | 0.225 | 8.81 | 8.67 | 0.876 | 4.47 | 4.44 | 0.957 | 5.08 | 5.03 | 0.907 |
Louisiana | 5.99 | 5.55 | 0.270 | 2.50 | 2.05 | 0.192 | 8.87 | 9.13 | 0.816 | 5.93 | 5.39 | 0.285 | 6.36 | 5.92 | 0.320 |
Maine | 5.44 | 5.41 | 0.940 | 2.39 | 2.13 | 0.469 | 10.10 | 9.80 | 0.782 | 5.11 | 5.14 | 0.957 | 5.70 | 5.69 | 0.972 |
Maryland | 5.66 | 5.28 | 0.283 | 1.85 | 1.38 | 0.120 | 12.06 | 10.64 | 0.162 | 5.09 | 4.90 | 0.656 | 6.04 | 5.67 | 0.337 |
Massachusetts | 6.90 | 6.70 | 0.624 | 2.33 | 2.01 | 0.388 | 12.23 | 13.13 | 0.439 | 6.46 | 6.09 | 0.465 | 7.31 | 7.12 | 0.665 |
Michigan | 5.44 | 5.15 | 0.283 | 2.32a | 1.71 | 0.023 | 9.63 | 8.87 | 0.296 | 5.10 | 4.93 | 0.610 | 5.76 | 5.49 | 0.375 |
Minnesota | 5.48 | 4.96 | 0.150 | 1.99 | 1.64 | 0.269 | 11.64 | 10.55 | 0.288 | 4.91 | 4.47 | 0.320 | 5.84 | 5.30 | 0.175 |
Mississippi | 4.31 | 4.06 | 0.375 | 1.74 | 1.27 | 0.106 | 7.89 | 7.35 | 0.513 | 4.01 | 3.85 | 0.649 | 4.60 | 4.36 | 0.463 |
Missouri | 5.36 | 4.93 | 0.223 | 2.20 | 1.82 | 0.246 | 10.64b | 8.83 | 0.073 | 4.86 | 4.66 | 0.658 | 5.68 | 5.24 | 0.258 |
Montana | 6.52 | 7.08 | 0.230 | 2.60 | 3.27 | 0.212 | 12.92 | 13.06 | 0.911 | 5.91 | 6.54 | 0.285 | 6.89 | 7.44 | 0.282 |
Nebraska | 5.91 | 5.66 | 0.521 | 2.30 | 2.03 | 0.435 | 10.62 | 12.01 | 0.237 | 5.53 | 5.00 | 0.287 | 6.30 | 6.06 | 0.567 |
Nevada | 5.00 | 5.20 | 0.595 | 2.47 | 2.28 | 0.600 | 10.67 | 10.98 | 0.778 | 4.44 | 4.69 | 0.596 | 5.25 | 5.49 | 0.568 |
New Hampshire | 5.83 | 5.95 | 0.781 | 2.17 | 1.84 | 0.346 | 10.62 | 11.83 | 0.285 | 5.46 | 5.46 | 0.996 | 6.16 | 6.32 | 0.742 |
New Jersey | 4.75 | 4.61 | 0.672 | 2.17b | 1.54 | 0.055 | 11.74 | 11.08 | 0.519 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 0.997 | 5.01 | 4.92 | 0.802 |
New Mexico | 6.23 | 5.57 | 0.118 | 2.57 | 2.07 | 0.189 | 11.78 | 10.64 | 0.329 | 5.76 | 5.16 | 0.275 | 6.62 | 5.94 | 0.145 |
New York | 5.60 | 5.43 | 0.515 | 2.09 | 1.71 | 0.120 | 10.38 | 9.36 | 0.124 | 5.18 | 5.19 | 0.994 | 5.93 | 5.77 | 0.586 |
North Carolina | 4.43 | 4.10 | 0.227 | 1.67 | 1.34 | 0.224 | 8.86a | 7.20 | 0.044 | 4.04 | 3.93 | 0.748 | 4.71 | 4.38 | 0.269 |
North Dakota | 7.09 | 6.69 | 0.323 | 2.60b | 1.91 | 0.053 | 12.11 | 12.20 | 0.939 | 6.50 | 6.09 | 0.423 | 7.50 | 7.14 | 0.405 |
Ohio | 5.52 | 5.21 | 0.241 | 2.06 | 1.64 | 0.104 | 9.97 | 10.15 | 0.813 | 5.22 | 4.85 | 0.257 | 5.88 | 5.58 | 0.298 |
Oklahoma | 5.04 | 5.28 | 0.511 | 2.05 | 1.88 | 0.590 | 9.37 | 9.39 | 0.985 | 4.66 | 5.01 | 0.469 | 5.36 | 5.66 | 0.483 |
Oregon | 6.70 | 7.13 | 0.357 | 2.63 | 2.67 | 0.936 | 10.82 | 11.71 | 0.401 | 6.50 | 6.92 | 0.483 | 7.07 | 7.54 | 0.365 |
Pennsylvania | 5.48b | 4.90 | 0.060 | 2.03a | 1.41 | 0.019 | 11.60b | 10.19 | 0.086 | 4.89 | 4.46 | 0.249 | 5.80b | 5.22 | 0.085 |
Rhode Island | 6.56 | 6.49 | 0.882 | 2.22 | 2.10 | 0.745 | 11.03 | 12.05 | 0.361 | 6.20 | 5.95 | 0.646 | 6.94 | 6.88 | 0.890 |
South Carolina | 5.22 | 4.98 | 0.518 | 2.11b | 1.56 | 0.094 | 9.88 | 10.45 | 0.570 | 4.82 | 4.52 | 0.497 | 5.52 | 5.32 | 0.604 |
South Dakota | 6.91 | 7.16 | 0.583 | 2.44 | 2.93 | 0.280 | 11.55 | 12.51 | 0.454 | 6.66 | 6.77 | 0.837 | 7.38 | 7.60 | 0.650 |
Tennessee | 4.67 | 4.58 | 0.767 | 1.90 | 1.75 | 0.632 | 9.47 | 9.39 | 0.933 | 4.22 | 4.14 | 0.844 | 4.95 | 4.86 | 0.794 |
Texas | 5.12a | 4.46 | 0.005 | 2.31a | 1.57 | 0.004 | 10.03 | 9.05 | 0.135 | 4.62b | 4.05 | 0.056 | 5.46a | 4.81 | 0.013 |
Utah | 4.48 | 4.66 | 0.543 | 1.85 | 1.60 | 0.462 | 9.06 | 8.93 | 0.881 | 3.89 | 4.23 | 0.375 | 4.85 | 5.09 | 0.474 |
Vermont | 6.08 | 6.65 | 0.164 | 2.39 | 2.32 | 0.865 | 13.13 | 14.44 | 0.345 | 5.21 | 5.72 | 0.299 | 6.39 | 7.01 | 0.166 |
Virginia | 5.67 | 5.45 | 0.515 | 1.95 | 1.81 | 0.633 | 10.79 | 10.88 | 0.927 | 5.26 | 5.00 | 0.521 | 6.04 | 5.81 | 0.534 |
Washington | 5.79 | 5.97 | 0.628 | 2.06 | 2.00 | 0.867 | 10.72 | 10.31 | 0.693 | 5.43 | 5.74 | 0.503 | 6.15 | 6.35 | 0.625 |
West Virginia | 4.34 | 4.26 | 0.820 | 2.28 | 1.74 | 0.129 | 10.04 | 8.89 | 0.229 | 3.71 | 3.84 | 0.752 | 4.52 | 4.48 | 0.920 |
Wisconsin | 6.68 | 6.56 | 0.767 | 2.41 | 2.05 | 0.322 | 12.29 | 13.36 | 0.371 | 6.26 | 5.97 | 0.582 | 7.12 | 7.01 | 0.823 |
Wyoming | 6.38 | 6.36 | 0.968 | 2.61 | 2.35 | 0.497 | 11.71 | 11.20 | 0.659 | 5.94 | 6.06 | 0.808 | 6.76 | 6.77 | 0.981 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Respondents were classified as needing alcohol treatment if they met the criteria for an alcohol use disorder as defined in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) or received treatment for alcohol use at a specialty facility (i.e., drug and alcohol rehabilitation facility [inpatient or outpatient], hospital [inpatient only], or mental health center). Needing But Not Receiving Alcohol Treatment refers to respondents who are classified as needing alcohol treatment, but who did not receive alcohol treatment at a specialty facility. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
12+ (2015-2016) |
12+ (2016-2017) |
12+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 7.08a | 6.82 | 0.005 | 4.38a | 3.89 | 0.000 | 14.34 | 14.07 | 0.279 | 6.20b | 5.98 | 0.054 | 7.36a | 7.11 | 0.017 |
Northeast | 7.20 | 6.94 | 0.128 | 4.09a | 3.65 | 0.043 | 15.59 | 15.07 | 0.263 | 6.19 | 6.00 | 0.372 | 7.50 | 7.25 | 0.182 |
Midwest | 7.14 | 6.99 | 0.283 | 4.40a | 3.83 | 0.002 | 14.75 | 14.46 | 0.466 | 6.20 | 6.13 | 0.688 | 7.43 | 7.31 | 0.465 |
South | 6.50 | 6.28 | 0.105 | 4.03a | 3.60 | 0.025 | 13.38 | 13.22 | 0.650 | 5.67 | 5.49 | 0.274 | 6.76 | 6.56 | 0.174 |
West | 7.87a | 7.42 | 0.013 | 5.13a | 4.57 | 0.035 | 14.56 | 14.29 | 0.578 | 7.06a | 6.62 | 0.044 | 8.15a | 7.71 | 0.025 |
Alabama | 5.86 | 6.09 | 0.570 | 3.42 | 3.42 | 0.998 | 13.08 | 12.18 | 0.438 | 4.96 | 5.42 | 0.346 | 6.11 | 6.36 | 0.570 |
Alaska | 8.78 | 8.46 | 0.536 | 5.83 | 5.33 | 0.420 | 13.59 | 14.18 | 0.656 | 8.30 | 7.91 | 0.546 | 9.12 | 8.81 | 0.596 |
Arizona | 7.30 | 7.12 | 0.693 | 5.23b | 4.34 | 0.094 | 15.59 | 15.46 | 0.917 | 6.15 | 6.07 | 0.880 | 7.52 | 7.41 | 0.827 |
Arkansas | 6.03 | 6.55 | 0.231 | 3.89 | 3.80 | 0.842 | 13.06 | 13.36 | 0.782 | 5.13 | 5.77 | 0.212 | 6.26 | 6.85 | 0.216 |
California | 8.09a | 7.14 | 0.001 | 5.08 | 4.47 | 0.117 | 14.40 | 13.28 | 0.136 | 7.35a | 6.42 | 0.005 | 8.40a | 7.41 | 0.001 |
Colorado | 8.27 | 8.57 | 0.545 | 5.49 | 4.89 | 0.327 | 16.35b | 18.86 | 0.074 | 7.24 | 7.32 | 0.889 | 8.55 | 8.94 | 0.473 |
Connecticut | 8.47b | 7.51 | 0.060 | 5.17 | 4.54 | 0.298 | 16.77 | 16.35 | 0.775 | 7.51b | 6.42 | 0.067 | 8.81b | 7.80 | 0.075 |
Delaware | 7.22 | 7.70 | 0.363 | 4.29 | 4.00 | 0.564 | 14.83 | 14.61 | 0.857 | 6.37 | 7.07 | 0.265 | 7.50 | 8.05 | 0.337 |
District of Columbia | 9.80 | 10.37 | 0.339 | 4.61 | 4.98 | 0.558 | 17.45 | 17.95 | 0.709 | 8.57 | 9.26 | 0.341 | 10.09 | 10.67 | 0.356 |
Florida | 6.71 | 6.65 | 0.831 | 4.29 | 4.42 | 0.742 | 13.90 | 13.94 | 0.960 | 5.94 | 5.87 | 0.836 | 6.93 | 6.84 | 0.796 |
Georgia | 5.93 | 5.72 | 0.536 | 3.45 | 2.90 | 0.182 | 11.53 | 11.04 | 0.601 | 5.30 | 5.20 | 0.802 | 6.22 | 6.04 | 0.641 |
Hawaii | 6.51 | 6.30 | 0.627 | 4.47 | 4.08 | 0.486 | 14.15 | 14.41 | 0.839 | 5.60 | 5.41 | 0.699 | 6.70 | 6.50 | 0.677 |
Idaho | 7.06 | 6.98 | 0.861 | 4.79 | 4.04 | 0.157 | 13.81 | 12.39 | 0.195 | 6.25 | 6.49 | 0.683 | 7.34 | 7.33 | 0.991 |
Illinois | 7.08 | 7.45 | 0.285 | 4.53 | 4.35 | 0.661 | 13.90 | 14.96 | 0.274 | 6.27 | 6.61 | 0.407 | 7.35 | 7.78 | 0.264 |
Indiana | 6.56 | 6.54 | 0.951 | 4.06b | 3.16 | 0.064 | 13.96 | 13.68 | 0.813 | 5.58 | 5.72 | 0.769 | 6.83 | 6.90 | 0.878 |
Iowa | 7.26b | 8.15 | 0.068 | 4.34 | 3.92 | 0.405 | 14.26b | 16.82 | 0.058 | 6.36 | 7.11 | 0.193 | 7.56b | 8.58 | 0.056 |
Kansas | 6.15 | 6.32 | 0.666 | 4.31 | 3.89 | 0.372 | 14.29 | 13.62 | 0.558 | 4.91 | 5.33 | 0.383 | 6.35 | 6.59 | 0.588 |
Kentucky | 6.69 | 6.34 | 0.425 | 4.09 | 3.53 | 0.257 | 13.69 | 13.20 | 0.609 | 5.85 | 5.56 | 0.585 | 6.96 | 6.63 | 0.489 |
Louisiana | 7.54 | 7.22 | 0.481 | 4.32b | 3.49 | 0.078 | 13.11 | 13.59 | 0.691 | 7.00 | 6.62 | 0.509 | 7.88 | 7.61 | 0.587 |
Maine | 7.18 | 7.69 | 0.285 | 4.85 | 4.64 | 0.682 | 15.12 | 15.55 | 0.728 | 6.34 | 6.93 | 0.299 | 7.38 | 7.94 | 0.275 |
Maryland | 7.38 | 6.81 | 0.193 | 3.83 | 3.33 | 0.275 | 15.68 | 15.07 | 0.591 | 6.49 | 5.94 | 0.292 | 7.74 | 7.15 | 0.228 |
Massachusetts | 8.78 | 8.75 | 0.954 | 4.61 | 4.26 | 0.516 | 18.04 | 19.02 | 0.445 | 7.62 | 7.46 | 0.795 | 9.16 | 9.15 | 0.993 |
Michigan | 7.33 | 6.93 | 0.211 | 4.55a | 3.63 | 0.016 | 14.35 | 13.12 | 0.130 | 6.46 | 6.28 | 0.636 | 7.61 | 7.26 | 0.315 |
Minnesota | 6.74b | 5.97 | 0.056 | 4.31 | 3.75 | 0.262 | 15.32 | 13.67 | 0.145 | 5.66 | 5.01 | 0.174 | 6.99b | 6.19 | 0.072 |
Mississippi | 5.94 | 5.73 | 0.575 | 3.70 | 3.37 | 0.474 | 11.63 | 11.94 | 0.748 | 5.22 | 4.96 | 0.566 | 6.18 | 5.99 | 0.630 |
Missouri | 7.02 | 6.54 | 0.259 | 4.42b | 3.59 | 0.077 | 14.68 | 12.88 | 0.112 | 6.07 | 5.86 | 0.685 | 7.29 | 6.84 | 0.337 |
Montana | 8.26 | 8.32 | 0.891 | 5.56 | 5.71 | 0.828 | 18.06 | 17.19 | 0.510 | 6.95 | 7.19 | 0.686 | 8.51 | 8.57 | 0.914 |
Nebraska | 7.00 | 6.78 | 0.610 | 4.11 | 3.86 | 0.619 | 14.84 | 16.20 | 0.261 | 5.97 | 5.48 | 0.344 | 7.31 | 7.10 | 0.652 |
Nevada | 6.95 | 7.68 | 0.160 | 5.81 | 5.42 | 0.542 | 13.23a | 16.50 | 0.016 | 6.14 | 6.66 | 0.401 | 7.07 | 7.91 | 0.138 |
New Hampshire | 7.63 | 7.80 | 0.739 | 4.35 | 4.17 | 0.722 | 16.64 | 18.13 | 0.241 | 6.56 | 6.58 | 0.979 | 7.93 | 8.13 | 0.721 |
New Jersey | 5.82 | 5.74 | 0.825 | 3.75 | 3.21 | 0.225 | 14.25 | 14.07 | 0.863 | 4.80 | 4.79 | 0.979 | 6.03 | 5.99 | 0.924 |
New Mexico | 8.35b | 7.44 | 0.076 | 6.22 | 5.20 | 0.150 | 15.78 | 15.54 | 0.844 | 7.37 | 6.38 | 0.121 | 8.58 | 7.68 | 0.107 |
New York | 7.13 | 7.05 | 0.785 | 4.10 | 3.73 | 0.309 | 14.75 | 14.19 | 0.467 | 6.18 | 6.24 | 0.873 | 7.41 | 7.35 | 0.855 |
North Carolina | 5.84 | 5.59 | 0.473 | 3.80 | 3.34 | 0.269 | 12.95 | 11.33 | 0.109 | 4.94 | 4.95 | 0.980 | 6.05 | 5.82 | 0.544 |
North Dakota | 8.12 | 7.57 | 0.241 | 4.72 | 3.93 | 0.132 | 15.30 | 14.59 | 0.565 | 6.94 | 6.52 | 0.455 | 8.43 | 7.90 | 0.303 |
Ohio | 7.18 | 7.04 | 0.653 | 4.12 | 3.74 | 0.286 | 15.04 | 14.76 | 0.757 | 6.29 | 6.20 | 0.815 | 7.50 | 7.37 | 0.723 |
Oklahoma | 6.25 | 6.83 | 0.184 | 4.13 | 4.25 | 0.803 | 12.71 | 13.40 | 0.558 | 5.39 | 6.04 | 0.222 | 6.48 | 7.12 | 0.186 |
Oregon | 9.31 | 8.88 | 0.448 | 6.14 | 5.24 | 0.149 | 16.83 | 16.54 | 0.824 | 8.50 | 8.12 | 0.572 | 9.60 | 9.22 | 0.526 |
Pennsylvania | 6.86a | 6.12 | 0.033 | 3.47 | 2.97 | 0.179 | 15.63a | 13.58 | 0.023 | 5.85 | 5.30 | 0.170 | 7.18a | 6.41 | 0.042 |
Rhode Island | 8.53 | 7.96 | 0.257 | 5.68b | 4.61 | 0.077 | 16.48 | 16.40 | 0.957 | 7.39 | 6.79 | 0.319 | 8.79 | 8.25 | 0.329 |
South Carolina | 7.21 | 6.90 | 0.451 | 4.28 | 3.94 | 0.479 | 15.08 | 16.01 | 0.412 | 6.29 | 5.81 | 0.347 | 7.50 | 7.18 | 0.491 |
South Dakota | 8.12 | 8.24 | 0.823 | 5.03 | 5.35 | 0.594 | 15.86 | 17.09 | 0.392 | 7.15 | 7.09 | 0.923 | 8.44 | 8.54 | 0.861 |
Tennessee | 6.20 | 6.14 | 0.855 | 3.90 | 3.72 | 0.716 | 12.93 | 13.60 | 0.531 | 5.39 | 5.23 | 0.740 | 6.44 | 6.38 | 0.885 |
Texas | 6.35a | 5.72 | 0.018 | 4.30a | 3.35 | 0.015 | 13.14 | 12.71 | 0.551 | 5.41b | 4.81 | 0.066 | 6.60a | 6.01 | 0.044 |
Utah | 5.57 | 6.11 | 0.159 | 3.19 | 3.09 | 0.823 | 11.59 | 12.11 | 0.600 | 4.62 | 5.29 | 0.157 | 5.91 | 6.53 | 0.142 |
Vermont | 8.31 | 8.75 | 0.415 | 4.93 | 4.87 | 0.911 | 20.66 | 21.49 | 0.597 | 6.49 | 6.91 | 0.494 | 8.60 | 9.07 | 0.416 |
Virginia | 7.02 | 7.06 | 0.909 | 3.65 | 3.60 | 0.904 | 14.28 | 15.42 | 0.243 | 6.22 | 6.12 | 0.827 | 7.35 | 7.40 | 0.901 |
Washington | 7.60 | 7.97 | 0.406 | 4.99 | 4.99 | 0.996 | 13.26 | 14.09 | 0.455 | 6.99 | 7.36 | 0.499 | 7.85 | 8.26 | 0.404 |
West Virginia | 5.91 | 5.98 | 0.886 | 4.65 | 4.27 | 0.495 | 13.62 | 13.05 | 0.607 | 4.90 | 5.12 | 0.688 | 6.02 | 6.13 | 0.830 |
Wisconsin | 8.26b | 7.42 | 0.082 | 4.96b | 4.00 | 0.056 | 17.46 | 16.52 | 0.472 | 7.13 | 6.32 | 0.163 | 8.60 | 7.76 | 0.114 |
Wyoming | 7.38 | 7.12 | 0.557 | 5.19 | 4.48 | 0.250 | 14.54 | 13.23 | 0.253 | 6.45 | 6.46 | 0.982 | 7.60 | 7.39 | 0.660 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met the criteria for a illicit drug or alcohol use disorder as defined in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) or received treatment for illicit drug or alcohol use at a specialty facility (i.e., drug and alcohol rehabilitation facility [inpatient or outpatient], hospital [inpatient only], or mental health center). Needing But Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment refers to respondents who are classified as needing illicit drug or alcohol treatment, but who did not receive illicit drug or alcohol treatment at a specialty facility. Illicit Drug Use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 4.13a | 4.38 | 0.004 | 5.46a | 6.68 | 0.000 | 3.91 | 4.01 | 0.306 |
Northeast | 4.07 | 4.16 | 0.502 | 5.56a | 6.58 | 0.000 | 3.83 | 3.78 | 0.746 |
Midwest | 4.37a | 4.64 | 0.030 | 5.94a | 7.09 | 0.000 | 4.11 | 4.24 | 0.360 |
South | 4.05a | 4.31 | 0.017 | 5.03a | 6.25 | 0.000 | 3.89 | 4.00 | 0.364 |
West | 4.09a | 4.43 | 0.012 | 5.62a | 7.05 | 0.000 | 3.82 | 3.99 | 0.266 |
Alabama | 4.23 | 4.80 | 0.129 | 5.07 | 5.95 | 0.134 | 4.09 | 4.62 | 0.227 |
Alaska | 4.53 | 5.02 | 0.195 | 7.17b | 8.53 | 0.092 | 4.04 | 4.43 | 0.366 |
Arizona | 4.04 | 4.13 | 0.788 | 5.52 | 6.37 | 0.190 | 3.79 | 3.76 | 0.935 |
Arkansas | 5.45 | 5.44 | 0.995 | 5.98 | 6.65 | 0.331 | 5.36 | 5.25 | 0.829 |
California | 3.61b | 3.94 | 0.083 | 5.05a | 6.61 | 0.000 | 3.36 | 3.48 | 0.549 |
Colorado | 4.61 | 5.08 | 0.239 | 6.65a | 8.67 | 0.014 | 4.27 | 4.49 | 0.610 |
Connecticut | 3.59b | 4.16 | 0.067 | 5.44a | 7.43 | 0.006 | 3.28 | 3.63 | 0.317 |
Delaware | 4.23b | 4.90 | 0.079 | 5.91a | 7.70 | 0.010 | 3.97 | 4.48 | 0.239 |
District of Columbia | 3.92 | 4.43 | 0.108 | 5.38 | 6.25 | 0.200 | 3.61 | 4.08 | 0.210 |
Florida | 3.56 | 3.83 | 0.254 | 5.06a | 6.41 | 0.003 | 3.35 | 3.48 | 0.623 |
Georgia | 4.17 | 4.35 | 0.585 | 4.49a | 5.83 | 0.009 | 4.11 | 4.09 | 0.961 |
Hawaii | 3.18 | 3.49 | 0.360 | 4.70a | 6.76 | 0.006 | 2.96 | 3.04 | 0.823 |
Idaho | 4.98a | 5.81 | 0.049 | 6.70 | 7.90 | 0.118 | 4.69 | 5.47 | 0.110 |
Illinois | 3.74 | 4.14 | 0.107 | 5.20a | 6.41 | 0.023 | 3.49 | 3.77 | 0.318 |
Indiana | 4.93 | 5.19 | 0.508 | 6.49b | 7.85 | 0.053 | 4.66 | 4.72 | 0.882 |
Iowa | 3.93b | 4.59 | 0.055 | 5.59a | 6.99 | 0.038 | 3.63 | 4.16 | 0.172 |
Kansas | 4.37 | 4.79 | 0.234 | 5.91b | 7.17 | 0.076 | 4.09 | 4.37 | 0.491 |
Kentucky | 5.25 | 5.58 | 0.453 | 5.89a | 7.53 | 0.021 | 5.14 | 5.26 | 0.814 |
Louisiana | 4.53 | 4.72 | 0.632 | 4.97 | 5.47 | 0.388 | 4.45 | 4.60 | 0.757 |
Maine | 4.35 | 4.60 | 0.502 | 5.62a | 7.71 | 0.007 | 4.18 | 4.19 | 0.980 |
Maryland | 3.41b | 3.90 | 0.075 | 5.14a | 6.48 | 0.029 | 3.14 | 3.51 | 0.232 |
Massachusetts | 4.32 | 4.76 | 0.206 | 6.08a | 7.46 | 0.047 | 4.02 | 4.29 | 0.482 |
Michigan | 4.44 | 4.56 | 0.684 | 5.83 | 6.64 | 0.115 | 4.21 | 4.21 | 0.990 |
Minnesota | 4.25 | 4.24 | 0.976 | 5.96b | 7.33 | 0.052 | 3.98 | 3.75 | 0.502 |
Mississippi | 3.92a | 4.64 | 0.049 | 4.46a | 5.94 | 0.014 | 3.82 | 4.41 | 0.150 |
Missouri | 4.17b | 4.91 | 0.053 | 5.53a | 6.85 | 0.049 | 3.94 | 4.59 | 0.134 |
Montana | 5.34 | 5.18 | 0.698 | 6.99 | 7.75 | 0.336 | 5.08 | 4.77 | 0.515 |
Nebraska | 4.17 | 4.30 | 0.708 | 5.69 | 6.58 | 0.157 | 3.90 | 3.89 | 0.984 |
Nevada | 4.21 | 4.28 | 0.856 | 5.76 | 6.49 | 0.288 | 3.98 | 3.96 | 0.958 |
New Hampshire | 5.07 | 5.28 | 0.618 | 8.24 | 8.90 | 0.433 | 4.57 | 4.72 | 0.757 |
New Jersey | 3.57 | 3.67 | 0.695 | 5.36 | 6.31 | 0.108 | 3.30 | 3.28 | 0.968 |
New Mexico | 4.43 | 4.39 | 0.922 | 5.09b | 6.29 | 0.059 | 4.32 | 4.08 | 0.600 |
New York | 4.08 | 3.83 | 0.332 | 5.24 | 5.87 | 0.189 | 3.88 | 3.50 | 0.174 |
North Carolina | 4.72 | 4.66 | 0.881 | 4.42a | 6.27 | 0.001 | 4.77 | 4.41 | 0.386 |
North Dakota | 4.03b | 4.61 | 0.084 | 5.89a | 7.39 | 0.024 | 3.63 | 4.03 | 0.287 |
Ohio | 5.13 | 4.95 | 0.586 | 6.78 | 7.60 | 0.146 | 4.87 | 4.53 | 0.363 |
Oklahoma | 4.60 | 4.99 | 0.309 | 5.41a | 7.04 | 0.016 | 4.45 | 4.64 | 0.676 |
Oregon | 5.19 | 5.37 | 0.653 | 7.84 | 8.32 | 0.547 | 4.79 | 4.93 | 0.751 |
Pennsylvania | 4.20 | 4.44 | 0.368 | 5.57a | 6.66 | 0.032 | 3.98 | 4.10 | 0.701 |
Rhode Island | 4.24 | 4.52 | 0.437 | 5.71a | 7.07 | 0.039 | 3.97 | 4.06 | 0.827 |
South Carolina | 3.98 | 4.36 | 0.272 | 4.79a | 6.12 | 0.032 | 3.85 | 4.09 | 0.545 |
South Dakota | 4.12 | 4.44 | 0.305 | 5.61a | 7.48 | 0.010 | 3.86 | 3.93 | 0.839 |
Tennessee | 4.98 | 5.19 | 0.602 | 5.62a | 7.12 | 0.018 | 4.87 | 4.89 | 0.979 |
Texas | 3.26a | 3.76 | 0.020 | 4.80a | 5.90 | 0.017 | 2.98 | 3.38 | 0.104 |
Utah | 5.20a | 6.18 | 0.021 | 6.77a | 9.51 | 0.003 | 4.84 | 5.43 | 0.221 |
Vermont | 5.32 | 5.41 | 0.826 | 6.27a | 7.78 | 0.044 | 5.16 | 5.00 | 0.717 |
Virginia | 4.60b | 4.01 | 0.068 | 5.62 | 5.99 | 0.490 | 4.43a | 3.70 | 0.042 |
Washington | 4.80 | 5.37 | 0.153 | 5.95 | 7.01 | 0.127 | 4.62 | 5.12 | 0.268 |
West Virginia | 5.18 | 5.69 | 0.293 | 6.22a | 7.55 | 0.050 | 5.03 | 5.41 | 0.473 |
Wisconsin | 4.24b | 4.88 | 0.059 | 6.21b | 7.53 | 0.061 | 3.91 | 4.45 | 0.157 |
Wyoming | 4.62 | 4.84 | 0.500 | 6.73 | 7.66 | 0.199 | 4.27 | 4.39 | 0.737 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Serious mental illness (SMI) is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder, assessed by the Mental Health Surveillance Study (MHSS) Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Fourth Edition—Research Version—Axis I Disorders (MHSS-SCID), which is based on the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). SMI includes individuals with diagnoses resulting in serious functional impairment. For details, see Section B of the "2016-2017 NSDUH: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology" at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 18.07a | 18.57 | 0.007 | 21.89a | 23.93 | 0.000 | 17.44 | 17.69 | 0.207 |
Northeast | 17.86 | 18.01 | 0.670 | 22.58a | 24.10 | 0.003 | 17.10 | 17.03 | 0.865 |
Midwest | 18.01a | 18.78 | 0.006 | 22.25a | 24.92 | 0.000 | 17.30 | 17.76 | 0.151 |
South | 17.95 | 18.18 | 0.340 | 20.50a | 22.47 | 0.000 | 17.53 | 17.49 | 0.876 |
West | 18.48a | 19.41 | 0.004 | 23.21a | 25.19 | 0.000 | 17.67a | 18.45 | 0.033 |
Alabama | 18.47 | 19.95 | 0.120 | 20.07 | 21.52 | 0.240 | 18.20 | 19.69 | 0.165 |
Alaska | 20.01 | 20.32 | 0.713 | 27.17 | 27.34 | 0.913 | 18.70 | 19.14 | 0.636 |
Arizona | 17.52 | 18.02 | 0.584 | 20.65 | 22.39 | 0.210 | 16.99 | 17.30 | 0.765 |
Arkansas | 21.02 | 20.73 | 0.755 | 22.88 | 24.46 | 0.258 | 20.71 | 20.11 | 0.573 |
California | 17.15a | 18.18 | 0.039 | 22.21a | 24.75 | 0.003 | 16.26 | 17.06 | 0.151 |
Colorado | 20.05 | 19.86 | 0.819 | 25.63 | 27.72 | 0.174 | 19.11 | 18.58 | 0.567 |
Connecticut | 18.00 | 18.18 | 0.832 | 23.48 | 25.56 | 0.153 | 17.11 | 16.98 | 0.899 |
Delaware | 17.71 | 18.65 | 0.264 | 21.60 | 23.52 | 0.193 | 17.11 | 17.93 | 0.391 |
District of Columbia | 18.82a | 21.17 | 0.006 | 21.11a | 23.89 | 0.042 | 18.35a | 20.65 | 0.019 |
Florida | 17.30 | 17.54 | 0.671 | 20.57a | 22.74 | 0.014 | 16.84 | 16.83 | 0.981 |
Georgia | 17.74 | 18.07 | 0.660 | 18.88a | 21.26 | 0.028 | 17.55 | 17.53 | 0.987 |
Hawaii | 15.55 | 16.27 | 0.395 | 21.10 | 22.94 | 0.198 | 14.74 | 15.36 | 0.509 |
Idaho | 21.62a | 25.03 | 0.001 | 25.08b | 27.79 | 0.077 | 21.03a | 24.57 | 0.002 |
Illinois | 15.73b | 16.76 | 0.094 | 19.43a | 22.82 | 0.001 | 15.12 | 15.78 | 0.343 |
Indiana | 19.95 | 20.90 | 0.292 | 24.86b | 27.45 | 0.066 | 19.08 | 19.75 | 0.520 |
Iowa | 17.72 | 19.02 | 0.120 | 21.52a | 25.26 | 0.005 | 17.04 | 17.90 | 0.360 |
Kansas | 18.17b | 19.71 | 0.068 | 21.42a | 24.72 | 0.022 | 17.58 | 18.81 | 0.194 |
Kentucky | 22.08 | 22.29 | 0.833 | 21.20 | 22.83 | 0.259 | 22.23 | 22.21 | 0.984 |
Louisiana | 17.31a | 19.11 | 0.047 | 16.91a | 19.67 | 0.027 | 17.38 | 19.02 | 0.109 |
Maine | 17.62 | 19.01 | 0.106 | 21.87a | 26.59 | 0.002 | 17.04 | 17.99 | 0.318 |
Maryland | 16.59 | 16.94 | 0.646 | 21.77 | 23.18 | 0.288 | 15.78 | 15.99 | 0.807 |
Massachusetts | 19.34 | 20.57 | 0.172 | 24.09 | 26.23 | 0.153 | 18.51 | 19.59 | 0.285 |
Michigan | 17.33 | 18.34 | 0.102 | 21.87a | 24.05 | 0.030 | 16.55 | 17.39 | 0.245 |
Minnesota | 18.24 | 18.21 | 0.978 | 24.49a | 28.73 | 0.003 | 17.24 | 16.55 | 0.445 |
Mississippi | 17.49b | 19.04 | 0.082 | 17.19b | 19.70 | 0.053 | 17.55 | 18.92 | 0.172 |
Missouri | 18.03a | 20.05 | 0.025 | 19.43a | 23.27 | 0.004 | 17.80b | 19.52 | 0.088 |
Montana | 20.57 | 19.78 | 0.382 | 25.39 | 26.11 | 0.629 | 19.79 | 18.77 | 0.312 |
Nebraska | 18.39 | 17.88 | 0.531 | 22.75 | 24.79 | 0.119 | 17.61 | 16.64 | 0.303 |
Nevada | 18.33 | 18.87 | 0.532 | 22.05a | 24.82 | 0.041 | 17.77 | 18.01 | 0.806 |
New Hampshire | 19.36 | 19.15 | 0.809 | 26.10 | 26.70 | 0.690 | 18.30 | 17.98 | 0.745 |
New Jersey | 15.50 | 16.19 | 0.326 | 20.29 | 20.96 | 0.566 | 14.78 | 15.48 | 0.372 |
New Mexico | 19.19 | 17.73 | 0.128 | 23.51 | 24.08 | 0.671 | 18.46 | 16.68 | 0.102 |
New York | 17.54 | 17.61 | 0.901 | 22.32 | 23.63 | 0.147 | 16.74 | 16.63 | 0.865 |
North Carolina | 18.98 | 18.02 | 0.235 | 21.46 | 22.32 | 0.482 | 18.58 | 17.34 | 0.173 |
North Dakota | 17.06 | 18.30 | 0.121 | 21.25a | 23.90 | 0.042 | 16.14 | 17.15 | 0.275 |
Ohio | 19.72 | 19.85 | 0.838 | 24.18 | 25.42 | 0.232 | 19.01 | 18.97 | 0.957 |
Oklahoma | 18.93 | 20.02 | 0.244 | 21.43 | 23.59 | 0.115 | 18.50 | 19.40 | 0.386 |
Oregon | 22.61 | 23.59 | 0.332 | 28.37 | 27.85 | 0.749 | 21.74 | 22.95 | 0.280 |
Pennsylvania | 18.76 | 17.98 | 0.219 | 22.65b | 24.38 | 0.071 | 18.16 | 16.99 | 0.103 |
Rhode Island | 19.23 | 19.59 | 0.681 | 23.60 | 24.76 | 0.426 | 18.43 | 18.67 | 0.815 |
South Carolina | 18.12 | 18.56 | 0.599 | 21.43b | 23.73 | 0.092 | 17.59 | 17.76 | 0.863 |
South Dakota | 17.83 | 17.70 | 0.879 | 21.97 | 23.75 | 0.209 | 17.11 | 16.68 | 0.636 |
Tennessee | 19.63 | 19.24 | 0.658 | 21.79 | 23.90 | 0.123 | 19.28 | 18.50 | 0.433 |
Texas | 16.04 | 16.32 | 0.568 | 19.41a | 21.62 | 0.012 | 15.42 | 15.37 | 0.933 |
Utah | 22.27 | 23.47 | 0.160 | 25.20a | 28.99 | 0.014 | 21.61 | 22.24 | 0.521 |
Vermont | 20.85 | 19.84 | 0.257 | 28.30 | 30.05 | 0.287 | 19.55 | 18.06 | 0.143 |
Virginia | 19.96 | 18.78 | 0.112 | 23.98 | 25.39 | 0.260 | 19.30b | 17.72 | 0.057 |
Washington | 20.72a | 22.81 | 0.030 | 25.34 | 24.81 | 0.743 | 19.99a | 22.51 | 0.019 |
West Virginia | 20.90b | 22.89 | 0.067 | 21.96 | 23.96 | 0.163 | 20.75b | 22.73 | 0.096 |
Wisconsin | 18.51 | 18.54 | 0.973 | 24.00 | 25.53 | 0.270 | 17.61 | 17.40 | 0.824 |
Wyoming | 19.46 | 20.25 | 0.378 | 23.71a | 26.55 | 0.049 | 18.76 | 19.25 | 0.629 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Any mental illness (AMI) is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder, assessed by the Mental Health Surveillance Study (MHSS) Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Fourth Edition—Research Version—Axis I Disorders (MHSS-SCID), which is based on the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). For details, see Section B of the "2016-2017 NSDUH: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology" at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 14.28b | 14.60 | 0.056 | 12.28a | 13.90 | 0.000 | 14.61 | 14.72 | 0.578 |
Northeast | 15.74 | 15.66 | 0.805 | 13.59a | 15.18 | 0.000 | 16.08 | 15.74 | 0.321 |
Midwest | 15.75a | 16.45 | 0.010 | 14.36a | 16.04 | 0.000 | 15.99b | 16.52 | 0.090 |
South | 13.52 | 13.81 | 0.214 | 11.18a | 12.72 | 0.000 | 13.91 | 13.99 | 0.770 |
West | 13.06 | 13.42 | 0.206 | 11.21a | 12.88 | 0.000 | 13.37 | 13.51 | 0.682 |
Alabama | 12.98 | 13.97 | 0.193 | 10.60 | 11.62 | 0.295 | 13.38 | 14.35 | 0.268 |
Alaska | 13.54 | 13.02 | 0.418 | 13.38 | 13.42 | 0.975 | 13.57 | 12.95 | 0.402 |
Arizona | 11.87b | 13.24 | 0.084 | 10.44 | 11.31 | 0.404 | 12.12 | 13.56 | 0.114 |
Arkansas | 15.54 | 16.07 | 0.530 | 12.89 | 14.44 | 0.150 | 15.97 | 16.34 | 0.709 |
California | 11.59 | 11.72 | 0.745 | 9.51a | 11.34 | 0.004 | 11.95 | 11.78 | 0.725 |
Colorado | 15.86 | 15.62 | 0.767 | 14.38a | 17.01 | 0.036 | 16.10 | 15.39 | 0.442 |
Connecticut | 17.05 | 16.61 | 0.619 | 15.28a | 18.42 | 0.011 | 17.33 | 16.31 | 0.322 |
Delaware | 15.06 | 15.95 | 0.282 | 12.18a | 14.60 | 0.033 | 15.50 | 16.15 | 0.493 |
District of Columbia | 15.18a | 16.82 | 0.041 | 12.90b | 15.34 | 0.051 | 15.65 | 17.12 | 0.120 |
Florida | 12.75 | 13.37 | 0.240 | 10.09a | 12.49 | 0.001 | 13.12 | 13.48 | 0.539 |
Georgia | 12.03b | 13.17 | 0.067 | 9.43a | 11.26 | 0.031 | 12.48 | 13.50 | 0.158 |
Hawaii | 9.03a | 10.67 | 0.017 | 8.91a | 11.77 | 0.006 | 9.04b | 10.51 | 0.055 |
Idaho | 16.64 | 17.28 | 0.492 | 16.47 | 17.22 | 0.541 | 16.67 | 17.29 | 0.561 |
Illinois | 13.64 | 14.50 | 0.111 | 12.44a | 14.49 | 0.025 | 13.84 | 14.51 | 0.279 |
Indiana | 15.36a | 17.64 | 0.005 | 13.97a | 17.82 | 0.002 | 15.61a | 17.62 | 0.034 |
Iowa | 16.75 | 17.59 | 0.299 | 14.91a | 18.49 | 0.006 | 17.07 | 17.43 | 0.705 |
Kansas | 14.20 | 15.39 | 0.128 | 13.92 | 15.03 | 0.335 | 14.25 | 15.46 | 0.189 |
Kentucky | 17.94 | 17.61 | 0.712 | 15.45 | 16.63 | 0.348 | 18.35 | 17.77 | 0.570 |
Louisiana | 13.35 | 13.49 | 0.851 | 10.71 | 11.52 | 0.392 | 13.80 | 13.81 | 0.992 |
Maine | 19.37 | 19.16 | 0.812 | 17.37 | 19.18 | 0.180 | 19.64 | 19.15 | 0.629 |
Maryland | 13.66 | 14.19 | 0.487 | 13.61 | 15.15 | 0.166 | 13.67 | 14.04 | 0.670 |
Massachusetts | 18.86 | 19.69 | 0.379 | 16.59 | 17.31 | 0.594 | 19.25 | 20.11 | 0.436 |
Michigan | 16.12 | 16.42 | 0.615 | 14.95 | 15.31 | 0.657 | 16.31 | 16.61 | 0.678 |
Minnesota | 19.08 | 17.99 | 0.207 | 17.41 | 18.30 | 0.517 | 19.35 | 17.94 | 0.155 |
Mississippi | 11.98b | 13.28 | 0.088 | 9.53 | 10.15 | 0.547 | 12.41 | 13.82 | 0.110 |
Missouri | 15.70 | 16.82 | 0.179 | 12.28a | 15.50 | 0.006 | 16.27 | 17.03 | 0.419 |
Montana | 16.48 | 15.23 | 0.110 | 16.61 | 16.24 | 0.784 | 16.46 | 15.07 | 0.118 |
Nebraska | 15.93 | 15.77 | 0.834 | 15.80 | 16.63 | 0.476 | 15.95 | 15.61 | 0.710 |
Nevada | 11.63 | 12.40 | 0.302 | 8.96a | 10.98 | 0.033 | 12.03 | 12.60 | 0.503 |
New Hampshire | 20.72b | 19.12 | 0.094 | 20.55 | 19.88 | 0.640 | 20.75 | 19.00 | 0.115 |
New Jersey | 12.67 | 12.45 | 0.744 | 11.82 | 12.09 | 0.787 | 12.80 | 12.51 | 0.703 |
New Mexico | 12.95 | 12.74 | 0.772 | 10.60b | 12.32 | 0.094 | 13.35 | 12.80 | 0.527 |
New York | 14.47 | 14.16 | 0.545 | 12.10a | 13.83 | 0.020 | 14.86 | 14.21 | 0.266 |
North Carolina | 16.01 | 15.12 | 0.183 | 12.69 | 13.07 | 0.695 | 16.55 | 15.44 | 0.151 |
North Dakota | 14.48 | 15.51 | 0.164 | 12.92b | 15.10 | 0.059 | 14.82 | 15.61 | 0.367 |
Ohio | 16.50 | 17.05 | 0.359 | 15.07 | 16.05 | 0.274 | 16.73 | 17.20 | 0.484 |
Oklahoma | 15.13 | 14.52 | 0.453 | 13.28 | 13.49 | 0.858 | 15.45 | 14.70 | 0.421 |
Oregon | 17.52 | 16.90 | 0.439 | 16.00 | 15.84 | 0.902 | 17.75 | 17.06 | 0.443 |
Pennsylvania | 16.35 | 16.39 | 0.947 | 13.06a | 15.59 | 0.005 | 16.86 | 16.51 | 0.612 |
Rhode Island | 18.96 | 19.73 | 0.428 | 16.54 | 18.57 | 0.142 | 19.40 | 19.94 | 0.629 |
South Carolina | 14.42 | 14.62 | 0.792 | 13.42 | 13.91 | 0.662 | 14.58 | 14.73 | 0.861 |
South Dakota | 14.95 | 15.38 | 0.563 | 14.67b | 16.86 | 0.067 | 15.00 | 15.14 | 0.873 |
Tennessee | 15.10 | 14.92 | 0.817 | 12.88 | 13.53 | 0.540 | 15.46 | 15.14 | 0.718 |
Texas | 10.97 | 11.54 | 0.210 | 8.91a | 11.37 | 0.000 | 11.35 | 11.57 | 0.667 |
Utah | 15.72a | 17.53 | 0.029 | 15.70b | 18.21 | 0.059 | 15.73b | 17.38 | 0.087 |
Vermont | 20.39 | 21.38 | 0.338 | 22.34 | 23.04 | 0.686 | 20.05 | 21.09 | 0.374 |
Virginia | 16.54 | 15.51 | 0.134 | 13.97 | 14.27 | 0.770 | 16.95 | 15.71 | 0.110 |
Washington | 16.37 | 17.42 | 0.244 | 13.49 | 14.86 | 0.276 | 16.83 | 17.81 | 0.334 |
West Virginia | 17.01 | 17.78 | 0.387 | 13.88a | 16.68 | 0.027 | 17.47 | 17.94 | 0.641 |
Wisconsin | 16.07 | 16.76 | 0.387 | 15.55 | 15.99 | 0.712 | 16.15 | 16.89 | 0.426 |
Wyoming | 13.98 | 13.48 | 0.522 | 13.20a | 15.78 | 0.031 | 14.11 | 13.12 | 0.251 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Mental Health Services are defined as having received inpatient treatment/counseling or outpatient treatment/counseling or having used prescription medication for problems with emotions, nerves, or mental health. Respondents were not to include treatment for drug or alcohol use. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 4.04b | 4.19 | 0.078 | 8.57a | 9.64 | 0.000 | 3.30 | 3.31 | 0.910 |
Northeast | 4.03 | 3.99 | 0.732 | 8.81a | 9.50 | 0.036 | 3.26 | 3.11 | 0.297 |
Midwest | 4.14b | 4.35 | 0.077 | 8.66a | 9.98 | 0.000 | 3.38 | 3.41 | 0.801 |
South | 3.84b | 4.03 | 0.065 | 8.06a | 9.24 | 0.000 | 3.15 | 3.20 | 0.631 |
West | 4.30 | 4.45 | 0.245 | 9.09a | 10.07 | 0.011 | 3.48 | 3.52 | 0.753 |
Alabama | 3.57 | 3.89 | 0.250 | 7.27b | 8.71 | 0.083 | 2.96 | 3.11 | 0.617 |
Alaska | 5.15 | 5.34 | 0.624 | 11.76 | 13.26 | 0.169 | 3.94 | 4.01 | 0.876 |
Arizona | 4.01 | 4.02 | 0.975 | 8.92 | 9.28 | 0.667 | 3.18 | 3.15 | 0.915 |
Arkansas | 4.47 | 4.59 | 0.711 | 8.60 | 9.83 | 0.153 | 3.78 | 3.73 | 0.889 |
California | 3.96 | 4.04 | 0.693 | 8.54a | 9.68 | 0.049 | 3.17 | 3.09 | 0.691 |
Colorado | 4.88 | 5.41 | 0.152 | 9.56b | 11.25 | 0.085 | 4.10 | 4.46 | 0.372 |
Connecticut | 3.76 | 4.05 | 0.363 | 8.56b | 10.03 | 0.098 | 2.98 | 3.08 | 0.765 |
Delaware | 4.35 | 4.16 | 0.558 | 9.13 | 9.61 | 0.573 | 3.62 | 3.35 | 0.452 |
District of Columbia | 4.22 | 4.11 | 0.718 | 7.93 | 8.55 | 0.456 | 3.46 | 3.24 | 0.528 |
Florida | 3.34 | 3.49 | 0.488 | 8.12a | 9.38 | 0.027 | 2.67 | 2.69 | 0.949 |
Georgia | 3.94 | 4.38 | 0.124 | 7.02a | 8.73 | 0.010 | 3.41 | 3.65 | 0.432 |
Hawaii | 3.79 | 4.08 | 0.409 | 8.99 | 10.08 | 0.262 | 3.03 | 3.26 | 0.548 |
Idaho | 4.84a | 5.60 | 0.034 | 9.36 | 10.59 | 0.202 | 4.08b | 4.78 | 0.075 |
Illinois | 3.89 | 3.87 | 0.931 | 8.45 | 9.33 | 0.207 | 3.14 | 2.98 | 0.523 |
Indiana | 4.58 | 5.04 | 0.165 | 9.12a | 11.05 | 0.031 | 3.78 | 3.99 | 0.565 |
Iowa | 3.94a | 4.69 | 0.029 | 8.74a | 10.58 | 0.038 | 3.08 | 3.64 | 0.121 |
Kansas | 4.72 | 4.87 | 0.652 | 9.34 | 10.29 | 0.310 | 3.88 | 3.90 | 0.963 |
Kentucky | 5.08 | 4.71 | 0.289 | 9.36 | 10.47 | 0.220 | 4.38 | 3.78 | 0.118 |
Louisiana | 4.24 | 4.25 | 0.984 | 7.78 | 8.07 | 0.697 | 3.64 | 3.62 | 0.948 |
Maine | 3.74 | 3.99 | 0.430 | 7.68a | 9.98 | 0.010 | 3.22 | 3.19 | 0.947 |
Maryland | 3.82 | 4.00 | 0.524 | 8.23 | 9.04 | 0.314 | 3.13 | 3.23 | 0.754 |
Massachusetts | 3.97b | 4.57 | 0.075 | 8.49b | 10.07 | 0.066 | 3.19 | 3.63 | 0.223 |
Michigan | 3.91 | 3.99 | 0.731 | 8.35 | 9.33 | 0.120 | 3.16 | 3.10 | 0.783 |
Minnesota | 4.15 | 4.52 | 0.225 | 8.79 | 10.17 | 0.134 | 3.41 | 3.63 | 0.494 |
Mississippi | 3.78 | 4.01 | 0.393 | 7.72 | 8.54 | 0.248 | 3.08 | 3.22 | 0.635 |
Missouri | 3.47a | 4.04 | 0.050 | 7.18a | 9.75 | 0.004 | 2.86 | 3.11 | 0.403 |
Montana | 5.29 | 4.91 | 0.289 | 10.47 | 11.26 | 0.439 | 4.45 | 3.90 | 0.148 |
Nebraska | 4.42 | 4.05 | 0.212 | 8.12 | 9.21 | 0.193 | 3.76b | 3.13 | 0.051 |
Nevada | 4.29 | 4.62 | 0.310 | 8.90 | 10.40 | 0.122 | 3.60 | 3.78 | 0.592 |
New Hampshire | 5.01 | 4.89 | 0.750 | 10.26 | 10.87 | 0.517 | 4.18 | 3.97 | 0.591 |
New Jersey | 3.58 | 3.41 | 0.500 | 8.47 | 9.14 | 0.376 | 2.85 | 2.56 | 0.285 |
New Mexico | 4.28 | 4.01 | 0.380 | 8.88 | 8.78 | 0.911 | 3.50 | 3.23 | 0.391 |
New York | 3.94 | 3.68 | 0.252 | 8.82 | 9.22 | 0.503 | 3.13 | 2.79 | 0.161 |
North Carolina | 4.23 | 4.57 | 0.287 | 7.71a | 9.67 | 0.013 | 3.67 | 3.77 | 0.778 |
North Dakota | 4.17 | 4.57 | 0.185 | 8.47b | 10.07 | 0.072 | 3.24 | 3.43 | 0.527 |
Ohio | 4.47 | 4.56 | 0.727 | 9.27 | 10.09 | 0.217 | 3.70 | 3.68 | 0.948 |
Oklahoma | 3.77 | 4.10 | 0.271 | 7.54b | 9.03 | 0.095 | 3.12 | 3.25 | 0.657 |
Oregon | 5.07 | 5.18 | 0.742 | 11.52 | 11.01 | 0.621 | 4.09 | 4.32 | 0.546 |
Pennsylvania | 4.41 | 4.28 | 0.627 | 9.05 | 9.30 | 0.714 | 3.69 | 3.51 | 0.537 |
Rhode Island | 4.49 | 4.78 | 0.430 | 9.55 | 10.62 | 0.262 | 3.57 | 3.73 | 0.686 |
South Carolina | 3.73 | 4.11 | 0.219 | 7.25a | 9.27 | 0.015 | 3.17 | 3.31 | 0.672 |
South Dakota | 3.82a | 4.40 | 0.047 | 7.47a | 9.85 | 0.009 | 3.19 | 3.48 | 0.344 |
Tennessee | 4.55 | 4.50 | 0.878 | 8.33 | 9.29 | 0.238 | 3.94 | 3.74 | 0.579 |
Texas | 3.51 | 3.72 | 0.263 | 8.38 | 9.31 | 0.132 | 2.62 | 2.72 | 0.601 |
Utah | 5.62 | 5.99 | 0.359 | 10.49 | 12.23 | 0.113 | 4.52 | 4.60 | 0.851 |
Vermont | 5.48 | 5.31 | 0.648 | 10.34 | 11.29 | 0.358 | 4.64 | 4.27 | 0.374 |
Virginia | 3.96 | 4.20 | 0.388 | 8.57 | 9.26 | 0.352 | 3.21 | 3.40 | 0.531 |
Washington | 4.73 | 5.06 | 0.336 | 9.67 | 10.08 | 0.663 | 3.96 | 4.30 | 0.354 |
West Virginia | 4.31 | 4.75 | 0.227 | 8.72 | 10.01 | 0.136 | 3.66 | 3.99 | 0.413 |
Wisconsin | 4.41 | 4.60 | 0.581 | 9.41 | 10.87 | 0.121 | 3.59 | 3.57 | 0.953 |
Wyoming | 4.14 | 4.39 | 0.411 | 8.66a | 10.57 | 0.043 | 3.39 | 3.41 | 0.955 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Respondents were asked, "At any time in the past 12 months, did you seriously think about trying to kill yourself?" If they answered "Yes," they were categorized as having serious thoughts of suicide in the past year. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
State |
18+ (2015-2016) |
18+ (2016-2017) |
18+ (P Value) |
12-17 (2015-2016) |
12-17 (2016-2017) |
12-17 (P Value) |
18-25 (2015-2016) |
18-25 (2016-2017) |
18-25 (P Value) |
26+ (2015-2016) |
26+ (2016-2017) |
26+ (P Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total U.S. | 6.70b | 6.89 | 0.087 | 12.63 | 13.01 | 0.108 | 10.59a | 11.95 | 0.000 | 6.06 | 6.07 | 0.911 |
Northeast | 6.80 | 6.76 | 0.805 | 12.13 | 12.14 | 0.980 | 11.08 | 11.77 | 0.102 | 6.11 | 5.96 | 0.472 |
Midwest | 6.89b | 7.24 | 0.051 | 13.53 | 13.93 | 0.237 | 11.01a | 12.61 | 0.000 | 6.20 | 6.35 | 0.469 |
South | 6.60 | 6.66 | 0.647 | 11.90 | 12.39 | 0.108 | 9.91a | 10.91 | 0.001 | 6.05 | 5.98 | 0.667 |
West | 6.61a | 7.05 | 0.020 | 13.32 | 13.79 | 0.267 | 10.89a | 13.11 | 0.000 | 5.88 | 6.05 | 0.430 |
Alabama | 6.66 | 7.24 | 0.278 | 11.18 | 11.90 | 0.402 | 9.99 | 10.47 | 0.597 | 6.12 | 6.72 | 0.313 |
Alaska | 7.39 | 7.69 | 0.549 | 15.22 | 14.27 | 0.377 | 12.85 | 13.28 | 0.707 | 6.40 | 6.76 | 0.515 |
Arizona | 6.03 | 6.53 | 0.327 | 11.68 | 13.06 | 0.201 | 8.61a | 10.62 | 0.026 | 5.60 | 5.86 | 0.652 |
Arkansas | 8.13 | 8.19 | 0.918 | 13.05 | 13.36 | 0.760 | 10.60 | 12.24 | 0.119 | 7.72 | 7.53 | 0.772 |
California | 6.04 | 6.48 | 0.115 | 12.93 | 13.23 | 0.649 | 10.65a | 13.14 | 0.000 | 5.23 | 5.36 | 0.689 |
Colorado | 7.62 | 7.70 | 0.881 | 14.59 | 13.89 | 0.501 | 12.66b | 15.01 | 0.058 | 6.78 | 6.51 | 0.642 |
Connecticut | 6.84 | 6.97 | 0.787 | 12.52 | 13.16 | 0.531 | 11.73 | 13.10 | 0.224 | 6.05 | 5.98 | 0.910 |
Delaware | 6.52 | 7.07 | 0.261 | 11.94 | 11.58 | 0.691 | 10.34 | 11.82 | 0.156 | 5.94 | 6.37 | 0.416 |
District of Columbia | 7.28 | 7.89 | 0.248 | 9.91 | 10.49 | 0.506 | 11.88 | 12.25 | 0.752 | 6.34 | 7.04 | 0.225 |
Florida | 6.12 | 6.20 | 0.812 | 12.84 | 13.09 | 0.706 | 10.40 | 11.15 | 0.265 | 5.52 | 5.52 | 0.990 |
Georgia | 6.72 | 6.90 | 0.703 | 10.14 | 11.44 | 0.101 | 9.39 | 10.48 | 0.200 | 6.26 | 6.30 | 0.946 |
Hawaii | 5.37 | 5.67 | 0.485 | 10.99 | 11.97 | 0.332 | 9.43b | 11.22 | 0.077 | 4.78 | 4.91 | 0.771 |
Idaho | 7.62 | 8.32 | 0.208 | 15.93 | 16.22 | 0.802 | 11.17a | 14.15 | 0.013 | 7.02 | 7.35 | 0.590 |
Illinois | 5.62b | 6.30 | 0.054 | 12.46b | 14.00 | 0.053 | 9.54a | 11.59 | 0.013 | 4.97 | 5.44 | 0.223 |
Indiana | 7.69 | 7.98 | 0.594 | 14.70 | 13.77 | 0.392 | 12.37 | 13.52 | 0.328 | 6.87 | 7.02 | 0.805 |
Iowa | 6.69a | 7.73 | 0.048 | 14.09 | 14.10 | 0.996 | 10.82a | 12.94 | 0.030 | 5.96 | 6.80 | 0.155 |
Kansas | 7.21 | 7.58 | 0.499 | 12.53 | 13.84 | 0.164 | 10.91 | 11.87 | 0.355 | 6.54 | 6.81 | 0.655 |
Kentucky | 7.55 | 7.87 | 0.570 | 11.72 | 11.94 | 0.816 | 11.05 | 12.09 | 0.280 | 6.97 | 7.19 | 0.736 |
Louisiana | 6.49 | 7.17 | 0.254 | 10.15 | 10.76 | 0.497 | 7.79 | 8.80 | 0.264 | 6.27 | 6.90 | 0.348 |
Maine | 7.21 | 7.48 | 0.618 | 14.25 | 15.07 | 0.422 | 12.28a | 15.31 | 0.016 | 6.53 | 6.44 | 0.883 |
Maryland | 6.71 | 6.93 | 0.630 | 12.69 | 12.91 | 0.821 | 11.41 | 12.93 | 0.144 | 5.97 | 6.02 | 0.932 |
Massachusetts | 7.48 | 7.56 | 0.878 | 13.72 | 13.60 | 0.901 | 12.55 | 14.11 | 0.183 | 6.60 | 6.44 | 0.770 |
Michigan | 6.84 | 7.13 | 0.437 | 13.27 | 13.87 | 0.431 | 11.34 | 11.85 | 0.490 | 6.08 | 6.34 | 0.524 |
Minnesota | 7.02 | 6.77 | 0.605 | 13.39 | 13.56 | 0.859 | 11.12a | 15.20 | 0.000 | 6.37b | 5.44 | 0.080 |
Mississippi | 6.04b | 7.02 | 0.052 | 10.78 | 11.56 | 0.391 | 8.28a | 10.08 | 0.047 | 5.65 | 6.49 | 0.135 |
Missouri | 6.99b | 7.96 | 0.087 | 14.28 | 14.57 | 0.788 | 10.35 | 11.87 | 0.134 | 6.43 | 7.33 | 0.160 |
Montana | 7.79 | 7.94 | 0.769 | 13.56 | 14.07 | 0.625 | 11.45a | 13.90 | 0.029 | 7.19 | 6.99 | 0.708 |
Nebraska | 6.96 | 6.64 | 0.509 | 12.97 | 13.01 | 0.966 | 11.04 | 11.60 | 0.572 | 6.23 | 5.76 | 0.380 |
Nevada | 7.35 | 6.74 | 0.256 | 15.66 | 14.97 | 0.530 | 10.73b | 12.79 | 0.060 | 6.84 | 5.86 | 0.107 |
New Hampshire | 7.98 | 8.29 | 0.604 | 13.40 | 13.91 | 0.619 | 13.17 | 14.23 | 0.355 | 7.17 | 7.37 | 0.756 |
New Jersey | 6.13 | 6.05 | 0.846 | 10.39 | 11.17 | 0.344 | 10.05 | 10.03 | 0.981 | 5.55 | 5.46 | 0.852 |
New Mexico | 6.71 | 6.63 | 0.862 | 12.61a | 14.88 | 0.041 | 9.36b | 11.18 | 0.063 | 6.27 | 5.88 | 0.481 |
New York | 6.68 | 6.49 | 0.566 | 11.91 | 11.46 | 0.490 | 10.65 | 10.70 | 0.942 | 6.02 | 5.80 | 0.571 |
North Carolina | 7.07 | 6.72 | 0.439 | 11.70 | 12.03 | 0.702 | 9.05 | 10.35 | 0.127 | 6.75 | 6.15 | 0.237 |
North Dakota | 6.80 | 7.10 | 0.536 | 11.25 | 12.13 | 0.337 | 10.33 | 11.86 | 0.112 | 6.03 | 6.13 | 0.865 |
Ohio | 7.85 | 7.56 | 0.507 | 13.98 | 14.35 | 0.633 | 11.50 | 12.63 | 0.150 | 7.26 | 6.76 | 0.290 |
Oklahoma | 7.50 | 7.75 | 0.643 | 13.53 | 13.86 | 0.756 | 10.29 | 11.81 | 0.169 | 7.02 | 7.06 | 0.946 |
Oregon | 7.89 | 8.49 | 0.281 | 15.66 | 16.34 | 0.547 | 13.41 | 15.16 | 0.133 | 7.05 | 7.49 | 0.471 |
Pennsylvania | 6.83 | 6.82 | 0.993 | 12.33 | 12.23 | 0.886 | 11.02 | 12.13 | 0.173 | 6.17 | 6.01 | 0.686 |
Rhode Island | 7.23 | 7.41 | 0.738 | 13.72 | 13.30 | 0.690 | 11.17 | 12.06 | 0.394 | 6.52 | 6.57 | 0.926 |
South Carolina | 6.52 | 6.76 | 0.608 | 10.83 | 12.31 | 0.102 | 9.06b | 10.70 | 0.069 | 6.11 | 6.15 | 0.941 |
South Dakota | 6.86 | 6.73 | 0.770 | 11.79 | 12.56 | 0.381 | 10.90a | 13.06 | 0.048 | 6.16 | 5.66 | 0.303 |
Tennessee | 7.06 | 7.18 | 0.814 | 12.13 | 12.79 | 0.483 | 11.12 | 12.34 | 0.200 | 6.41 | 6.37 | 0.942 |
Texas | 5.68 | 5.76 | 0.786 | 11.95 | 12.19 | 0.724 | 9.11 | 9.89 | 0.218 | 5.05 | 5.02 | 0.921 |
Utah | 7.78a | 9.06 | 0.017 | 13.81 | 15.48 | 0.120 | 10.74a | 14.95 | 0.000 | 7.12 | 7.75 | 0.299 |
Vermont | 7.60 | 7.60 | 0.996 | 12.45 | 12.83 | 0.684 | 12.10b | 14.33 | 0.062 | 6.82 | 6.43 | 0.500 |
Virginia | 7.94a | 6.77 | 0.012 | 12.56 | 13.22 | 0.463 | 11.88 | 12.35 | 0.613 | 7.29a | 5.88 | 0.006 |
Washington | 7.68 | 8.52 | 0.154 | 13.23 | 13.98 | 0.484 | 12.10 | 12.50 | 0.737 | 6.98 | 7.91 | 0.155 |
West Virginia | 8.26 | 8.52 | 0.674 | 13.90 | 14.05 | 0.890 | 11.76 | 13.06 | 0.231 | 7.75 | 7.86 | 0.870 |
Wisconsin | 6.74 | 7.50 | 0.138 | 14.45 | 13.66 | 0.482 | 11.97b | 13.99 | 0.075 | 5.88 | 6.44 | 0.317 |
Wyoming | 7.54 | 7.15 | 0.444 | 15.00 | 14.20 | 0.470 | 12.71 | 12.85 | 0.902 | 6.69 | 6.25 | 0.440 |
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Major depressive episode (MDE) is defined as in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. For details, see Section B of the "2016-2017 NSDUH: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology" at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/. NOTE: There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017. |
Comparisons between the state population percentages displayed in Tables 1 to 31 in this document are based on the 2015 through 2017 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUHs). The moving average state estimates for the overlapping 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 time periods were obtained from independent applications of the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes (SWHB) methodology; that is, the 2016-2017 models were fit independently of the previously fitted 2015-2016 models. This independent analysis approach was followed because there was no desire to revise the previously published 2015-2016 estimates. The same fixed predictor variables were used in the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 models, but annual updates were made when more current versions were available.1 The age group-specific fixed predictor variables were defined at five levels (namely, the person level, census block group level, tract level, county level, and state level). Also, each age group model had 51 state-level random effects and 250 "within-state" area-level random effects.1
To estimate change in state population percentages, let and
denote the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 prevalence rates, respectively, for state-s and age group-a. The change between
and
is defined in terms of the log-odds ratio (
) as opposed to the simple difference because the posterior distribution of the
is closer to Gaussian than the posterior distribution of the simple difference (
). The
is defined as
, D
where ln denotes the natural logarithm. The p value given is computed to test the null hypothesis of no change (i.e., or equivalently
). An estimate of
is given by
, D
where the represents the previously published 2015-2016 state estimates2 and the
represents the 2016-2017 state estimates. To compute the variance of
, that is,
, let
and
, then
, D
where denotes the covariance between
and
. This covariance is defined in terms of the associated correlation as follows:
. D
Note that and
used here to calculate
are the same variances used in calculating the previously published 2015-2016 Bayesian confidence intervals and the 2016-2017 Bayesian confidence intervals, respectively.
The correlation between and
was obtained by simultaneously modeling the 2015, 2016, and 2017 NSDUH data. Note that these models used the same predictors employed in the 2016-2017 small area estimation model for all 3 years. This simultaneous modeling approach was adopted based on the results of the validation study3 conducted for measuring change in the 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 state population percentages. For this simultaneous model, four age groups (12 to 17, 18 to 25, 26 to 34, and 35 or older) by 3 years (2015, 2016, and 2017), that is, 12 subpopulation-specific models, were fitted, each with its own set of fixed and random effects. In this case, the general covariance matrices for the state and within-state random effects were 12 × 12 matrices corresponding to the 12 element (age group × year) vectors of random effects. Note that the survey-weighted, Bernoulli-type log likelihood employed in the SWHB methodology was appropriate for this simultaneous model because the 12 age group × year subpopulations were nonoverlapping. The correlation
was approximated by the correlation calculated using the posterior distributions of
and
from the simultaneous model.
To calculate the p value for testing the null hypothesis of no difference (), it is assumed that the posterior distribution of
is normal with
and
. With the null value (
), the Bayes p value or significance level for the null hypothesis of no difference is
, where
is a standard normal random variate,
, and
denotes the absolute value of
. This Bayesian significance level (or p value) for the null value of
, say
, is defined following Rubin4 as the posterior probability for the collection of the
values that are less likely or have smaller posterior density
than the null (no change) value
. That is,
. With the posterior distribution of
approximately normal,
is given by the above expression.
1 For details, see Section B in the "2016-2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology" at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/.
2 Estimates of past year methamphetamine use for 2015-2016 are published for the first time in these tables.
3 See Appendix E, Section E.2, of the following report: Wright, D. (2003). State estimates of substance use from the 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Volume II. Individual state tables and technical appendices (HHS Publication No. SMA 03-3826, NHSDA Series H-20). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies.
4 See the following reference: Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys (Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics: Applied Probability and Statistics). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Long description, Equation 1: The log-odds ratio, lor sub s and a, is defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio of two quantities. The numerator of the ratio is pi 2 sub s and a divided by 1 minus pi 2 sub s and a. The denominator of the ratio is pi 1 sub s and a divided by 1 minus pi 1 sub s and a.
Long description end. Return to Equation 1.
Long description, Equation 2: The estimate of the log-odds ratio, lor hat sub s and a, is defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio of two quantities. The numerator of the ratio is p 2 sub s and a divided by 1 minus p 2 sub s and a. The denominator of the ratio is p 1 sub s and a divided by 1 minus p 1 sub s and a, where p 1 sub s and a represents the 2015-2016 state estimates and p 2 sub s and a represents the 2016-2017 state estimates.
Long description end. Return to Equation 2.
Long description, Equation 3: Variance v of the estimate of the log-odds ratio, lor hat sub s and a, is a function of three quantities: q1, q2, and q3. It is expressed as the sum of q1 and q2 minus q3. Quantity q1 is the variance v of the natural logarithm of Theta 1 hat, quantity q2 is the variance v of the natural logarithm of Theta 2 hat, and quantity q3 is 2 times the covariance between the natural logarithm of Theta 1 hat and the natural logarithm of Theta 2 hat.
Long description end. Return to Equation 3.
Long description, Equation 4: The covariance between the natural logarithm of Theta 1 hat and the natural logarithm of Theta 2 hat is equal to the correlation between the natural logarithm of Theta 1 hat and the natural logarithm of Theta 2 hat multiplied by the square root of the product of the variance v of the natural logarithm of Theta 1 hat and variance v of the natural logarithm of Theta 2 hat.
Long description end. Return to Equation 4.