National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Comparison of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 Population Percentages (50 States and the District of Columbia), SAMHSA, CBHSQ

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Table 1 – Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	10.36^a	10.90	0.000	8.34^a	7.88	0.014	22.75^a	23.69	0.003	8.54^a	9.18	0.000	10.57^a	11.21	0.000
Northeast	11.20	11.55	0.140	8.45	8.06	0.280	25.93^b	27.12	0.061	9.11	9.45	0.252	11.45	11.87	0.107
Midwest	9.77^a	10.32	0.005	8.28	7.82	0.101	21.68^a	23.06	0.006	7.95^a	8.50	0.018	9.93^a	10.57	0.002
South	8.87^b	9.15	0.096	7.82^a	7.29	0.034	20.26	20.75	0.248	7.13^b	7.51	0.072	8.98^a	9.34	0.046
West	12.62^a	13.73	0.000	9.14	8.73	0.288	25.25	26.29	0.114	10.89^a	12.24	0.000	12.98^a	14.24	0.000
Alabama	7.10^a	8.67	0.001	6.99	7.21	0.767	16.91	19.11	0.104	5.50^a	7.15	0.003	7.12^a	8.82	0.001
Alaska	17.62	16.81	0.351	13.22^a	10.61	0.013	29.81	27.92	0.291	15.97	15.75	0.836	18.11	17.50	0.520
Arizona	9.97	10.77	0.165	8.79	7.80	0.254	21.05	21.28	0.879	8.24	9.39	0.102	10.10	11.09	0.118
Arkansas	8.90^a	10.51	0.004	7.60	7.57	0.979	17.97	18.52	0.698	7.55^a	9.55	0.003	9.04^a	10.82	0.003
California	12.56	13.11	0.148	8.89	8.20	0.223	25.75	26.30	0.578	10.70^b	11.46	0.098	12.94	13.61	0.104
Colorado	17.18	17.83	0.477	10.14	9.83	0.766	34.49	33.95	0.789	15.11	16.14	0.336	17.90	18.63	0.456
Connecticut	10.95^a	12.33	0.024	9.48	9.64	0.876	28.86^a	32.68	0.043	8.21	9.34	0.121	11.10^a	12.60	0.024
Delaware	10.25^a	11.71	0.011	9.50	9.71	0.808	25.33	26.00	0.677	8.01^a	9.80	0.007	10.32^a	11.90	0.011
District of Columbia	16.88^a	19.92	0.000	10.38	11.20	0.438	35.22	36.86	0.390	13.53^a	17.21	0.000	17.24^a	20.41	0.000
Florida	9.75	10.36	0.117	8.58	8.89	0.588	21.84^a	24.30	0.016	8.16	8.60	0.355	9.85	10.49	0.130
Georgia	9.40^a	8.34	0.009	7.88^b	6.57	0.062	20.71	20.23	0.684	7.66^a	6.57	0.028	9.58^a	8.54	0.020
Hawaii	10.29	9.60	0.267	8.40	7.62	0.356	20.93	19.26	0.258	8.92	8.48	0.533	10.46	9.78	0.309
Idaho	9.02	9.02	0.994	7.94	7.67	0.746	17.63	17.59	0.970	7.72	7.79	0.906	9.15	9.19	0.947
Illinois	9.30^b	10.05	0.065	8.05	8.34	0.643	23.37^a	25.72	0.042	7.14	7.71	0.226	9.43^b	10.22	0.070
Indiana	10.00^a	11.24	0.033	8.56	7.58	0.278	21.86	23.72	0.206	8.09^a	9.53	0.036	10.15^a	11.64	0.019
Iowa	6.76^a	8.10	0.001	6.75	6.26	0.482	16.01^a	19.47	0.010	5.11^a	6.29	0.015	6.77^a	8.29	0.001
Kansas	8.08	8.31	0.644	8.08^b	6.83	0.074	17.43	17.61	0.890	6.39	6.84	0.447	8.08	8.47	0.469
Kentucky	8.71	9.09	0.458	8.04	7.46	0.464	18.15	18.65	0.698	7.24	7.73	0.433	8.78	9.26	0.393
Louisiana	8.92	9.29	0.443	7.29	6.95	0.649	21.50	21.05	0.757	6.98	7.64	0.244	9.09	9.54	0.399
Maine	14.86^b	16.35	0.070	10.96	10.67	0.765	31.20^a	36.10	0.010	13.03	14.25	0.218	15.19^b	16.83	0.066
Maryland	11.52	11.88	0.519	9.54	9.05	0.587	29.44	28.26	0.472	8.95	9.70	0.255	11.72	12.16	0.461
Massachusetts	14.01^a	16.00	0.004	10.32	10.90	0.586	30.10^b	33.41	0.065	11.61^a	13.55	0.017	14.34^a	16.46	0.005
Michigan	12.19^a	13.39	0.009	9.75	9.40	0.609	24.52^b	26.48	0.075	10.39^a	11.67	0.023	12.44^a	13.80	0.007
Minnesota	9.08	9.12	0.937	7.57	7.30	0.706	20.16	20.93	0.598	7.49	7.46	0.959	9.24	9.31	0.894
Mississippi	8.04^a	9.27	0.012	6.83	7.02	0.800	17.78	18.85	0.442	6.47^a	7.90	0.015	8.18^a	9.51	0.012
Missouri	10.34	10.36	0.961	9.90^b	8.26	0.079	21.31	20.72	0.651	8.57	8.93	0.590	10.38	10.58	0.744
Montana	13.25	14.33	0.136	10.23	10.37	0.894	25.83	27.14	0.427	11.53	12.71	0.173	13.53	14.70	0.138
Nebraska	8.61	9.04	0.382	6.87	6.65	0.726	20.00	22.11	0.134	6.80	7.02	0.695	8.80	9.30	0.355
Nevada	10.38^a	13.42	0.000	10.34	10.15	0.837	20.36^a	27.74	0.000	8.88^a	11.72	0.001	10.38^a	13.75	0.000
New Hampshire	13.43	14.28	0.196	8.98	9.87	0.345	32.23	32.43	0.909	10.94	11.93	0.216	13.84	14.68	0.238
New Jersey	8.13	8.45	0.451	6.90	6.37	0.442	23.31	25.09	0.203	6.01	6.22	0.661	8.26	8.66	0.384
New Mexico	11.98^a	13.51	0.030	11.03	11.00	0.978	24.89	26.72	0.275	9.93^a	11.65	0.047	12.08^a	13.78	0.028
New York	11.16	11.06	0.799	8.43	7.86	0.345	25.14	25.04	0.921	9.11	9.12	0.997	11.41	11.35	0.885
North Carolina	9.91	9.76	0.718	7.61	7.59	0.984	22.50	21.08	0.291	8.16	8.23	0.889	10.15	9.98	0.714
North Dakota	7.03	7.68	0.154	7.28	6.29	0.203	16.49	16.18	0.823	4.95^a	6.09	0.027	7.01	7.81	0.101
Ohio	10.35	10.15	0.621	7.55	7.50	0.935	22.61	22.94	0.760	8.72	8.43	0.548	10.64	10.42	0.618
Oklahoma	7.61^b	8.42	0.069	7.27	7.01	0.738	16.35^a	19.79	0.018	6.12	6.65	0.298	7.65^b	8.57	0.055
Oregon	17.23^a	20.91	0.000	10.95	11.75	0.448	32.96^b	36.01	0.068	15.50^a	19.60	0.000	17.81^a	21.74	0.000
Pennsylvania	10.51	10.15	0.402	7.60	6.73	0.112	22.97	23.74	0.470	8.87	8.42	0.381	10.78	10.47	0.501
Rhode Island	16.57	17.45	0.231	12.47	11.81	0.575	33.63	33.07	0.758	13.90	15.24	0.135	16.93	17.95	0.201
South Carolina	8.47	8.36	0.811	8.45	7.71	0.329	22.18	20.91	0.424	6.28	6.48	0.724	8.48	8.42	0.915
South Dakota	9.06	8.58	0.358	8.04	7.34	0.361	20.00	20.78	0.606	7.28	6.67	0.306	9.16	8.71	0.422
Tennessee	9.31	9.63	0.520	7.89	7.49	0.634	21.25	22.69	0.344	7.54	7.80	0.654	9.46	9.84	0.470
Texas	7.54	7.64	0.748	7.56^a	6.23	0.013	17.23	17.17	0.942	5.78	6.14	0.320	7.54	7.81	0.414
Utah	7.37	8.05	0.125	5.96	6.10	0.829	15.04	17.00	0.113	5.88	6.39	0.341	7.57	8.32	0.127
Vermont	18.20	19.41	0.184	10.90	11.80	0.399	40.00	40.32	0.884	15.12	16.53	0.198	18.83	20.05	0.210
Virginia	8.28	8.22	0.891	6.87	6.73	0.825	19.81	20.77	0.430	6.55	6.39	0.721	8.42	8.37	0.914
Washington	13.58^a	16.87	0.000	9.78	10.50	0.501	24.72^b	27.56	0.070	12.23^a	15.93	0.000	13.94^a	17.48	0.000
West Virginia	8.30	9.00	0.196	7.40	6.67	0.323	19.32	19.30	0.988	6.76	7.74	0.135	8.38	9.21	0.158
Wisconsin	8.52	9.12	0.201	7.96	6.97	0.180	19.80	21.69	0.198	6.72	7.31	0.288	8.58	9.34	0.138
Wyoming	7.94	8.63	0.169	8.30	7.54	0.383	17.50	17.78	0.851	6.31^b	7.30	0.094	7.90	8.74	0.124
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Illicit Drug Use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

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Table 2 – Marijuana Use in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	13.71^a	14.50	0.000	12.29	12.19	0.676	32.60^a	33.91	0.000	10.73^a	11.61	0.000	13.85^a	14.73	0.000
Northeast	14.84	15.10	0.341	12.39	12.29	0.807	37.45	37.92	0.501	11.45	11.77	0.327	15.07	15.36	0.326
Midwest	13.06^a	13.88	0.000	12.67	12.74	0.853	31.69^a	33.63	0.000	9.97^a	10.74	0.005	13.10^a	14.00	0.000
South	11.78^a	12.25	0.022	11.25	10.99	0.387	29.66	30.28	0.180	8.90^a	9.49	0.022	11.83^a	12.38	0.015
West	16.49^a	18.17	0.000	13.55	13.58	0.945	34.39^a	36.86	0.000	13.79^a	15.62	0.000	16.80^a	18.64	0.000
Alabama	9.50^a	10.54	0.044	10.11	9.67	0.627	25.90	26.35	0.769	6.72^a	8.08	0.031	9.44^a	10.63	0.036
Alaska	23.00	22.73	0.767	18.86^b	16.51	0.054	41.88	39.44	0.228	20.09	20.74	0.552	23.46	23.43	0.970
Arizona	12.22^a	13.85	0.016	11.86	11.05	0.408	28.68	29.75	0.540	9.48^a	11.55	0.012	12.26^a	14.14	0.011
Arkansas	11.14^a	12.60	0.009	10.69	10.87	0.859	26.24	27.09	0.595	8.68^a	10.43	0.009	11.18^a	12.78	0.009
California	16.23^a	17.39	0.009	13.23	13.30	0.917	33.98^a	36.53	0.013	13.50^a	14.63	0.032	16.54^a	17.81	0.008
Colorado	23.12^b	24.86	0.076	16.21	16.97	0.564	47.54	48.81	0.502	19.85^b	21.88	0.095	23.82^b	25.65	0.088
Connecticut	15.08^b	16.22	0.096	14.11	14.73	0.609	43.54	45.21	0.415	10.57	11.68	0.175	15.18	16.37	0.113
Delaware	13.18^a	14.80	0.011	14.37	13.48	0.391	35.82	37.20	0.477	9.57^a	11.60	0.007	13.07^a	14.92	0.008
District of Columbia	24.68^b	26.35	0.073	13.58	14.60	0.385	51.00	53.20	0.327	19.99^b	21.90	0.078	25.30^b	27.01	0.083
Florida	13.07	13.69	0.171	12.72	13.46	0.297	33.66^b	35.77	0.059	10.21	10.69	0.370	13.10	13.71	0.210
Georgia	12.46	11.64	0.102	10.90	10.39	0.561	30.40	29.91	0.721	9.57	8.73	0.172	12.64	11.78	0.122
Hawaii	13.05	13.14	0.903	13.38^b	11.43	0.071	28.07	27.14	0.566	10.82	11.39	0.510	13.02	13.29	0.727
Idaho	11.62^b	12.62	0.076	11.73	12.00	0.780	25.36^b	28.40	0.062	9.30	10.09	0.254	11.61^b	12.70	0.084
Illinois	12.31^a	13.83	0.001	11.87^b	13.34	0.068	32.55^a	35.26	0.039	9.03^a	10.42	0.010	12.36^a	13.88	0.002
Indiana	13.35^b	14.42	0.066	13.47	13.31	0.882	30.41^a	33.87	0.035	10.32	11.16	0.242	13.33^b	14.54	0.060
Iowa	9.75^a	11.39	0.001	10.48	10.22	0.773	26.60^a	30.88	0.011	6.65^a	8.05	0.019	9.68^a	11.51	0.001
Kansas	11.17	11.93	0.145	12.42	11.76	0.496	26.92	28.87	0.203	8.15	8.93	0.232	11.03	11.95	0.115
Kentucky	12.79	12.86	0.913	12.30	11.94	0.710	29.45	28.74	0.667	10.11	10.39	0.709	12.84	12.95	0.870
Louisiana	11.22^a	12.23	0.046	10.20	9.92	0.753	28.25	28.98	0.645	8.45^a	9.76	0.037	11.33^a	12.48	0.040
Maine	19.81^a	21.94	0.022	16.22	15.81	0.745	41.89^b	45.67	0.059	17.19^b	19.36	0.053	20.12^a	22.46	0.021
Maryland	15.50	15.48	0.972	13.85	13.76	0.936	41.94	39.47	0.176	11.56	12.00	0.559	15.67	15.65	0.981
Massachusetts	18.64	19.96	0.103	14.45	16.39	0.133	43.58	44.93	0.489	14.75	16.03	0.190	19.02	20.28	0.152
Michigan	15.68^a	16.69	0.041	14.36	14.15	0.801	34.60^a	38.00	0.007	12.61	13.41	0.185	15.81^a	16.94	0.036
Minnesota	12.91	13.71	0.169	12.76	12.95	0.833	32.12	32.75	0.726	9.86	10.78	0.189	12.92	13.78	0.176
Mississippi	9.46^a	11.40	0.000	9.66	10.69	0.263	23.41^a	26.78	0.033	6.95^a	8.82	0.003	9.43^a	11.48	0.000
Missouri	13.19	13.75	0.346	12.55	11.81	0.471	32.40	31.87	0.753	10.09	11.03	0.191	13.26	13.95	0.286
Montana	18.41	19.53	0.146	17.04	15.91	0.358	38.05	40.51	0.183	15.36	16.57	0.194	18.54	19.86	0.115
Nebraska	11.33	11.51	0.720	11.36	12.04	0.480	29.84	30.55	0.665	8.00	8.06	0.931	11.32	11.46	0.816
Nevada	13.13^a	16.82	0.000	14.66	14.37	0.798	29.39^a	35.81	0.001	10.51^a	14.34	0.000	12.98^a	17.06	0.000
New Hampshire	17.58	18.62	0.164	14.24	15.44	0.303	40.68	43.17	0.195	14.30	15.15	0.345	17.89	18.90	0.210
New Jersey	12.01	12.04	0.965	10.80	10.28	0.544	35.35	35.36	0.998	8.66	8.77	0.842	12.14	12.21	0.888
New Mexico	15.83^a	17.51	0.039	15.34	15.62	0.826	32.79	33.63	0.648	13.04^a	15.09	0.042	15.88^a	17.71	0.041
New York	14.86	14.50	0.400	12.37	11.88	0.488	36.96	36.10	0.469	11.43	11.26	0.733	15.09	14.74	0.447
North Carolina	11.90	12.06	0.734	10.90	10.48	0.577	30.48	29.70	0.598	9.02	9.47	0.448	12.00	12.23	0.676
North Dakota	9.80^a	10.95	0.024	11.99	10.27	0.109	24.59	24.99	0.800	6.34^a	8.13	0.002	9.60^a	11.02	0.010
Ohio	13.81	13.76	0.916	12.01	12.17	0.836	33.01	34.53	0.205	10.95	10.65	0.601	14.00	13.92	0.887
Oklahoma	11.18^b	12.09	0.069	11.10	11.31	0.826	26.58	29.15	0.143	8.49	9.26	0.202	11.19^b	12.18	0.076
Oregon	22.70^a	26.51	0.000	17.35	17.01	0.795	44.03^a	47.57	0.047	20.01^a	24.36	0.000	23.19^a	27.38	0.000
Pennsylvania	13.05	13.21	0.723	10.93	10.36	0.444	32.45	33.74	0.289	10.24	10.34	0.844	13.25	13.47	0.646
Rhode Island	20.31	20.76	0.574	16.85	15.27	0.204	42.32	43.67	0.489	16.66	17.21	0.570	20.62	21.24	0.474
South Carolina	10.92	11.09	0.757	11.21	10.57	0.474	29.46	28.27	0.477	7.92	8.48	0.398	10.89	11.14	0.681
South Dakota	11.85	12.35	0.412	11.98	12.51	0.599	26.51	29.11	0.115	9.29	9.48	0.792	11.84	12.33	0.457
Tennessee	12.82	13.38	0.334	11.83	11.68	0.869	29.54	32.11	0.113	10.23	10.61	0.578	12.92	13.55	0.321
Texas	10.14	10.55	0.209	10.47	9.61	0.197	25.42	26.19	0.436	7.30	7.88	0.145	10.10	10.67	0.118
Utah	9.62^b	10.40	0.098	9.64	9.20	0.598	21.76	23.74	0.178	6.87	7.64	0.185	9.62^b	10.58	0.073
Vermont	21.79^a	23.84	0.026	15.64	17.88	0.111	48.06	50.08	0.355	17.81^b	19.86	0.065	22.32^a	24.34	0.041
Virginia	11.06	11.78	0.120	10.51	10.35	0.857	30.81	30.99	0.892	7.89^b	8.87	0.073	11.11	11.92	0.112
Washington	18.93^a	22.49	0.000	13.54	14.97	0.238	38.12^a	42.12	0.036	16.49^a	20.30	0.000	19.45^a	23.21	0.000
West Virginia	11.45^a	12.91	0.021	12.30^b	10.70	0.095	28.07	28.80	0.679	8.90^a	10.81	0.012	11.37^a	13.10	0.013
Wisconsin	12.18	12.70	0.349	13.90	12.61	0.243	30.44	30.13	0.855	8.96	9.84	0.193	12.01	12.71	0.250
Wyoming	10.62^a	12.15	0.005	12.63	11.75	0.436	26.98	29.33	0.188	7.68^a	9.46	0.004	10.42^a	12.19	0.003
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 3 – Marijuana Use in the Past Month, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	8.60^a	9.23	0.000	6.75^b	6.46	0.099	20.30^a	21.45	0.000	6.88^a	7.56	0.000	8.79^a	9.51	0.000
Northeast	9.50	9.83	0.118	7.15	6.76	0.192	23.64^a	24.86	0.042	7.46	7.77	0.210	9.72^b	10.12	0.086
Midwest	8.28^a	8.76	0.004	6.69	6.40	0.266	19.28^a	20.83	0.001	6.63^a	7.04	0.036	8.45^a	9.00	0.002
South	7.05^a	7.47	0.003	6.13	5.78	0.115	17.74^b	18.44	0.073	5.40^a	5.91	0.003	7.14^a	7.65	0.001
West	10.68^a	11.98	0.000	7.52	7.42	0.770	22.73^a	24.18	0.024	9.01^a	10.51	0.000	11.01^a	12.45	0.000
Alabama	5.25^a	6.37	0.001	5.20	5.26	0.921	14.25^b	16.48	0.057	3.77^a	4.86	0.007	5.25^a	6.48	0.001
Alaska	16.03	15.81	0.785	10.43^b	8.84	0.099	27.65	26.27	0.432	14.65	14.97	0.750	16.66	16.59	0.936
Arizona	7.42^a	8.38	0.050	6.75	6.31	0.505	17.81	19.09	0.352	5.74^a	6.85	0.047	7.49^a	8.59	0.039
Arkansas	6.98^a	8.19	0.009	5.59	5.81	0.733	15.49	15.96	0.708	5.74^a	7.21	0.008	7.13^a	8.44	0.010
California	10.51^a	11.33	0.015	7.33	6.93	0.380	23.09	24.07	0.327	8.70^a	9.70	0.011	10.84^a	11.78	0.010
Colorado	15.92	16.43	0.535	9.08	9.02	0.948	32.20	31.74	0.804	14.00	14.81	0.431	16.62	17.18	0.531
Connecticut	9.36^a	10.59	0.029	7.95	7.91	0.964	26.94^b	30.35	0.079	6.66	7.69	0.109	9.50^a	10.86	0.027
Delaware	8.88^a	9.95	0.034	7.35	7.45	0.891	23.29	23.73	0.780	6.83^a	8.17	0.021	9.03^a	10.18	0.035
District of Columbia	14.08^a	17.17	0.000	8.07	8.26	0.807	32.39	34.85	0.199	10.70^a	14.32	0.000	14.41^a	17.67	0.000
Florida	7.65^a	8.65	0.003	7.03	7.48	0.364	19.82^a	22.39	0.007	6.00^a	6.88	0.021	7.70^a	8.75	0.003
Georgia	7.22	6.74	0.164	6.40^b	5.39	0.078	18.12	18.38	0.815	5.45	4.95	0.220	7.31	6.89	0.263
Hawaii	8.18	8.17	0.976	6.63	6.54	0.899	18.66	17.45	0.389	6.81	7.06	0.693	8.32	8.31	0.985
Idaho	6.93	7.62	0.109	5.77	6.34	0.382	14.70	16.07	0.286	5.79	6.40	0.227	7.07	7.78	0.134
Illinois	7.90^a	8.81	0.009	6.71	6.89	0.748	20.87^a	23.51	0.021	5.91^b	6.66	0.063	8.03^a	9.01	0.010
Indiana	8.75	9.29	0.245	7.23	6.51	0.322	19.60	20.70	0.438	7.03	7.65	0.272	8.91	9.59	0.186
Iowa	5.47^a	6.65	0.001	5.38	5.11	0.638	13.25^a	17.29	0.002	4.09^a	4.93	0.036	5.48^a	6.80	0.001
Kansas	6.91	6.62	0.466	6.15^b	5.16	0.092	15.73	16.04	0.806	5.41	5.12	0.545	7.00	6.78	0.623
Kentucky	7.02^b	7.77	0.062	6.13	6.01	0.852	15.79	17.38	0.198	5.69	6.41	0.120	7.11^b	7.95	0.056
Louisiana	6.82^b	7.60	0.060	5.70	5.67	0.960	17.46	18.80	0.291	5.15^b	5.99	0.093	6.94^b	7.80	0.058
Maine	14.69	15.81	0.179	9.70	9.89	0.835	30.85^b	34.38	0.058	13.00	13.89	0.364	15.12	16.31	0.184
Maryland	10.22	10.68	0.350	7.78	7.13	0.385	27.34	26.24	0.496	7.83	8.71	0.117	10.47	11.04	0.287
Massachusetts	11.85^a	13.38	0.015	8.68	8.91	0.806	27.58	30.27	0.115	9.45^a	10.94	0.041	12.14^a	13.78	0.015
Michigan	10.55^a	11.61	0.010	7.98	7.73	0.685	22.07^a	24.24	0.038	8.89^a	9.95	0.037	10.81^a	12.00	0.009
Minnesota	7.32	7.71	0.363	5.88	5.81	0.904	17.42	19.12	0.246	5.88	6.13	0.617	7.47	7.91	0.353
Mississippi	5.69^a	6.96	0.001	4.95	5.05	0.865	14.46	15.79	0.254	4.23^a	5.67	0.001	5.77^a	7.17	0.001
Missouri	8.13	8.42	0.509	6.23	5.80	0.533	18.42	18.57	0.914	6.65	7.08	0.410	8.32	8.68	0.452
Montana	12.02	13.01	0.121	8.43	8.80	0.676	23.89	25.13	0.441	10.48	11.52	0.157	12.36	13.40	0.132
Nebraska	7.21	7.70	0.248	5.74	6.00	0.624	17.35	18.76	0.308	5.58	5.96	0.450	7.37	7.89	0.270
Nevada	8.25^a	11.81	0.000	8.65	8.82	0.831	18.25^a	25.86	0.000	6.71^a	10.11	0.000	8.21^a	12.11	0.000
New Hampshire	12.06	12.90	0.168	8.06	8.64	0.504	28.30	28.93	0.713	9.93	10.86	0.195	12.42	13.28	0.195
New Jersey	6.77	7.15	0.308	5.72	5.16	0.325	20.55	22.34	0.216	4.83	5.12	0.475	6.87	7.35	0.242
New Mexico	10.50^a	11.96	0.016	9.46	9.74	0.764	22.85	24.39	0.362	8.55^a	10.19	0.024	10.61^a	12.20	0.018
New York	9.68	9.47	0.548	7.28	6.75	0.306	23.38	23.35	0.971	7.65	7.50	0.703	9.90	9.72	0.626
North Carolina	7.72	7.92	0.584	5.80	6.04	0.678	19.92	19.04	0.489	5.98	6.40	0.341	7.92	8.12	0.624
North Dakota	5.61^a	6.44	0.036	5.63	4.99	0.327	13.92	14.50	0.643	3.80^a	4.93	0.008	5.61^a	6.57	0.023
Ohio	8.95	8.58	0.297	6.41	6.33	0.881	20.79	21.27	0.674	7.35	6.83	0.206	9.21	8.81	0.301
Oklahoma	5.99^a	6.90	0.015	5.20	5.38	0.770	14.02^a	16.80	0.035	4.68	5.39	0.101	6.07^a	7.06	0.015
Oregon	15.71^a	19.23	0.000	9.77	10.35	0.581	30.60	33.15	0.138	14.07^a	18.07	0.000	16.26^a	20.04	0.000
Pennsylvania	8.20	8.23	0.935	6.25	5.59	0.165	20.04	21.38	0.192	6.55	6.48	0.842	8.38	8.47	0.803
Rhode Island	15.21	15.75	0.458	10.50	9.49	0.320	32.00	31.86	0.942	12.65	13.51	0.319	15.63	16.30	0.394
South Carolina	6.82	6.66	0.692	6.40	5.47	0.148	19.66	18.38	0.381	4.81	4.97	0.717	6.86	6.77	0.850
South Dakota	7.60	7.13	0.264	6.72	5.94	0.208	17.09	18.25	0.392	6.06	5.40	0.177	7.70	7.26	0.342
Tennessee	7.82	8.00	0.683	6.16	5.75	0.512	18.34	19.49	0.423	6.32	6.44	0.806	7.99	8.23	0.621
Texas	5.91	5.98	0.804	5.94^a	4.86	0.010	14.58	14.63	0.959	4.33	4.59	0.381	5.91	6.11	0.477
Utah	5.25^a	6.25	0.007	4.32	4.71	0.444	12.07^a	14.71	0.029	3.86^b	4.63	0.078	5.38^a	6.47	0.009
Vermont	16.96^a	18.64	0.041	9.44	10.75	0.236	38.16	38.80	0.772	14.00^b	15.91	0.057	17.60^b	19.30	0.056
Virginia	6.86	6.96	0.779	5.35	5.48	0.807	17.94	18.47	0.653	5.22	5.28	0.876	7.01	7.10	0.805
Washington	12.02^a	15.30	0.000	7.93	8.96	0.256	23.30^a	26.48	0.044	10.69^a	14.28	0.000	12.41^a	15.90	0.000
West Virginia	6.76^b	7.59	0.073	5.94	5.45	0.417	16.56	16.94	0.779	5.39^a	6.44	0.049	6.83^b	7.78	0.060
Wisconsin	7.38	7.89	0.243	6.96	5.91	0.122	17.26	18.82	0.265	5.80	6.33	0.303	7.42	8.09	0.163
Wyoming	6.27^b	7.10	0.062	5.81	5.76	0.946	15.00	16.50	0.270	4.88^b	5.77	0.080	6.31^b	7.24	0.057
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 4 – Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	28.41^a	26.91	0.000	27.17^a	25.75	0.000	14.32^a	12.89	0.000	30.92^a	29.35	0.000	28.54^a	27.03	0.000
Northeast	26.44^a	25.33	0.008	26.85^a	25.34	0.006	12.56^b	11.80	0.083	28.67^a	27.51	0.025	26.40^a	25.33	0.019
Midwest	25.56^a	23.80	0.000	26.44^a	24.74	0.000	12.50^a	11.04	0.000	27.67^a	25.82	0.000	25.46^a	23.70	0.000
South	32.09^a	30.51	0.000	29.75^a	28.31	0.002	16.68^a	15.12	0.000	34.94^a	33.27	0.000	32.34^a	30.74	0.000
West	26.59^a	25.14	0.000	23.90^a	22.83	0.048	13.58^a	11.89	0.000	29.16^a	27.64	0.002	26.87^a	25.38	0.001
Alabama	34.79^a	30.57	0.000	34.45^b	31.66	0.097	17.52	15.68	0.127	37.71^a	32.88	0.001	34.82^a	30.46	0.001
Alaska	18.17	17.51	0.432	18.88	18.75	0.917	11.95	11.67	0.776	19.24	18.36	0.412	18.09	17.38	0.435
Arizona	28.75	27.91	0.454	27.10	26.53	0.713	14.64	14.26	0.757	31.37	30.37	0.479	28.92	28.05	0.478
Arkansas	31.41^b	29.61	0.095	31.12^a	28.14	0.036	16.91^a	14.32	0.037	33.88	32.32	0.258	31.44	29.76	0.155
California	29.38^a	27.84	0.009	23.78	23.15	0.461	14.32^a	12.36	0.005	32.71^a	31.04	0.025	29.96^a	28.32	0.011
Colorado	17.44	16.53	0.299	17.87	16.21	0.163	8.33	7.34	0.222	18.94	18.08	0.436	17.39	16.56	0.380
Connecticut	23.76	22.00	0.114	24.73	22.39	0.111	11.29	10.42	0.324	25.69	23.86	0.187	23.66	21.96	0.157
Delaware	26.54^a	24.32	0.041	24.10	23.69	0.768	12.77	12.21	0.601	28.94^a	26.21	0.046	26.77^a	24.38	0.044
District of Columbia	16.97	16.85	0.894	19.61	20.18	0.699	9.84^b	7.99	0.058	18.28	18.38	0.932	16.81	16.66	0.867
Florida	32.52^a	30.74	0.015	26.58	25.43	0.241	16.66^a	14.31	0.003	35.37^a	33.53	0.040	33.04^a	31.20	0.020
Georgia	30.99	32.22	0.224	31.44	32.81	0.327	15.24	15.05	0.858	33.68	35.06	0.279	30.94	32.15	0.268
Hawaii	29.55	29.53	0.985	26.16	23.81	0.138	14.69	13.68	0.406	32.09	32.30	0.883	29.85	30.04	0.884
Idaho	27.92	26.60	0.184	30.91	29.05	0.233	15.74^a	13.29	0.038	29.58	28.49	0.393	27.56	26.30	0.252
Illinois	28.63^a	25.11	0.000	27.44^a	23.37	0.000	14.11^a	12.25	0.034	31.20^a	27.43	0.000	28.76^a	25.29	0.000
Indiana	25.39	25.57	0.852	26.86	27.07	0.886	12.60	11.82	0.431	27.48	27.81	0.796	25.23	25.41	0.866
Iowa	27.22^a	23.42	0.000	29.42^a	25.38	0.006	15.37^a	11.75	0.001	29.10^a	25.29	0.003	26.99^a	23.22	0.001
Kansas	26.17	24.51	0.105	28.32	26.59	0.246	14.09	12.28	0.104	28.10	26.45	0.211	25.93	24.28	0.140
Kentucky	27.73	27.84	0.916	29.05	28.52	0.726	13.54	12.62	0.377	29.94	30.26	0.805	27.60	27.77	0.877
Louisiana	31.80^a	29.08	0.010	31.97^a	27.75	0.007	17.75^a	14.73	0.014	34.19^b	31.63	0.058	31.78^a	29.22	0.026
Maine	19.65	18.07	0.119	20.37	19.33	0.421	7.86	7.90	0.959	21.19	19.33	0.131	19.59	17.96	0.135
Maryland	25.89	25.11	0.480	26.24	26.24	0.999	11.60	12.66	0.322	28.11	26.90	0.379	25.86	24.99	0.469
Massachusetts	22.14^a	19.61	0.013	23.37^a	20.33	0.024	11.56^a	9.02	0.006	23.86^b	21.37	0.051	22.02^a	19.54	0.023
Michigan	23.43^a	21.88	0.036	23.21	23.50	0.790	11.53^a	9.81	0.009	25.50^b	23.74	0.056	23.45^a	21.72	0.030
Minnesota	20.47	19.25	0.168	23.99	21.73	0.105	10.28^b	8.70	0.063	21.70	20.64	0.344	20.11	18.99	0.246
Mississippi	38.26^a	35.07	0.007	36.16^a	32.44	0.024	23.48	21.42	0.208	41.19^a	37.81	0.025	38.50^a	35.36	0.016
Missouri	27.38^a	24.67	0.008	29.41^a	26.41	0.043	11.67	11.87	0.856	29.76^a	26.56	0.012	27.17^a	24.49	0.015
Montana	20.98	20.30	0.467	21.98	20.91	0.424	10.28	9.22	0.205	22.64	22.02	0.603	20.89	20.24	0.526
Nebraska	26.16^b	24.15	0.052	28.21^b	25.60	0.074	13.51	11.93	0.118	28.19	26.16	0.127	25.93^b	23.99	0.087
Nevada	25.83^a	23.32	0.021	20.83^b	18.55	0.063	14.78^a	10.63	0.001	28.10^b	25.73	0.079	26.34^a	23.80	0.032
New Hampshire	18.78	18.97	0.835	23.74	22.78	0.487	7.79	7.55	0.762	20.01	20.36	0.753	18.33	18.63	0.758
New Jersey	32.12	32.09	0.972	30.66	29.71	0.487	14.16	13.18	0.334	35.00	35.18	0.891	32.27	32.32	0.964
New Mexico	28.65^a	25.75	0.008	24.06^a	20.76	0.027	14.34	13.00	0.274	31.65^a	28.49	0.024	29.14^a	26.28	0.016
New York	28.51^b	27.18	0.074	27.79	26.53	0.200	14.43	13.35	0.160	30.97	29.52	0.117	28.58^b	27.24	0.095
North Carolina	31.72^b	29.98	0.064	29.52	27.42	0.120	16.64	16.47	0.881	34.44^b	32.43	0.089	31.94^b	30.24	0.098
North Dakota	27.01^a	23.18	0.000	30.91^a	27.78	0.044	13.52^a	11.06	0.020	29.54^a	25.20	0.001	26.65^a	22.75	0.000
Ohio	25.67	24.68	0.153	26.15	25.70	0.676	11.52	10.53	0.181	27.90	26.83	0.217	25.62	24.58	0.169
Oklahoma	29.64	28.11	0.142	25.48	25.44	0.982	16.37	14.47	0.121	32.53	30.82	0.203	30.10	28.40	0.140
Oregon	18.61^b	17.00	0.076	20.25^a	16.94	0.012	9.17	7.96	0.143	19.89	18.38	0.175	18.45	17.01	0.137
Pennsylvania	24.78	24.10	0.356	26.68	25.24	0.163	10.88	11.67	0.309	26.78	25.92	0.346	24.60	23.99	0.448
Rhode Island	20.84	21.01	0.866	21.72	22.26	0.712	9.75	10.00	0.801	22.79	22.88	0.943	20.76	20.90	0.898
South Carolina	31.67^b	29.68	0.069	29.80	27.59	0.133	15.29	14.69	0.591	34.53	32.27	0.101	31.85^b	29.89	0.099
South Dakota	27.20	26.48	0.494	29.37	27.66	0.236	14.01	12.79	0.238	29.25	28.68	0.666	26.98	26.35	0.591
Tennessee	30.23^b	28.40	0.089	29.47	27.15	0.116	16.45^a	13.80	0.018	32.57	30.88	0.213	30.30	28.52	0.129
Texas	36.51^a	34.66	0.005	32.04^b	30.06	0.058	19.43^a	17.37	0.017	40.29^a	38.44	0.026	37.05^a	35.21	0.011
Utah	32.85^a	28.41	0.000	40.35^a	36.57	0.039	19.18^b	16.27	0.059	34.69^a	29.76	0.000	31.79^a	27.27	0.000
Vermont	18.23^a	15.46	0.004	20.62^a	17.10	0.006	7.70	6.83	0.289	19.85^a	16.82	0.012	18.02^a	15.32	0.008
Virginia	27.73^b	25.97	0.057	26.30	25.60	0.597	13.58^b	11.73	0.057	30.23^b	28.31	0.097	27.87^b	26.01	0.062
Washington	18.92	18.79	0.889	18.40	18.89	0.685	11.00	9.94	0.250	20.26	20.16	0.933	18.97	18.78	0.852
West Virginia	28.01^a	25.70	0.041	25.16	24.82	0.819	13.08	11.51	0.138	30.52^b	27.88	0.058	28.26^a	25.78	0.042
Wisconsin	23.52	23.26	0.791	24.93	23.98	0.487	12.16^b	10.38	0.071	25.26	25.31	0.964	23.38	23.19	0.858
Wyoming	26.96^b	25.14	0.094	26.74	26.54	0.894	15.61	15.53	0.956	28.89^b	26.52	0.084	26.99^b	24.99	0.092
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 5 – First Use of Marijuana, by Age Group and State: Average Annual Initiation Estimates (Expressed as Percentages of the At-Risk Population) and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	1.96^b	2.03	0.059	5.25	5.22	0.827	7.74	7.98	0.239	0.39^a	0.45	0.020	1.40^a	1.48	0.030
Northeast	2.07^b	2.17	0.069	5.34	5.34	0.999	8.85	9.06	0.497	0.44^a	0.53	0.036	1.54^b	1.65	0.059
Midwest	2.04^a	2.21	0.001	5.25^b	5.51	0.078	8.16^a	8.74	0.034	0.38^a	0.46	0.031	1.47^a	1.62	0.005
South	1.70	1.70	0.947	4.91	4.75	0.220	6.78	6.59	0.370	0.29^a	0.35	0.029	1.17	1.20	0.580
West	2.24	2.33	0.197	5.75	5.66	0.664	8.18^a	8.89	0.034	0.53	0.57	0.477	1.62	1.73	0.112
Alabama	1.53	1.55	0.794	4.19	3.91	0.386	6.39	6.30	0.874	0.27^b	0.35	0.070	1.12	1.18	0.491
Alaska	3.56	3.22	0.152	7.79	7.09	0.213	10.76^b	8.96	0.070	0.81	1.05	0.178	2.51	2.31	0.430
Arizona	2.01	1.87	0.230	5.12^a	4.32	0.032	7.31	6.83	0.466	0.50	0.53	0.772	1.46	1.43	0.847
Arkansas	1.72	1.60	0.223	4.56	4.61	0.898	6.71^b	5.62	0.057	0.31	0.33	0.589	1.23	1.10	0.178
California	2.08	2.12	0.620	5.68	5.60	0.790	7.57^b	8.43	0.078	0.48	0.45	0.613	1.48	1.54	0.493
Colorado	3.84	3.99	0.563	7.74	7.89	0.795	15.97	15.56	0.774	0.83	1.09	0.185	2.99	3.14	0.611
Connecticut	2.31^a	2.72	0.004	5.78^b	6.65	0.064	9.91	10.92	0.243	0.49^a	0.70	0.032	1.68^a	1.99	0.032
Delaware	1.93	2.05	0.298	5.88	5.66	0.578	7.76	8.22	0.523	0.37^b	0.49	0.086	1.30	1.46	0.171
District of Columbia	3.66	3.99	0.220	6.85	7.35	0.341	14.69	14.57	0.932	0.99^b	1.36	0.087	3.24	3.54	0.318
Florida	1.66	1.69	0.677	5.62	5.70	0.779	7.31	7.73	0.376	0.32	0.37	0.314	1.12	1.15	0.585
Georgia	1.76	1.67	0.294	4.62	4.47	0.650	7.07	6.33	0.147	0.29	0.33	0.370	1.25	1.18	0.375
Hawaii	1.96	1.93	0.785	6.56	5.87	0.173	8.25	8.87	0.452	0.42	0.44	0.852	1.31	1.36	0.704
Idaho	1.80^b	2.01	0.052	4.20	4.68	0.194	6.28	7.18	0.104	0.39	0.42	0.634	1.31	1.46	0.177
Illinois	1.84^a	2.10	0.002	5.04^a	5.84	0.010	7.90	8.45	0.324	0.31^a	0.41	0.028	1.30^b	1.47	0.055
Indiana	2.15^a	2.43	0.017	5.55	6.03	0.242	7.88	8.83	0.182	0.40	0.48	0.200	1.52^b	1.73	0.074
Iowa	1.83	1.92	0.445	4.45	4.05	0.212	7.77	8.43	0.338	0.31	0.40	0.144	1.40	1.56	0.195
Kansas	1.89	2.06	0.103	4.74	4.98	0.485	6.48^b	7.63	0.079	0.48	0.49	0.888	1.39	1.54	0.188
Kentucky	1.83	1.85	0.824	5.04	5.16	0.738	7.17	6.74	0.451	0.31	0.38	0.208	1.28	1.29	0.900
Louisiana	1.66	1.58	0.390	4.68	4.53	0.666	6.45	5.81	0.272	0.28	0.33	0.309	1.15	1.08	0.474
Maine	2.31	2.53	0.140	6.29	6.24	0.885	9.58	10.62	0.234	0.48^b	0.70	0.060	1.60^b	1.87	0.095
Maryland	2.24	2.15	0.493	5.93	5.88	0.912	10.13	8.99	0.192	0.46	0.51	0.484	1.59	1.52	0.589
Massachusetts	2.80^a	3.42	0.001	6.49^a	7.88	0.006	10.85^a	13.10	0.032	0.72	0.87	0.218	2.15^a	2.60	0.022
Michigan	2.29	2.46	0.112	5.74	6.02	0.377	8.06	8.91	0.129	0.54	0.58	0.588	1.65	1.80	0.178
Minnesota	2.19^a	2.45	0.035	5.41	5.67	0.443	8.86	10.12	0.125	0.40^b	0.52	0.056	1.58^a	1.85	0.040
Mississippi	1.56^b	1.76	0.051	4.45	4.84	0.265	6.39	6.83	0.484	0.19^a	0.27	0.035	1.09	1.24	0.156
Missouri	2.18	2.21	0.806	5.12	4.93	0.614	9.59	8.95	0.414	0.36^b	0.47	0.062	1.66	1.72	0.628
Montana	2.91	2.78	0.457	7.02	6.53	0.313	10.46	10.95	0.603	0.63	0.67	0.708	2.11	2.09	0.902
Nebraska	1.87^a	2.27	0.000	4.32^a	5.20	0.011	8.49^b	9.72	0.099	0.29^b	0.39	0.066	1.45^a	1.73	0.017
Nevada	2.23	2.21	0.857	6.83	6.31	0.276	7.66	8.52	0.316	0.58	0.55	0.748	1.45	1.50	0.706
New Hampshire	2.70	2.83	0.417	5.92	6.37	0.307	10.98	11.37	0.677	0.46	0.57	0.217	2.04	2.13	0.582
New Jersey	1.72	1.78	0.537	4.50	4.23	0.398	8.18	8.54	0.590	0.35	0.39	0.464	1.28	1.38	0.283
New Mexico	2.50^b	2.80	0.089	6.99	7.54	0.335	8.79	9.54	0.391	0.60	0.72	0.381	1.69	1.90	0.203
New York	2.04	2.02	0.816	5.58	5.21	0.190	8.54	8.16	0.453	0.42	0.51	0.125	1.50	1.53	0.725
North Carolina	1.86	1.81	0.586	5.10	4.93	0.583	7.27	6.90	0.527	0.37	0.41	0.419	1.31	1.30	0.898
North Dakota	2.06	1.89	0.147	4.61^a	3.79	0.021	7.88	7.46	0.519	0.34	0.42	0.177	1.69	1.61	0.565
Ohio	1.91^a	2.10	0.029	5.14	5.37	0.423	8.04	8.80	0.166	0.30^b	0.39	0.063	1.33^a	1.51	0.040
Oklahoma	1.83	1.88	0.708	4.59	4.66	0.855	5.78	6.64	0.128	0.50	0.47	0.753	1.33	1.37	0.718
Oregon	2.67^a	3.18	0.005	6.46	6.85	0.386	10.18^a	12.36	0.021	0.66	0.87	0.141	1.96^a	2.45	0.010
Pennsylvania	1.80	1.83	0.731	4.56	4.39	0.523	8.08	7.99	0.862	0.35	0.41	0.190	1.35	1.40	0.529
Rhode Island	2.77	2.79	0.887	7.23	6.51	0.144	9.57	10.10	0.530	0.68	0.81	0.269	2.00	2.17	0.336
South Carolina	1.73	1.64	0.310	4.81	4.55	0.471	7.68	6.85	0.200	0.32	0.35	0.469	1.25	1.18	0.480
South Dakota	1.94	1.84	0.377	4.75	4.65	0.763	7.32	7.02	0.651	0.45	0.42	0.689	1.46	1.37	0.427
Tennessee	1.64	1.68	0.651	4.96	4.77	0.565	6.53	6.37	0.792	0.27	0.31	0.367	1.11	1.16	0.656
Texas	1.50	1.54	0.568	4.52	4.21	0.230	5.50	5.56	0.868	0.18^a	0.27	0.009	0.97	1.06	0.164
Utah	1.63	1.70	0.563	3.47	3.19	0.340	5.71	6.10	0.538	0.29	0.36	0.211	1.26	1.40	0.284
Vermont	3.08	3.35	0.183	6.53	7.25	0.175	12.40	12.14	0.823	0.70	0.88	0.179	2.41	2.60	0.413
Virginia	1.86	1.82	0.637	4.92	4.52	0.212	7.61	7.06	0.332	0.33^b	0.41	0.097	1.34	1.35	0.931
Washington	2.44^a	2.91	0.009	5.39	5.81	0.319	8.54^a	10.30	0.042	0.74^a	1.02	0.048	1.88^a	2.36	0.013
West Virginia	1.73^a	1.52	0.040	5.53^a	4.61	0.030	7.41^a	5.95	0.020	0.28	0.33	0.271	1.16	1.05	0.245
Wisconsin	2.27	2.16	0.367	5.91	5.56	0.389	8.68	8.34	0.645	0.44	0.50	0.410	1.62	1.57	0.667
Wyoming	1.93	1.87	0.570	4.96	4.45	0.211	7.66	7.28	0.559	0.41	0.50	0.261	1.42	1.42	0.978
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Average annual initiation of marijuana (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months and X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana (with the at-risk population defined as 0.5 × X₁ + X₂). Both of the computation components, X₁ and X₂, are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent's age at the time of the interview, not his or her age at first use. For details, see Section B of the "2016-2017 NSDUH: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology" at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 6 – Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	3.42	3.38	0.478	2.71^a	2.43	0.012	7.32	7.07	0.228	2.86	2.88	0.776	3.50	3.47	0.732
Northeast	3.46	3.41	0.666	2.25	2.05	0.200	7.73	7.74	0.978	2.90	2.86	0.792	3.57	3.53	0.760
Midwest	3.17	3.28	0.258	2.73^a	2.41	0.038	6.94	7.21	0.321	2.58	2.73	0.218	3.21	3.37	0.149
South	3.30	3.17	0.193	2.88^a	2.53	0.015	6.95	6.63	0.191	2.75	2.70	0.648	3.34	3.24	0.332
West	3.83	3.76	0.592	2.74	2.55	0.308	7.92^a	7.16	0.028	3.26	3.34	0.593	3.94	3.88	0.681
Alabama	3.35	3.43	0.749	2.10	2.71	0.134	8.14^b	6.85	0.097	2.70	2.96	0.405	3.47	3.51	0.912
Alaska	3.84	3.54	0.289	3.62^a	2.42	0.006	7.97	7.17	0.322	3.11	3.08	0.923	3.86	3.66	0.523
Arizona	3.92	3.46	0.114	2.72	2.31	0.268	7.62^a	5.89	0.027	3.44	3.19	0.482	4.05	3.58	0.142
Arkansas	3.30	3.66	0.256	3.22	3.14	0.840	6.47	6.40	0.919	2.78	3.27	0.189	3.31	3.71	0.236
California	3.99	3.82	0.362	2.67	2.46	0.447	8.21^a	7.00	0.024	3.41	3.45	0.872	4.12	3.96	0.409
Colorado	3.77	3.93	0.594	2.74	2.63	0.796	8.77	9.03	0.795	3.06	3.25	0.556	3.88	4.06	0.569
Connecticut	3.68	3.73	0.850	2.65	2.27	0.283	9.27	9.26	0.993	2.89	3.00	0.728	3.78	3.87	0.753
Delaware	3.47	3.41	0.848	2.48	2.31	0.671	7.22	6.61	0.432	3.00	3.05	0.869	3.56	3.51	0.883
District of Columbia	4.79	5.36	0.171	2.18^a	3.23	0.049	10.02	9.57	0.656	3.89	4.68	0.106	4.94	5.48	0.215
Florida	3.42	3.18	0.231	2.86	2.54	0.278	6.35	6.34	0.991	3.06	2.81	0.281	3.47	3.23	0.277
Georgia	3.53^b	3.08	0.060	2.55	2.27	0.405	6.93^a	5.52	0.017	3.07	2.77	0.313	3.64^b	3.17	0.073
Hawaii	3.21^a	2.67	0.037	3.11	2.50	0.181	7.38	6.17	0.128	2.61	2.21	0.173	3.22^b	2.69	0.055
Idaho	3.31	2.99	0.203	2.95	2.59	0.374	7.11	5.99	0.136	2.72	2.55	0.564	3.35	3.04	0.255
Illinois	3.25	3.19	0.779	2.54	2.40	0.653	8.57	9.19	0.396	2.46	2.32	0.537	3.32	3.27	0.823
Indiana	3.35	3.76	0.131	2.90	2.34	0.185	7.30	8.07	0.357	2.71	3.19	0.141	3.40^b	3.91	0.083
Iowa	2.77	3.02	0.239	2.78	2.25	0.148	5.90	6.58	0.338	2.21	2.48	0.277	2.77	3.10	0.152
Kansas	2.83	2.90	0.764	2.88	2.33	0.173	5.38	5.15	0.720	2.36	2.57	0.462	2.82	2.96	0.593
Kentucky	3.21	2.96	0.340	2.41	2.30	0.741	6.34	5.64	0.312	2.78	2.60	0.552	3.29	3.03	0.356
Louisiana	3.83	3.48	0.225	3.02	2.61	0.325	8.57^a	6.87	0.036	3.13	3.03	0.768	3.92	3.57	0.272
Maine	2.75	2.97	0.323	2.61	2.14	0.185	6.32	7.40	0.166	2.28	2.45	0.495	2.76	3.04	0.245
Maryland	3.31	3.35	0.876	2.92	2.54	0.286	7.22	8.06	0.279	2.75	2.72	0.939	3.35	3.43	0.767
Massachusetts	3.75^b	4.26	0.074	2.25	2.29	0.910	8.44	9.19	0.392	3.10	3.62	0.121	3.89^b	4.44	0.077
Michigan	3.38	3.68	0.144	2.64	2.58	0.835	7.33	7.23	0.863	2.79^b	3.22	0.088	3.45	3.80	0.134
Minnesota	3.18	3.17	0.958	3.07	2.58	0.215	7.07	7.46	0.636	2.57	2.56	0.959	3.19	3.23	0.882
Mississippi	3.29	3.35	0.821	2.79	2.89	0.789	6.17	6.32	0.829	2.84	2.89	0.880	3.35	3.40	0.852
Missouri	3.20	3.32	0.697	4.26^a	3.07	0.027	5.90	5.52	0.576	2.62	2.99	0.320	3.09	3.34	0.444
Montana	3.18	3.59	0.106	3.09	2.92	0.701	6.93	7.76	0.313	2.57	2.99	0.160	3.18^b	3.65	0.094
Nebraska	3.13	2.87	0.270	2.60	2.24	0.310	6.37	6.34	0.970	2.62	2.33	0.318	3.19	2.93	0.333
Nevada	3.57	3.89	0.271	4.07	3.35	0.135	6.73	7.58	0.303	3.03	3.41	0.290	3.52	3.94	0.185
New Hampshire	3.88	3.66	0.431	2.28	2.63	0.375	11.40	10.37	0.336	2.86	2.73	0.682	4.02	3.76	0.367
New Jersey	2.91	2.74	0.394	2.14	1.92	0.487	7.48	6.68	0.242	2.32	2.25	0.763	2.99	2.82	0.446
New Mexico	3.57	3.68	0.668	3.25	2.56	0.115	8.16	8.09	0.932	2.84	3.10	0.403	3.60	3.80	0.490
New York	3.42	3.30	0.577	2.22	1.91	0.251	6.91	6.89	0.969	2.96	2.87	0.695	3.53	3.43	0.661
North Carolina	3.52	3.28	0.267	2.99	2.52	0.177	7.17	6.87	0.657	3.00	2.80	0.446	3.58	3.36	0.347
North Dakota	2.80	2.97	0.484	3.08^a	2.31	0.047	5.67	5.92	0.732	2.15	2.43	0.296	2.78	3.03	0.322
Ohio	3.08	3.16	0.673	2.08	2.14	0.800	6.34	6.56	0.688	2.68	2.74	0.773	3.18	3.27	0.695
Oklahoma	3.24	3.22	0.926	2.59	2.43	0.663	6.90^b	8.24	0.098	2.68	2.45	0.411	3.31	3.30	0.981
Oregon	4.01^b	4.55	0.069	2.71	3.21	0.312	9.00	9.76	0.380	3.38	3.91	0.137	4.12^b	4.67	0.091
Pennsylvania	3.59	3.36	0.259	2.20	2.02	0.489	7.61	7.79	0.768	3.11	2.81	0.224	3.72	3.48	0.283
Rhode Island	4.23	4.31	0.793	2.64	2.84	0.647	9.63	8.90	0.473	3.41	3.64	0.546	4.37	4.44	0.835
South Carolina	3.78	3.73	0.861	3.84	3.38	0.319	9.09	8.18	0.331	2.92	3.07	0.645	3.77	3.76	0.974
South Dakota	3.21	3.19	0.927	3.29	3.00	0.547	7.35	6.51	0.317	2.48	2.65	0.604	3.20	3.21	0.993
Tennessee	3.58	3.48	0.661	2.51	2.60	0.834	8.01	7.79	0.791	2.99	2.89	0.732	3.69	3.56	0.634
Texas	2.89	2.81	0.659	3.24^a	2.47	0.014	6.40	6.12	0.582	2.20	2.27	0.733	2.85	2.86	0.969
Utah	3.31	3.09	0.361	2.07	2.20	0.729	6.06	5.78	0.670	2.90	2.64	0.384	3.48	3.21	0.311
Vermont	4.68	4.71	0.930	2.15	2.40	0.578	13.92	14.55	0.626	3.32	3.23	0.798	4.90	4.91	0.987
Virginia	2.94	3.01	0.723	2.46	2.27	0.543	6.61	6.77	0.809	2.39	2.50	0.680	2.99	3.09	0.664
Washington	3.58	3.86	0.289	2.57	2.71	0.755	7.18	7.21	0.967	3.12	3.47	0.271	3.67	3.97	0.307
West Virginia	2.95	2.94	0.976	2.43	1.89	0.116	6.29	6.30	0.994	2.51	2.56	0.844	2.99	3.04	0.867
Wisconsin	2.96	3.00	0.842	2.38	2.06	0.362	6.18	6.64	0.529	2.49	2.51	0.931	3.01	3.10	0.746
Wyoming	3.05	2.87	0.443	2.52	2.03	0.166	6.23	5.49	0.300	2.59	2.56	0.912	3.117	2.96	0.563
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana Use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 7 – Cocaine Use in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	1.84^a	2.03	0.001	0.58	0.53	0.302	5.46^a	5.88	0.024	1.39^a	1.59	0.002	1.97^a	2.19	0.000
Northeast	2.26	2.34	0.382	0.58	0.53	0.433	6.67	6.69	0.974	1.73	1.85	0.279	2.42	2.51	0.369
Midwest	1.51^a	1.77	0.000	0.55	0.51	0.552	4.40^a	5.22	0.000	1.14^a	1.34	0.007	1.61^a	1.90	0.000
South	1.60^a	1.75	0.022	0.45	0.42	0.521	4.75	4.99	0.268	1.22^a	1.39	0.036	1.72^a	1.89	0.019
West	2.22^a	2.49	0.006	0.81	0.71	0.317	6.61^b	7.24	0.077	1.64^a	1.92	0.013	2.36^a	2.67	0.005
Alabama	1.21^a	1.62	0.004	0.33	0.36	0.661	2.96^a	3.84	0.042	1.02^a	1.41	0.009	1.30^a	1.75	0.004
Alaska	2.12	2.32	0.369	0.89	0.71	0.219	5.83	5.76	0.918	1.61	1.95	0.128	2.26	2.50	0.323
Arizona	2.07	2.11	0.832	0.79	0.66	0.300	6.22	5.85	0.615	1.52	1.67	0.488	2.20	2.27	0.791
Arkansas	1.23^b	1.48	0.083	0.47	0.51	0.539	3.15	3.75	0.182	1.01	1.23	0.124	1.31^b	1.58	0.086
California	2.42^b	2.71	0.065	0.75	0.69	0.565	7.16	7.99	0.144	1.80	2.05	0.115	2.59^b	2.91	0.058
Colorado	2.42	2.68	0.304	1.01	0.79	0.227	8.18	8.32	0.881	1.62	1.98	0.135	2.56	2.87	0.263
Connecticut	2.48	2.74	0.278	0.62	0.60	0.860	9.07	8.36	0.426	1.62^b	2.08	0.054	2.66	2.95	0.277
Delaware	1.93	2.02	0.651	0.41	0.37	0.584	6.10	6.20	0.886	1.46	1.58	0.541	2.08	2.18	0.639
District of Columbia	3.46^a	4.34	0.030	0.18	0.22	0.592	6.75	7.00	0.789	3.00^a	4.10	0.014	3.64^a	4.57	0.031
Florida	1.63^a	1.96	0.012	0.45	0.45	0.985	5.35^b	6.22	0.067	1.22^a	1.52	0.028	1.73^a	2.09	0.011
Georgia	1.90	1.74	0.389	0.36	0.34	0.706	4.61	4.45	0.765	1.64	1.46	0.399	2.08	1.89	0.391
Hawaii	1.98	1.88	0.629	0.84	0.58	0.151	5.01	5.22	0.755	1.65	1.55	0.626	2.08	1.99	0.698
Idaho	1.26	1.37	0.409	0.83	0.66	0.234	3.84	4.24	0.417	0.88	0.99	0.407	1.31	1.45	0.327
Illinois	1.74	1.94	0.199	0.53	0.48	0.495	4.92^b	5.84	0.081	1.36	1.49	0.437	1.87	2.09	0.186
Indiana	1.32^a	1.90	0.001	0.53	0.55	0.822	3.94^a	5.72	0.002	0.96^a	1.41	0.005	1.41^a	2.05	0.001
Iowa	1.19^b	1.43	0.068	0.58	0.55	0.681	3.75	4.53	0.119	0.80	0.99	0.117	1.25^b	1.52	0.062
Kansas	1.24^a	1.58	0.017	0.63	0.55	0.400	3.83^a	4.89	0.044	0.84^a	1.13	0.033	1.30^a	1.70	0.013
Kentucky	1.65	1.60	0.759	0.59	0.54	0.598	5.09	4.74	0.531	1.21	1.21	0.980	1.75	1.70	0.776
Louisiana	1.69	1.43	0.139	0.29	0.28	0.835	4.41	3.69	0.162	1.40	1.19	0.261	1.84	1.55	0.137
Maine	1.82	1.86	0.826	0.86	0.70	0.231	6.44	6.62	0.766	1.30	1.33	0.814	1.91	1.96	0.772
Maryland	1.80	2.11	0.146	0.36	0.35	0.854	5.26	6.20	0.162	1.42	1.69	0.227	1.94	2.29	0.144
Massachusetts	2.80	3.05	0.369	0.73	0.64	0.427	9.07	9.35	0.783	1.94	2.22	0.267	2.99	3.27	0.355
Michigan	1.45^b	1.70	0.051	0.44	0.44	0.991	3.79^a	4.75	0.017	1.17	1.33	0.226	1.55^b	1.82	0.051
Minnesota	1.77	1.70	0.694	0.70	0.57	0.224	5.53	4.79	0.208	1.30	1.35	0.772	1.88	1.82	0.744
Mississippi	1.27	1.29	0.885	0.25	0.24	0.925	2.66	2.90	0.507	1.16	1.15	0.952	1.38	1.41	0.885
Missouri	1.29^a	1.59	0.041	0.48	0.47	0.913	3.90	4.44	0.275	0.95^a	1.26	0.034	1.37^a	1.71	0.040
Montana	1.80	1.91	0.551	1.08	0.89	0.296	5.71	5.81	0.878	1.25	1.39	0.362	1.87	2.00	0.488
Nebraska	1.40^b	1.68	0.071	0.62	0.60	0.846	4.48^a	5.65	0.041	0.95	1.11	0.256	1.49^b	1.80	0.066
Nevada	1.84^a	2.33	0.015	0.66	0.62	0.692	4.82^b	5.83	0.100	1.53^a	2.02	0.018	1.96^a	2.50	0.013
New Hampshire	2.78^a	2.20	0.015	1.13	0.89	0.277	10.84^a	8.81	0.049	1.69^b	1.32	0.078	2.93^a	2.32	0.016
New Jersey	1.93	1.87	0.711	0.55	0.49	0.457	6.63	6.48	0.810	1.38	1.34	0.791	2.06	2.01	0.731
New Mexico	1.88	2.02	0.473	0.96	0.74	0.173	5.42	5.58	0.827	1.40	1.59	0.303	1.98	2.15	0.405
New York	2.37	2.46	0.609	0.45	0.44	0.910	5.77	5.79	0.959	2.01	2.13	0.529	2.55	2.65	0.613
North Carolina	1.88	1.86	0.903	0.39	0.40	0.869	5.67	5.17	0.386	1.45	1.51	0.740	2.03	2.01	0.891
North Dakota	1.23^b	1.51	0.067	0.81	0.61	0.149	3.84	4.68	0.127	0.72^b	0.96	0.060	1.27^a	1.60	0.049
Ohio	1.66	1.76	0.419	0.48	0.50	0.807	4.86	5.17	0.480	1.29	1.37	0.532	1.78	1.89	0.429
Oklahoma	1.40^b	1.70	0.055	0.53	0.48	0.500	4.17^a	5.39	0.023	1.03	1.22	0.192	1.50^a	1.83	0.048
Oregon	2.51^a	2.98	0.038	1.00	1.01	0.976	7.96	8.86	0.237	1.83^a	2.30	0.046	2.64^a	3.16	0.037
Pennsylvania	1.87	1.98	0.438	0.56	0.54	0.742	5.22	5.57	0.463	1.48	1.58	0.532	1.99	2.12	0.430
Rhode Island	2.79	2.66	0.649	0.84	0.70	0.341	8.90	7.68	0.161	1.88	1.97	0.714	2.96	2.84	0.671
South Carolina	1.69	1.95	0.162	0.34	0.38	0.628	5.31	5.95	0.288	1.26	1.50	0.209	1.82	2.10	0.166
South Dakota	1.22	1.14	0.535	0.75	0.56	0.162	3.65	3.45	0.666	0.85	0.82	0.760	1.27	1.20	0.624
Tennessee	1.69	1.87	0.341	0.49	0.50	0.913	4.66	5.26	0.311	1.35	1.49	0.458	1.81	2.01	0.341
Texas	1.41	1.47	0.648	0.57	0.46	0.177	4.69	4.42	0.542	0.93	1.08	0.228	1.51	1.59	0.575
Utah	1.28^a	1.71	0.005	0.81	0.69	0.364	3.53^a	4.67	0.024	0.85^a	1.23	0.009	1.34^a	1.85	0.003
Vermont	3.02	3.50	0.116	1.14	0.93	0.302	10.83	12.24	0.245	1.84	2.23	0.145	3.18	3.72	0.103
Virginia	1.48^a	1.93	0.005	0.43	0.43	0.976	4.31^a	5.26	0.045	1.15^a	1.57	0.010	1.59^a	2.08	0.005
Washington	1.94^b	2.33	0.067	0.79	0.70	0.539	5.75	6.52	0.248	1.47^b	1.87	0.064	2.05^b	2.49	0.060
West Virginia	1.55	1.65	0.539	0.70	0.61	0.481	5.29	5.07	0.749	1.08	1.26	0.262	1.62	1.75	0.507
Wisconsin	1.38^a	2.02	0.000	0.68	0.58	0.384	4.34^a	6.19	0.002	0.97^a	1.50	0.001	1.45^a	2.16	0.000
Wyoming	1.42	1.59	0.219	0.98	0.83	0.293	4.81	4.83	0.977	0.91^a	1.17	0.047	1.47	1.67	0.175
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 8 – Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	71.89	71.55	0.104	56.54	56.01	0.132	65.07^a	63.91	0.002	74.84	74.62	0.365	73.44	73.11	0.137
Northeast	69.12	68.92	0.600	56.41	55.84	0.364	61.75^a	60.02	0.012	71.69	71.73	0.938	70.30	70.12	0.660
Midwest	72.18^a	71.40	0.007	55.60	54.66	0.106	64.94^a	63.40	0.012	75.40^b	74.73	0.061	73.89^a	73.11	0.013
South	75.25	75.44	0.443	58.39	57.72	0.201	68.70	68.49	0.708	78.36	78.68	0.316	76.99	77.26	0.326
West	68.37^a	67.48	0.018	54.52	54.58	0.935	62.01^a	60.09	0.011	71.12^b	70.23	0.058	69.78^a	68.78	0.014
Alabama	78.48^b	76.69	0.055	60.04	58.73	0.481	73.25	71.28	0.199	81.54	79.67	0.101	80.35^b	78.50	0.066
Alaska	66.96	66.25	0.503	53.40	52.81	0.739	62.37	60.84	0.419	69.59	68.89	0.602	68.47	67.73	0.529
Arizona	69.86	71.38	0.135	55.56	58.15	0.137	63.55	65.19	0.349	72.70	74.02	0.304	71.37	72.76	0.215
Arkansas	77.49	77.28	0.809	59.64	56.96	0.121	74.13^b	71.37	0.070	80.24	80.74	0.643	79.36	79.41	0.960
California	68.92^a	67.53	0.019	54.68	54.97	0.782	62.42^a	59.87	0.021	71.76^a	70.31	0.048	70.37^a	68.79	0.013
Colorado	65.76	64.77	0.348	53.03	52.21	0.649	57.01	56.00	0.585	68.72	67.66	0.421	67.03	66.02	0.379
Connecticut	68.78	67.67	0.321	55.12	54.86	0.887	59.81^a	56.31	0.049	71.82	70.97	0.541	70.13	68.91	0.317
Delaware	71.79	71.31	0.629	54.21	56.17	0.282	66.07	66.82	0.652	74.59	73.60	0.428	73.44	72.71	0.504
District of Columbia	61.35	60.19	0.330	54.72	56.65	0.341	55.51	53.11	0.226	62.99	61.78	0.411	61.71	60.36	0.286
Florida	75.42^b	76.45	0.088	59.31	57.88	0.190	68.92	67.40	0.189	77.95^a	79.51	0.033	76.82^b	78.04	0.061
Georgia	76.15^a	77.72	0.034	59.66	61.39	0.271	71.67	70.90	0.570	79.09^a	81.00	0.038	77.99^b	79.54	0.055
Hawaii	68.25	67.73	0.650	55.60	53.74	0.342	64.47	64.35	0.948	70.11	69.62	0.725	69.38	68.97	0.740
Idaho	70.78	71.25	0.625	56.18	55.81	0.833	64.93	65.02	0.960	73.82	74.45	0.609	72.53	73.10	0.595
Illinois	71.99	70.93	0.124	55.13	55.10	0.983	64.22	63.08	0.392	75.31	74.09	0.150	73.73	72.55	0.114
Indiana	73.01	73.31	0.726	56.55	55.61	0.605	66.88	65.43	0.379	76.18	76.92	0.503	74.78	75.21	0.650
Iowa	71.58	70.59	0.278	57.10	54.58	0.184	63.34	61.50	0.278	74.80	74.13	0.564	73.05	72.22	0.400
Kansas	73.08	71.79	0.129	56.50	55.70	0.636	69.10^b	66.16	0.073	75.98	74.88	0.303	74.92	73.56	0.146
Kentucky	74.91	75.46	0.541	58.70	58.35	0.843	67.45	67.12	0.844	78.05	78.82	0.491	76.54	77.18	0.519
Louisiana	75.14	73.91	0.152	56.87	55.03	0.315	68.26	68.05	0.899	78.58	77.18	0.193	77.07	75.88	0.204
Maine	70.93	70.18	0.482	56.47	56.63	0.928	62.04	59.87	0.220	73.55	72.86	0.594	72.17	71.31	0.459
Maryland	70.72	71.40	0.484	57.94	56.74	0.519	63.82	62.63	0.462	73.25	74.40	0.349	71.97	72.83	0.415
Massachusetts	64.73	63.65	0.305	56.13	54.52	0.368	57.31^a	53.75	0.045	66.93	66.31	0.639	65.50	64.46	0.361
Michigan	72.88	72.99	0.867	53.45	53.65	0.881	64.23	64.53	0.806	76.66	76.67	0.993	74.85	74.92	0.923
Minnesota	66.90	66.23	0.499	52.59	52.26	0.858	59.12	59.13	0.995	69.84	69.00	0.497	68.35	67.64	0.516
Mississippi	79.88	79.47	0.564	60.85	58.42	0.164	75.35	73.37	0.203	83.16	83.23	0.938	81.97	81.76	0.786
Missouri	73.83	73.04	0.405	57.38	56.40	0.599	66.75^b	63.83	0.069	76.95	76.49	0.696	75.49	74.71	0.443
Montana	68.49	68.34	0.886	55.88	53.99	0.303	58.53	58.89	0.829	71.47	71.38	0.940	69.65	69.65	0.999
Nebraska	72.22	70.79	0.129	53.87	53.66	0.904	63.65^a	60.13	0.048	76.10	74.88	0.302	74.20	72.65	0.131
Nevada	69.49	69.95	0.655	51.21	52.63	0.446	64.21	62.63	0.372	72.41	73.00	0.646	71.33	71.68	0.760
New Hampshire	66.93	67.04	0.920	54.49	54.96	0.794	55.87^b	52.47	0.079	69.98	70.53	0.670	68.05	68.10	0.964
New Jersey	71.57	71.77	0.822	58.44	59.02	0.723	62.05	61.95	0.953	74.51	74.69	0.874	72.88	73.03	0.878
New Mexico	69.06	69.51	0.659	53.08	53.07	0.997	62.86	62.23	0.720	72.09	72.73	0.619	70.75	71.24	0.663
New York	69.27	68.85	0.545	56.21	55.98	0.846	63.15	62.06	0.337	71.69	71.31	0.654	70.46	70.01	0.546
North Carolina	73.90	74.58	0.389	58.45^b	55.45	0.062	67.00	68.62	0.273	76.85	77.78	0.341	75.47	76.52	0.225
North Dakota	72.93^b	71.37	0.075	58.24	55.62	0.130	63.34	61.09	0.190	76.63	75.22	0.198	74.25	72.80	0.126
Ohio	73.09	72.47	0.354	58.18	56.65	0.231	66.85	64.96	0.128	75.86	75.51	0.669	74.61	74.06	0.449
Oklahoma	73.49	72.51	0.308	57.02	58.38	0.457	68.94	69.33	0.816	76.38	74.84	0.197	75.27	74.03	0.239
Oregon	63.35	62.53	0.447	52.72	50.99	0.350	56.20	53.98	0.213	65.57	65.01	0.675	64.32	63.56	0.519
Pennsylvania	69.88	70.58	0.323	55.90	54.27	0.193	63.56	61.55	0.121	72.37	73.71	0.133	71.17	72.07	0.243
Rhode Island	68.96	67.52	0.169	57.65	56.01	0.381	61.92	59.38	0.176	71.42	70.15	0.341	69.95	68.51	0.207
South Carolina	76.74	76.02	0.411	57.75	56.23	0.390	68.88	68.14	0.615	80.16	79.46	0.523	78.59	77.93	0.487
South Dakota	70.81	70.25	0.550	52.85	52.86	0.994	64.34	64.61	0.871	74.12	73.34	0.507	72.67	72.07	0.556
Tennessee	76.41	76.08	0.693	60.19	57.66	0.157	69.22	69.51	0.856	79.48	79.25	0.830	78.04	77.91	0.888
Texas	76.44	76.43	0.977	58.07	58.18	0.926	69.70	70.22	0.632	80.27	80.10	0.790	78.63	78.59	0.947
Utah	74.02^a	71.99	0.020	60.86	60.13	0.676	70.43^a	66.83	0.030	77.08^b	75.15	0.096	75.85^a	73.63	0.023
Vermont	65.56	65.64	0.944	55.27	54.56	0.692	51.77	52.19	0.837	69.00	69.05	0.967	66.42	66.55	0.919
Virginia	71.06	71.21	0.865	54.93	56.28	0.401	61.68	63.35	0.260	74.45	74.16	0.781	72.64	72.66	0.986
Washington	65.19	63.73	0.199	52.24	50.67	0.397	58.96^b	55.63	0.071	67.62	66.41	0.393	66.43	64.96	0.234
West Virginia	76.14	75.25	0.343	56.74	53.96	0.103	67.03	66.57	0.783	79.47	78.68	0.493	77.86	77.13	0.470
Wisconsin	71.93^a	69.23	0.006	54.36^b	50.67	0.055	64.74^a	61.09	0.027	75.18^a	72.72	0.043	73.69^a	71.07	0.013
Wyoming	72.78	71.96	0.380	55.68	55.91	0.898	64.83	64.39	0.799	76.10	75.04	0.366	74.49	73.58	0.366
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 9 – Heroin Use in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	0.33	0.34	0.708	0.07	0.05	0.334	0.64	0.64	0.968	0.31	0.32	0.621	0.36	0.37	0.662
Northeast	0.46	0.45	0.668	0.08	0.05	0.142	0.81	0.77	0.619	0.45	0.44	0.818	0.50	0.48	0.711
Midwest	0.33	0.35	0.435	0.08	0.05	0.252	0.65	0.65	0.942	0.30	0.33	0.319	0.35	0.38	0.376
South	0.28^b	0.33	0.063	0.07	0.05	0.399	0.58	0.67	0.107	0.26	0.30	0.120	0.30^b	0.35	0.053
West	0.32	0.27	0.101	0.05	0.06	0.873	0.59	0.49	0.117	0.30	0.26	0.213	0.34^b	0.29	0.093
Alabama	0.31	0.30	0.748	0.01	0.02	0.356	0.68	0.58	0.398	0.29	0.29	0.960	0.35	0.33	0.721
Alaska	0.75^a	0.44	0.005	0.09	0.10	0.675	1.33^a	0.91	0.040	0.73^a	0.41	0.012	0.82^a	0.48	0.005
Arizona	0.45^b	0.35	0.091	0.03	0.05	0.380	0.88	0.77	0.464	0.43^b	0.32	0.081	0.50^b	0.38	0.085
Arkansas	0.20	0.25	0.161	0.05	0.05	0.971	0.45	0.49	0.641	0.18	0.23	0.117	0.22	0.27	0.160
California	0.24^b	0.19	0.069	0.04	0.05	0.601	0.43^b	0.30	0.066	0.23	0.18	0.162	0.26^b	0.20	0.063
Colorado	0.35	0.28	0.147	0.03	0.04	0.346	0.66	0.54	0.249	0.34	0.26	0.191	0.38	0.30	0.141
Connecticut	0.71	0.70	0.965	0.07	0.06	0.575	1.21	1.31	0.675	0.70	0.68	0.861	0.77	0.77	0.967
Delaware	0.73	0.84	0.494	0.09	0.06	0.579	1.49	1.56	0.844	0.68	0.82	0.449	0.79	0.92	0.487
District of Columbia	0.44	0.37	0.342	0.02	0.01	0.271	0.23	0.32	0.176	0.51	0.40	0.247	0.47	0.39	0.347
Florida	0.24^b	0.29	0.095	0.22^a	0.14	0.006	0.58	0.63	0.555	0.19^a	0.26	0.050	0.24^b	0.30	0.069
Georgia	0.17	0.19	0.285	0.03	0.02	0.862	0.35	0.37	0.727	0.15	0.19	0.242	0.18	0.21	0.282
Hawaii	0.24	0.24	0.957	0.01^a	0.05	0.023	0.72	0.56	0.256	0.20	0.22	0.587	0.26	0.26	0.974
Idaho	0.33	0.33	0.990	0.09	0.06	0.254	0.64	0.58	0.580	0.31	0.32	0.774	0.35	0.36	0.937
Illinois	0.25	0.25	1.000	0.04	0.04	0.710	0.49	0.45	0.687	0.24	0.25	0.860	0.27	0.27	0.990
Indiana	0.43^a	0.64	0.004	0.07	0.07	0.775	0.86^a	1.26	0.012	0.40^a	0.60	0.009	0.47^a	0.70	0.004
Iowa	0.20	0.23	0.330	0.06	0.05	0.416	0.51	0.48	0.709	0.16	0.20	0.134	0.21	0.24	0.313
Kansas	0.27	0.29	0.457	0.08	0.06	0.311	0.55	0.52	0.773	0.24	0.29	0.262	0.29	0.32	0.418
Kentucky	0.47	0.37	0.106	0.04	0.05	0.710	0.86	0.67	0.134	0.45	0.36	0.156	0.51	0.41	0.102
Louisiana	0.22	0.22	0.896	0.06	0.04	0.197	0.39	0.40	0.873	0.20	0.21	0.838	0.23	0.24	0.844
Maine	0.48	0.51	0.682	0.02	0.05	0.187	1.15	1.24	0.610	0.43	0.45	0.785	0.52	0.55	0.712
Maryland	0.54	0.54	0.996	0.11^a	0.05	0.010	0.86	1.03	0.329	0.54	0.52	0.842	0.58	0.58	0.958
Massachusetts	0.36	0.42	0.322	0.03	0.03	0.508	0.66	0.62	0.780	0.35	0.43	0.219	0.39	0.46	0.332
Michigan	0.35	0.31	0.316	0.09	0.06	0.201	0.63	0.52	0.265	0.34	0.30	0.481	0.38	0.33	0.344
Minnesota	0.29^b	0.23	0.084	0.03	0.03	0.780	0.72^b	0.51	0.054	0.25	0.21	0.219	0.32^b	0.25	0.085
Mississippi	0.22	0.21	0.773	0.01	0.01	0.422	0.43	0.42	0.913	0.21	0.20	0.747	0.24	0.23	0.745
Missouri	0.33	0.30	0.441	0.05	0.04	0.871	0.68	0.54	0.200	0.30	0.29	0.709	0.36	0.32	0.441
Montana	0.32	0.33	0.780	0.10	0.08	0.537	0.78	0.71	0.561	0.27	0.30	0.521	0.34	0.36	0.756
Nebraska	0.24	0.22	0.496	0.12^a	0.07	0.041	0.49	0.40	0.238	0.22	0.21	0.863	0.26	0.24	0.605
Nevada	0.33^a	0.50	0.022	0.05	0.09	0.152	0.74^a	1.16	0.018	0.30^b	0.45	0.063	0.36^a	0.54	0.026
New Hampshire	0.87	0.68	0.121	0.14	0.09	0.334	1.90	1.43	0.152	0.79	0.62	0.201	0.94	0.73	0.125
New Jersey	0.51	0.45	0.388	0.09^b	0.05	0.083	0.92	0.82	0.536	0.50	0.44	0.455	0.55	0.49	0.415
New Mexico	0.37	0.34	0.571	0.17^b	0.10	0.064	0.82	0.81	0.949	0.32	0.29	0.620	0.39	0.37	0.657
New York	0.42^a	0.30	0.018	0.08^b	0.04	0.051	0.63^b	0.46	0.068	0.42^a	0.30	0.043	0.45^a	0.32	0.021
North Carolina	0.34^a	0.45	0.014	0.04	0.04	0.750	0.71^a	0.96	0.022	0.32^a	0.42	0.037	0.37^a	0.49	0.015
North Dakota	0.32^a	0.46	0.010	0.12^b	0.07	0.071	0.62^a	0.86	0.049	0.27^a	0.42	0.010	0.33^a	0.50	0.008
Ohio	0.41	0.45	0.463	0.11	0.07	0.146	0.78	0.83	0.690	0.38	0.44	0.419	0.44	0.49	0.418
Oklahoma	0.31^a	0.43	0.015	0.06	0.07	0.679	0.66^a	0.99	0.006	0.28^b	0.38	0.054	0.33^a	0.47	0.016
Oregon	0.47	0.37	0.122	0.09	0.07	0.440	0.92^a	0.61	0.021	0.44	0.36	0.290	0.50	0.40	0.127
Pennsylvania	0.44^a	0.58	0.033	0.11	0.08	0.220	0.84	1.04	0.171	0.41^a	0.57	0.038	0.47^a	0.63	0.031
Rhode Island	0.44	0.43	0.918	0.09	0.06	0.208	0.74	0.69	0.700	0.42	0.43	0.966	0.47	0.47	0.944
South Carolina	0.24^b	0.19	0.094	0.07	0.04	0.116	0.54	0.40	0.109	0.21	0.17	0.209	0.26	0.20	0.109
South Dakota	0.36^a	0.25	0.014	0.10	0.06	0.160	0.81^a	0.51	0.007	0.31^b	0.23	0.085	0.39^a	0.27	0.018
Tennessee	0.26^b	0.34	0.060	0.05	0.05	0.953	0.59	0.66	0.520	0.23^a	0.32	0.043	0.28^b	0.37	0.061
Texas	0.20^a	0.30	0.004	0.04	0.04	0.863	0.44^a	0.67	0.008	0.19^a	0.27	0.016	0.22^a	0.33	0.003
Utah	0.31	0.37	0.170	0.06	0.04	0.328	0.49	0.58	0.327	0.31	0.38	0.197	0.34	0.41	0.160
Vermont	0.56	0.48	0.299	0.15	0.08	0.107	1.19	1.05	0.436	0.49	0.42	0.394	0.59	0.51	0.328
Virginia	0.38	0.36	0.761	0.01	0.02	0.518	0.76	0.72	0.734	0.35	0.34	0.808	0.41	0.39	0.746
Washington	0.46	0.42	0.633	0.08	0.07	0.517	0.81	0.72	0.481	0.44	0.42	0.749	0.49	0.46	0.644
West Virginia	0.57	0.69	0.201	0.02	0.05	0.333	1.27	1.45	0.444	0.52	0.64	0.205	0.62	0.75	0.207
Wisconsin	0.30	0.37	0.170	0.14^a	0.06	0.009	0.66	0.69	0.779	0.26^b	0.35	0.084	0.32	0.40	0.129
Wyoming	0.33	0.31	0.692	0.09	0.08	0.515	0.76	0.62	0.231	0.29	0.29	0.909	0.35	0.34	0.723
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 10 – Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	85.44^a	86.00	0.000	65.41	65.92	0.134	82.80	82.76	0.882	88.23^a	88.85	0.000	87.45^a	88.00	0.000
Northeast	85.10^a	86.02	0.000	66.03	66.55	0.412	82.74	82.95	0.680	87.53^a	88.58	0.001	86.86^a	87.80	0.001
Midwest	85.53^a	86.13	0.006	65.34	65.55	0.695	82.49^b	83.20	0.093	88.46^a	89.05	0.021	87.60^a	88.21	0.006
South	86.73^a	87.44	0.000	66.78	67.09	0.527	83.73	83.90	0.675	89.61^a	90.42	0.000	88.78^a	89.51	0.000
West	83.57	83.57	0.993	62.86^b	63.93	0.085	81.68^a	80.48	0.028	86.36	86.39	0.944	85.68	85.54	0.655
Alabama	88.18	88.31	0.817	67.66	67.42	0.885	85.75	85.69	0.965	91.00	91.16	0.816	90.25	90.40	0.814
Alaska	82.71	83.35	0.421	62.05	63.59	0.380	81.64	81.02	0.690	85.62	86.28	0.490	85.00	85.52	0.547
Arizona	84.64^a	86.57	0.004	65.29	66.92	0.337	82.60	84.37	0.212	87.36^a	89.31	0.017	86.67^a	88.60	0.008
Arkansas	86.48	86.57	0.875	66.62	65.33	0.413	85.07^b	82.32	0.051	89.14	89.85	0.322	88.56	88.79	0.717
California	84.00	83.56	0.294	62.70	64.20	0.126	82.06^b	80.44	0.058	86.88	86.35	0.302	86.16	85.49	0.142
Colorado	82.56	83.12	0.474	61.33	62.01	0.704	79.79	79.58	0.893	85.50	86.13	0.503	84.68	85.21	0.528
Connecticut	85.01^b	86.32	0.058	65.55	66.16	0.714	81.40	82.15	0.584	87.85^b	89.28	0.082	86.94^b	88.28	0.069
Delaware	86.20	87.19	0.107	63.66^b	66.91	0.083	82.93	84.25	0.363	89.14	89.78	0.383	88.31	89.06	0.249
District of Columbia	83.38	82.28	0.202	64.21	65.64	0.426	79.76	77.54	0.187	85.40	84.29	0.279	84.43	83.18	0.167
Florida	87.67^a	89.00	0.001	67.97	67.56	0.692	84.27	84.15	0.901	90.09^a	91.74	0.001	89.37^a	90.83	0.001
Georgia	87.18^a	88.64	0.002	69.98	70.97	0.498	84.97	86.24	0.281	89.81^a	91.33	0.008	89.09^a	90.60	0.003
Hawaii	82.32	82.41	0.920	63.33	62.18	0.536	82.05	80.72	0.357	84.31	84.68	0.727	84.02	84.20	0.848
Idaho	83.74^b	85.00	0.061	65.62	66.98	0.423	79.03	79.97	0.541	87.07	88.34	0.113	85.90^b	87.15	0.086
Illinois	85.91	86.10	0.680	63.19	64.51	0.294	82.62	84.00	0.191	89.19	89.00	0.722	88.26	88.30	0.923
Indiana	85.78	86.63	0.128	65.74	65.84	0.950	83.26	84.35	0.447	88.75	89.63	0.186	87.93	88.84	0.122
Iowa	83.31	83.64	0.642	65.07	62.86	0.198	79.54	79.56	0.987	86.16	86.85	0.439	85.15	85.74	0.448
Kansas	84.95	85.17	0.728	64.05	64.65	0.719	82.72	83.11	0.776	88.08	88.19	0.883	87.25	87.42	0.806
Kentucky	87.02^b	88.12	0.062	66.83	68.30	0.348	84.58	84.46	0.929	89.79^b	91.02	0.074	89.05^b	90.10	0.093
Louisiana	86.42^b	87.54	0.052	64.84	66.18	0.427	82.65	83.82	0.396	89.71	90.74	0.131	88.68^b	89.75	0.080
Maine	85.39^a	87.04	0.008	63.65	65.70	0.209	82.39	84.65	0.110	87.89^a	89.37	0.040	87.23^a	88.81	0.017
Maryland	85.70	86.31	0.325	65.98	68.00	0.229	83.02	81.96	0.433	88.35	89.03	0.361	87.63	88.09	0.484
Massachusetts	84.98	85.06	0.912	67.09	66.02	0.540	80.68	81.07	0.786	87.60	87.71	0.899	86.57	86.74	0.836
Michigan	85.47^a	86.39	0.033	63.62	63.98	0.776	81.46^b	83.21	0.066	88.73	89.52	0.130	87.67^a	88.61	0.041
Minnesota	80.45^a	82.32	0.014	60.79	61.45	0.702	76.96^b	79.72	0.094	83.31^a	85.18	0.043	82.43^a	84.43	0.016
Mississippi	87.84	87.97	0.814	67.81	67.67	0.932	85.30	84.57	0.572	90.86	91.14	0.678	90.02	90.17	0.808
Missouri	86.94	86.92	0.984	69.95	68.46	0.332	85.26	83.18	0.137	89.20	89.67	0.521	88.64	88.76	0.852
Montana	84.30^b	85.44	0.081	63.05	64.59	0.388	78.99^b	81.51	0.079	87.45	88.28	0.288	86.26	87.34	0.122
Nebraska	84.75	84.02	0.289	63.76	63.15	0.711	81.49	79.32	0.161	87.99	87.50	0.565	87.00	86.26	0.325
Nevada	84.12	84.05	0.933	62.43	63.18	0.669	83.00	81.30	0.261	86.79	86.82	0.975	86.29	86.12	0.838
New Hampshire	85.80	86.58	0.191	66.23	67.27	0.512	81.18	82.08	0.541	88.56	89.25	0.335	87.56	88.29	0.248
New Jersey	85.47^a	86.64	0.035	67.23	68.23	0.495	82.87	83.66	0.496	87.94^b	89.17	0.063	87.28^a	88.45	0.046
New Mexico	83.81	84.96	0.102	65.68	66.18	0.770	82.68	81.90	0.594	86.23^b	87.76	0.072	85.71	86.92	0.110
New York	84.26^a	85.22	0.043	65.65	65.92	0.811	82.78	82.54	0.793	86.48^a	87.67	0.040	85.95^b	86.95	0.051
North Carolina	85.78^a	87.00	0.020	64.60	64.58	0.985	81.57	83.23	0.198	88.96^a	90.22	0.042	87.93^a	89.27	0.017
North Dakota	84.60	84.16	0.485	66.94	65.28	0.289	78.89	79.74	0.576	87.78	87.14	0.415	86.18	85.86	0.646
Ohio	87.85^a	88.80	0.029	70.60	70.79	0.871	85.69	86.53	0.362	90.22^b	91.25	0.052	89.59^a	90.60	0.032
Oklahoma	85.34	84.64	0.262	64.30	66.04	0.339	82.60	83.19	0.664	88.49^b	87.24	0.100	87.61	86.64	0.147
Oregon	81.59	81.07	0.523	61.95	60.73	0.499	80.79^a	77.33	0.028	83.77	83.72	0.965	83.37	82.89	0.583
Pennsylvania	86.14^a	87.26	0.013	65.75	67.00	0.277	84.56	84.70	0.893	88.56^a	89.79	0.023	88.02^a	89.11	0.024
Rhode Island	85.35	84.99	0.599	64.05	63.68	0.833	82.91	81.28	0.314	88.01	87.84	0.834	87.22	86.83	0.601
South Carolina	88.00	87.94	0.918	66.76	67.90	0.471	83.88	83.81	0.959	91.05	90.81	0.714	90.05	89.86	0.743
South Dakota	83.09	84.13	0.113	60.32^b	63.21	0.097	78.71^b	81.40	0.077	86.61	87.15	0.511	85.44	86.31	0.221
Tennessee	86.25	86.71	0.426	66.58	65.28	0.445	83.66	82.90	0.576	88.96	89.77	0.243	88.21	88.83	0.320
Texas	86.48	86.97	0.194	66.91	66.87	0.971	83.74	84.45	0.426	89.73	90.23	0.271	88.80	89.35	0.176
Utah	84.65	83.91	0.214	65.94	66.40	0.773	84.00	81.75	0.118	88.01	87.36	0.382	87.26	86.33	0.164
Vermont	84.14	84.69	0.464	64.73	64.37	0.821	79.18	80.56	0.408	86.93	87.38	0.618	85.77	86.37	0.464
Virginia	85.55	85.61	0.906	64.44	65.92	0.328	82.75	81.02	0.166	88.40	88.56	0.817	87.61	87.52	0.888
Washington	81.43	81.28	0.847	59.79	60.23	0.804	79.55	77.58	0.228	84.12	84.13	0.992	83.49	83.26	0.784
West Virginia	88.64^b	89.63	0.082	67.96	66.33	0.341	84.79	85.50	0.600	91.30^b	92.58	0.052	90.46^a	91.67	0.039
Wisconsin	85.41	85.62	0.743	63.49	63.76	0.871	82.07	81.11	0.520	88.51	88.88	0.632	87.59	87.78	0.781
Wyoming	85.08	85.71	0.304	62.68	64.45	0.290	81.96	82.17	0.891	88.20	88.74	0.464	87.31	87.83	0.430
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 11 – Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	0.58	0.56	0.531	0.14	0.16	0.517	0.85	0.93	0.352	0.58	0.55	0.308	0.62	0.60	0.491
Northeast	0.30	0.28	0.718	0.09	0.10	0.856	0.41	0.47	0.492	0.30	0.28	0.547	0.32	0.30	0.696
Midwest	0.45	0.51	0.185	0.09	0.16	0.115	0.70^a	0.95	0.011	0.46	0.47	0.690	0.49	0.54	0.231
South	0.57	0.56	0.778	0.15	0.16	0.761	0.91	0.96	0.591	0.57	0.54	0.611	0.61	0.60	0.749
West	0.91	0.81	0.171	0.22	0.21	0.818	1.23	1.20	0.834	0.94	0.82	0.167	0.98	0.87	0.170
Alabama	0.59^b	0.78	0.090	0.13	0.24	0.201	0.96	1.12	0.531	0.58	0.79	0.137	0.64	0.83	0.105
Alaska	1.21^a	0.84	0.035	0.37	0.24	0.418	1.19	1.10	0.746	1.33^a	0.87	0.049	1.31^a	0.90	0.039
Arizona	0.78	0.66	0.342	0.16	0.16	0.961	1.42	1.30	0.697	0.75	0.61	0.401	0.85	0.71	0.336
Arkansas	0.87	0.92	0.732	0.12	0.26	0.130	1.06	1.59	0.124	0.93	0.90	0.887	0.95	0.99	0.793
California	0.99	0.81	0.103	0.26	0.20	0.385	1.09	0.96	0.597	1.06	0.85	0.136	1.07	0.87	0.112
Colorado	0.61^a	0.85	0.046	0.12	0.22	0.160	1.16	1.34	0.490	0.57^b	0.84	0.072	0.65^b	0.91	0.052
Connecticut	0.30	0.29	0.844	0.07	0.09	0.564	0.46	0.45	0.889	0.30	0.29	0.833	0.33	0.31	0.807
Delaware	0.23^a	0.40	0.012	0.12	0.18	0.348	0.26	0.37	0.287	0.23^a	0.43	0.023	0.24^a	0.42	0.014
District of Columbia	0.20	0.22	0.673	0.12	0.07	0.157	0.13	0.11	0.759	0.22	0.25	0.621	0.21	0.23	0.643
Florida	0.44	0.47	0.659	0.13	0.15	0.779	0.66	0.75	0.460	0.44	0.47	0.770	0.47	0.50	0.672
Georgia	0.53	0.54	0.843	0.13	0.17	0.570	0.48	0.59	0.363	0.59	0.59	0.984	0.57	0.59	0.877
Hawaii	0.97	0.75	0.206	0.71	0.35	0.142	1.56^b	0.94	0.075	0.92	0.77	0.475	1.00	0.79	0.265
Idaho	0.75	0.87	0.366	0.24	0.33	0.447	1.48	1.57	0.742	0.71	0.83	0.450	0.82	0.94	0.400
Illinois	0.31	0.28	0.530	0.09	0.09	0.813	0.30	0.39	0.301	0.34	0.28	0.416	0.34	0.30	0.534
Indiana	0.62	0.58	0.644	0.11	0.19	0.306	0.86	1.21	0.128	0.64	0.52	0.282	0.68	0.62	0.584
Iowa	0.57	0.56	0.890	0.07	0.15	0.204	0.93	1.12	0.413	0.56	0.50	0.594	0.62	0.60	0.825
Kansas	0.90	0.82	0.601	0.15	0.20	0.583	1.39	1.51	0.717	0.91	0.78	0.504	0.98	0.89	0.581
Kentucky	0.97	0.94	0.820	0.12	0.22	0.172	1.52	1.89	0.259	0.98	0.87	0.522	1.06	1.01	0.762
Louisiana	0.49	0.44	0.511	0.15	0.14	0.897	0.63	0.67	0.825	0.51	0.44	0.477	0.53	0.47	0.512
Maine	0.36	0.42	0.391	0.06	0.12	0.288	0.69^a	1.17	0.004	0.35	0.35	0.943	0.39	0.45	0.432
Maryland	0.22	0.25	0.452	0.09	0.09	0.973	0.23	0.32	0.232	0.23	0.26	0.592	0.23	0.27	0.444
Massachusetts	0.33	0.33	0.952	0.07	0.13	0.261	0.37	0.33	0.673	0.35	0.36	0.939	0.35	0.35	0.987
Michigan	0.36	0.41	0.367	0.08	0.14	0.254	0.57^b	0.76	0.097	0.35	0.38	0.686	0.38	0.44	0.417
Minnesota	0.53^a	0.76	0.041	0.11^a	0.27	0.049	0.88	1.22	0.183	0.53	0.74	0.126	0.58^b	0.81	0.055
Mississippi	0.75	0.61	0.178	0.13	0.14	0.904	0.76	0.95	0.345	0.83	0.61	0.132	0.82	0.66	0.173
Missouri	0.56^a	0.88	0.003	0.11^a	0.29	0.040	0.76^a	1.32	0.017	0.58^a	0.88	0.033	0.60^a	0.94	0.005
Montana	0.74	0.68	0.558	0.15	0.17	0.802	1.41	1.62	0.498	0.70	0.59	0.386	0.80	0.73	0.541
Nebraska	0.51	0.52	0.905	0.08	0.14	0.276	0.83	1.14	0.215	0.50	0.45	0.659	0.55	0.56	0.952
Nevada	1.10	0.89	0.226	0.25	0.23	0.780	1.94	1.87	0.881	1.07	0.83	0.259	1.18	0.96	0.227
New Hampshire	0.58	0.66	0.398	0.04^a	0.20	0.026	1.10	1.31	0.283	0.56	0.60	0.674	0.63	0.70	0.483
New Jersey	0.27	0.24	0.642	0.10	0.08	0.623	0.43	0.35	0.360	0.26	0.25	0.805	0.28	0.26	0.659
New Mexico	0.95	1.19	0.196	0.27	0.31	0.781	2.01	2.25	0.550	0.86	1.12	0.247	1.03	1.28	0.198
New York	0.22	0.20	0.629	0.11	0.08	0.512	0.25	0.27	0.789	0.23	0.20	0.614	0.23	0.21	0.659
North Carolina	0.57	0.63	0.509	0.14	0.18	0.429	0.67	0.83	0.345	0.60	0.65	0.682	0.61	0.68	0.539
North Dakota	0.69^a	0.96	0.036	0.13	0.29	0.115	1.16^a	1.81	0.037	0.65	0.86	0.205	0.74^a	1.02	0.044
Ohio	0.34	0.36	0.717	0.06	0.10	0.368	0.63	0.83	0.131	0.32	0.31	0.900	0.37	0.39	0.766
Oklahoma	0.97	0.77	0.164	0.18	0.22	0.676	1.71	1.75	0.927	0.95	0.68	0.138	1.06	0.84	0.154
Oregon	1.02	1.00	0.880	0.15	0.27	0.192	1.78	1.80	0.933	0.99	0.95	0.810	1.10	1.06	0.821
Pennsylvania	0.37	0.34	0.669	0.08	0.11	0.538	0.55	0.75	0.147	0.37	0.31	0.355	0.40	0.37	0.633
Rhode Island	0.35	0.39	0.572	0.10	0.15	0.485	0.42	0.44	0.910	0.36	0.40	0.634	0.37	0.41	0.611
South Carolina	0.49	0.58	0.281	0.12	0.17	0.382	0.78	1.10	0.167	0.49	0.55	0.573	0.53	0.62	0.307
South Dakota	0.95	0.88	0.640	0.19	0.30	0.345	1.68	1.62	0.852	0.91	0.82	0.640	1.02	0.94	0.592
Tennessee	0.58	0.55	0.725	0.13	0.16	0.663	0.95	1.07	0.637	0.58	0.51	0.599	0.63	0.58	0.703
Texas	0.68	0.56	0.146	0.19	0.13	0.251	1.37	1.12	0.281	0.63	0.52	0.289	0.74	0.62	0.164
Utah	0.73	0.81	0.507	0.11	0.20	0.252	1.26	1.38	0.611	0.71	0.78	0.657	0.82	0.89	0.562
Vermont	0.52	0.49	0.745	0.05	0.13	0.132	1.06	1.27	0.318	0.47	0.39	0.447	0.56	0.53	0.675
Virginia	0.38	0.37	0.904	0.11	0.11	0.981	0.65	0.69	0.803	0.37	0.35	0.859	0.41	0.40	0.903
Washington	0.79	0.73	0.627	0.14	0.19	0.407	0.91	1.20	0.201	0.85	0.72	0.426	0.86	0.78	0.595
West Virginia	0.72	0.85	0.258	0.12	0.27	0.127	1.27^a	2.02	0.042	0.70	0.74	0.759	0.77	0.90	0.302
Wisconsin	0.39	0.45	0.403	0.08	0.13	0.290	0.77^b	1.08	0.096	0.37	0.38	0.843	0.42	0.48	0.440
Wyoming	0.92	0.81	0.341	0.17	0.23	0.567	1.66	1.58	0.775	0.89	0.75	0.375	1.00	0.86	0.320
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 12 – Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	4.46^a	4.17	0.000	3.72^a	3.31	0.002	7.82^a	7.13	0.000	4.00^a	3.79	0.025	4.54^a	4.26	0.001
Northeast	4.05^a	3.77	0.030	2.82	2.63	0.269	7.19^b	6.62	0.071	3.68	3.44	0.117	4.17^a	3.88	0.039
Midwest	4.45^b	4.26	0.082	4.00^a	3.38	0.000	8.17^a	7.44	0.011	3.88	3.83	0.744	4.49	4.35	0.221
South	4.43^a	4.12	0.002	3.94^a	3.40	0.001	7.61^b	7.16	0.080	3.96^a	3.72	0.038	4.48^a	4.19	0.009
West	4.85^a	4.48	0.010	3.72	3.56	0.464	8.29^a	7.20	0.001	4.40	4.14	0.144	4.97^a	4.58	0.012
Alabama	5.14^b	4.53	0.066	5.05	4.24	0.129	10.11^a	8.11	0.032	4.33	3.98	0.369	5.15	4.56	0.103
Alaska	4.95	4.81	0.688	4.04	3.65	0.365	9.19	8.02	0.225	4.30	4.42	0.767	5.05	4.94	0.772
Arizona	4.69	4.27	0.218	4.21^b	3.41	0.095	7.92	7.44	0.557	4.20	3.85	0.388	4.74	4.36	0.308
Arkansas	4.89	5.03	0.695	4.67	4.11	0.240	8.28	7.44	0.311	4.36	4.75	0.366	4.92	5.13	0.590
California	4.69^b	4.30	0.059	3.50	3.61	0.739	8.03^a	6.77	0.014	4.25	3.97	0.253	4.81^a	4.37	0.049
Colorado	5.20	4.87	0.344	4.39	3.86	0.252	9.61	8.36	0.174	4.56	4.43	0.743	5.29	4.98	0.417
Connecticut	4.39	4.21	0.568	3.44	3.23	0.605	7.18	7.52	0.690	4.05	3.79	0.469	4.49	4.31	0.606
Delaware	4.45	4.23	0.456	3.07	2.89	0.608	7.34	6.90	0.592	4.16	3.98	0.608	4.58	4.35	0.490
District of Columbia	4.50	4.39	0.716	2.89^a	3.91	0.039	6.89	6.86	0.966	4.12	3.94	0.619	4.59	4.42	0.591
Florida	4.06	4.18	0.607	3.42	3.44	0.937	6.40	6.58	0.721	3.79	3.93	0.635	4.11	4.25	0.612
Georgia	4.10^b	3.61	0.058	3.49^a	2.74	0.049	6.98	6.47	0.462	3.68	3.24	0.140	4.17	3.71	0.103
Hawaii	3.87^b	3.32	0.052	3.16	2.66	0.221	7.01	6.27	0.353	3.48	2.99	0.133	3.93^b	3.38	0.070
Idaho	5.09^a	4.25	0.008	4.08	3.45	0.157	9.77^a	7.20	0.001	4.45	3.87	0.134	5.21^a	4.34	0.014
Illinois	4.06^b	3.70	0.096	3.99^a	3.24	0.027	8.22^b	7.12	0.094	3.38	3.20	0.470	4.07	3.74	0.183
Indiana	4.92	4.83	0.773	4.57^b	3.69	0.075	9.86	8.82	0.239	4.09	4.27	0.655	4.96	4.95	0.978
Iowa	4.05	4.19	0.593	3.97^b	3.17	0.064	7.27	7.55	0.747	3.48	3.72	0.430	4.06	4.30	0.412
Kansas	4.65	4.58	0.785	4.19	3.59	0.170	7.97	7.49	0.565	4.11	4.18	0.831	4.71	4.69	0.947
Kentucky	4.78	4.34	0.194	3.90	3.40	0.232	8.31	7.43	0.265	4.30	3.95	0.382	4.87	4.44	0.241
Louisiana	4.57	4.12	0.172	3.93^a	3.00	0.037	7.64	6.83	0.267	4.12	3.81	0.435	4.63	4.24	0.270
Maine	3.96	3.94	0.941	3.12	2.70	0.234	7.37	7.37	0.996	3.58	3.60	0.958	4.03	4.04	0.971
Maryland	4.15	3.90	0.377	3.40	3.05	0.355	7.82	7.32	0.517	3.66	3.47	0.576	4.22	3.98	0.443
Massachusetts	3.90	3.60	0.299	2.78	2.58	0.586	6.76	6.08	0.353	3.53	3.29	0.480	4.01	3.70	0.322
Michigan	4.85^a	4.37	0.049	3.99	3.50	0.149	8.65^a	7.10	0.016	4.31	4.02	0.310	4.94^b	4.46	0.072
Minnesota	4.36	4.19	0.559	3.59	3.17	0.233	7.27	6.36	0.228	3.99	3.97	0.953	4.44	4.30	0.651
Mississippi	4.54	4.25	0.282	4.67	4.31	0.457	7.58	7.30	0.723	3.99	3.71	0.396	4.53	4.24	0.339
Missouri	4.52	4.31	0.515	4.65^a	3.53	0.013	8.18	7.14	0.164	3.90	3.94	0.904	4.50	4.39	0.746
Montana	4.97	4.55	0.176	4.03	3.43	0.125	9.48	8.17	0.170	4.34	4.09	0.486	5.06	4.65	0.227
Nebraska	4.28^b	3.76	0.053	3.92^a	2.98	0.036	8.30	7.18	0.178	3.61	3.25	0.253	4.32	3.84	0.105
Nevada	4.96	4.97	0.976	4.09	3.78	0.497	7.86	8.07	0.812	4.63	4.66	0.944	5.05	5.09	0.916
New Hampshire	4.60	4.22	0.244	3.12	3.00	0.760	8.29	7.06	0.127	4.17	3.91	0.484	4.73	4.33	0.252
New Jersey	3.75	3.57	0.461	2.57	2.46	0.716	7.06	6.52	0.395	3.39	3.26	0.649	3.87	3.68	0.482
New Mexico	4.61	4.15	0.167	3.97	3.32	0.168	8.14	7.76	0.657	4.09	3.66	0.271	4.67	4.24	0.228
New York	3.87^a	3.43	0.037	2.67	2.47	0.455	6.91	6.19	0.197	3.49^b	3.09	0.094	3.98^a	3.52	0.043
North Carolina	4.66	4.28	0.154	4.11	3.60	0.188	8.57	7.59	0.209	4.10	3.84	0.415	4.72	4.35	0.210
North Dakota	4.52	4.06	0.105	4.19^a	3.28	0.038	7.19	6.96	0.766	3.98	3.55	0.193	4.55	4.13	0.171
Ohio	4.54	4.67	0.584	3.80	3.49	0.332	7.95	8.00	0.940	4.08	4.28	0.481	4.61	4.79	0.506
Oklahoma	4.81	4.38	0.207	4.38	3.75	0.176	8.75	8.25	0.585	4.17	3.79	0.360	4.85	4.45	0.280
Oregon	5.44	5.35	0.798	3.57	3.68	0.806	10.34^a	8.59	0.047	4.90	5.05	0.720	5.62	5.51	0.775
Pennsylvania	4.38	4.24	0.588	2.91	2.73	0.516	7.65	7.18	0.454	4.03	3.95	0.805	4.52	4.38	0.628
Rhode Island	4.75	4.59	0.620	3.55	3.32	0.563	7.99	7.42	0.501	4.29	4.22	0.847	4.86	4.70	0.661
South Carolina	4.56	4.32	0.404	4.14	3.77	0.383	8.85	8.17	0.421	3.91	3.78	0.675	4.60	4.37	0.469
South Dakota	4.55	4.51	0.897	4.05	3.66	0.369	8.36	7.80	0.511	3.94	4.05	0.761	4.60	4.60	0.998
Tennessee	4.75^a	4.16	0.050	3.93	3.32	0.146	9.44	8.03	0.109	4.09	3.65	0.203	4.84^b	4.25	0.076
Texas	4.48^a	4.02	0.018	4.22^a	3.39	0.025	6.92	6.94	0.970	4.07^a	3.58	0.034	4.51^a	4.09	0.050
Utah	4.93	4.66	0.357	3.71	3.45	0.492	8.29	7.49	0.315	4.37	4.23	0.690	5.10	4.83	0.416
Vermont	4.81^b	4.22	0.058	3.24	2.76	0.157	9.71^b	8.02	0.069	4.10	3.71	0.252	4.94^b	4.35	0.075
Virginia	4.14	3.85	0.249	3.58	3.15	0.212	7.36	7.04	0.637	3.68	3.42	0.385	4.20	3.92	0.315
Washington	5.37	4.94	0.208	3.71	3.45	0.539	7.82	6.97	0.302	5.17	4.79	0.360	5.53	5.08	0.231
West Virginia	4.31	4.06	0.421	3.59^b	2.86	0.087	8.12	7.19	0.240	3.82	3.73	0.798	4.37	4.17	0.542
Wisconsin	4.03	3.83	0.515	3.39	3.04	0.382	7.18	7.37	0.826	3.58	3.35	0.486	4.09	3.91	0.586
Wyoming	4.53	4.18	0.246	3.80^b	3.09	0.081	8.37	7.41	0.273	3.98	3.80	0.608	4.60	4.29	0.348
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. NOTE: Prescription psychotherapeutic subtypes were revised in 2016; one effect was the comparability of codeine products between 2015 and 2016. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 13 – Alcohol Use in the Past Month, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	51.21	51.21	0.994	9.40	9.54	0.530	57.75^a	56.74	0.012	55.10	55.22	0.670	55.48	55.43	0.854
Northeast	56.02	56.44	0.310	10.95	10.64	0.424	63.92	63.24	0.392	59.67	60.30	0.211	60.27	60.71	0.328
Midwest	54.36	54.36	0.988	9.82	10.09	0.384	61.60	60.78	0.241	58.56	58.62	0.886	59.00	58.92	0.855
South	47.48	47.13	0.241	8.71	9.05	0.222	54.56^a	52.87	0.013	51.03	50.79	0.514	51.53	51.07	0.178
West	50.67	50.99	0.417	9.06	9.08	0.963	54.76	54.43	0.690	55.01	55.43	0.390	54.98	55.29	0.472
Alabama	40.79	41.98	0.288	8.08	8.88	0.343	50.76	50.18	0.758	43.06	44.56	0.277	44.16	45.34	0.333
Alaska	52.72	51.61	0.315	10.23	10.10	0.885	58.93^b	55.68	0.091	57.24	56.35	0.518	57.50	56.25	0.309
Arizona	50.94	50.40	0.644	7.95	8.26	0.698	54.01	52.61	0.462	55.78	55.20	0.689	55.53	54.83	0.595
Arkansas	40.14	39.89	0.828	8.93	8.92	0.986	49.43	48.15	0.460	42.45	42.35	0.940	43.45	43.17	0.822
California	49.74	50.45	0.229	9.08	8.95	0.821	54.10	53.66	0.701	53.88	54.85	0.190	53.91	54.68	0.245
Colorado	57.53^b	59.48	0.071	10.16	9.75	0.665	63.75	62.66	0.497	62.10^a	64.79	0.046	62.33^b	64.49	0.069
Connecticut	59.09	60.21	0.321	11.21	11.42	0.836	67.37	67.03	0.849	63.34	64.73	0.323	63.91	65.05	0.361
Delaware	52.04	51.38	0.567	9.05	8.38	0.424	57.10	54.78	0.216	55.96	55.51	0.752	56.11	55.42	0.588
District of Columbia	68.65^b	66.79	0.065	9.70	8.42	0.196	73.63^a	69.71	0.033	71.64	70.17	0.222	71.98^b	70.08	0.074
Florida	53.43^a	51.80	0.022	9.15	9.86	0.260	57.50	56.43	0.403	57.30^a	55.30	0.021	57.33^a	55.44	0.015
Georgia	45.88	44.78	0.257	6.90	7.76	0.221	53.90^a	50.71	0.040	49.67	48.65	0.398	50.30	48.94	0.212
Hawaii	43.98	45.13	0.387	9.10	8.13	0.297	52.01^b	55.13	0.089	46.44	47.54	0.493	47.15	48.46	0.365
Idaho	44.62^b	46.47	0.088	8.93	9.07	0.869	47.92	49.44	0.410	49.13	51.25	0.125	48.95^b	50.99	0.094
Illinois	53.41	54.53	0.166	9.66	10.33	0.299	60.76	59.68	0.424	57.53	59.02	0.138	57.99	59.12	0.206
Indiana	50.48	49.89	0.589	9.32	9.21	0.899	59.42	59.83	0.818	54.18	53.32	0.531	54.97	54.29	0.576
Iowa	57.42	58.44	0.341	9.42	9.68	0.776	65.17	64.91	0.878	61.86	63.21	0.317	62.36	63.46	0.355
Kansas	55.46^b	57.20	0.093	10.27	10.27	0.997	58.72	59.53	0.633	60.83	62.94	0.112	60.50^b	62.42	0.097
Kentucky	40.94	39.80	0.281	9.35	10.25	0.335	50.84	49.27	0.378	43.06	41.74	0.321	44.16	42.79	0.245
Louisiana	50.36	50.12	0.827	10.55	10.19	0.714	55.58	54.27	0.467	54.42	54.34	0.952	54.59	54.33	0.829
Maine	56.97	56.16	0.504	11.71	11.24	0.638	64.86	64.29	0.730	60.35	59.37	0.510	60.89	59.96	0.485
Maryland	55.88^a	53.30	0.023	9.73	9.48	0.780	62.32^b	59.08	0.055	60.18^a	57.41	0.047	60.47^a	57.64	0.023
Massachusetts	59.17^b	61.36	0.061	11.31	12.72	0.214	69.57	70.51	0.573	62.48^b	64.91	0.091	63.53^b	65.73	0.083
Michigan	53.24	53.18	0.939	10.39	10.76	0.588	59.58	58.90	0.583	57.30	57.21	0.934	57.63	57.45	0.842
Minnesota	59.65^b	57.93	0.100	10.38	9.78	0.492	66.47	65.46	0.556	64.42	62.46	0.128	64.71	62.87	0.112
Mississippi	36.94	38.22	0.251	7.69	7.65	0.962	46.68	44.24	0.212	39.03	41.12	0.129	40.18	41.58	0.256
Missouri	51.39	50.93	0.669	9.91	10.80	0.346	59.04^b	55.78	0.064	55.07	54.87	0.883	55.63	55.00	0.597
Montana	57.49	57.53	0.969	11.05	12.82	0.107	61.98	64.38	0.172	61.82	61.26	0.678	61.84	61.69	0.897
Nebraska	58.92	58.34	0.595	8.99	10.21	0.166	62.44	62.94	0.778	64.70	63.73	0.473	64.36	63.60	0.534
Nevada	50.92^a	48.25	0.032	12.28^a	9.63	0.005	53.25^b	49.94	0.088	55.08^b	52.45	0.085	54.85^a	52.14	0.049
New Hampshire	63.54	63.12	0.705	11.49	11.30	0.859	69.23	69.33	0.952	68.17	67.56	0.654	68.31	67.80	0.669
New Jersey	53.56	53.13	0.664	10.55	10.87	0.720	61.28	59.91	0.396	57.40	56.99	0.730	57.91	57.37	0.617
New Mexico	48.47	48.98	0.679	9.91	10.32	0.668	54.35	53.37	0.593	52.30	53.04	0.624	52.59	53.09	0.713
New York	54.65	54.73	0.919	11.37^a	9.85	0.028	62.60	62.07	0.667	57.99	58.29	0.735	58.65	58.82	0.830
North Carolina	44.34	44.43	0.924	7.25^a	8.81	0.045	53.47^a	49.57	0.017	47.32	47.85	0.657	48.17	48.09	0.933
North Dakota	59.98	59.70	0.793	11.94	10.97	0.330	68.68	67.58	0.501	63.43	63.52	0.945	64.37	64.20	0.885
Ohio	51.90	51.06	0.297	8.89	9.13	0.705	59.93	58.68	0.345	55.75	54.80	0.344	56.33	55.33	0.259
Oklahoma	42.34^a	44.79	0.034	8.71	8.88	0.860	51.94	52.60	0.725	44.99^a	48.05	0.032	46.02^a	48.72	0.036
Oregon	58.72	58.49	0.822	9.95	10.54	0.536	62.80	62.70	0.953	63.28	62.88	0.747	63.22	62.86	0.748
Pennsylvania	55.78	56.42	0.408	10.02	10.06	0.959	62.27	60.30	0.127	59.72	60.79	0.259	60.07	60.73	0.432
Rhode Island	61.03	60.15	0.450	12.10	11.01	0.312	67.35	67.96	0.720	65.05	63.88	0.416	65.40	64.49	0.468
South Carolina	45.36	45.33	0.979	8.57	8.65	0.930	56.53^b	53.32	0.061	47.78	48.23	0.747	48.99	48.91	0.955
South Dakota	58.85	59.47	0.556	10.66	11.27	0.539	64.72	64.44	0.871	63.76	64.59	0.519	63.90	64.57	0.562
Tennessee	42.83	43.68	0.429	7.94	9.01	0.193	49.58	50.52	0.601	45.84	46.63	0.556	46.36	47.16	0.499
Texas	47.14	47.12	0.976	8.86	8.77	0.880	52.66	51.65	0.404	51.58	51.74	0.834	51.74	51.72	0.977
Utah	29.83	29.25	0.611	5.25	5.77	0.494	37.41	36.17	0.534	32.37	31.76	0.685	33.29	32.54	0.561
Vermont	60.17	62.09	0.109	12.86	13.62	0.511	69.00	70.91	0.256	63.39	65.34	0.188	64.22	66.16	0.137
Virginia	52.02	52.31	0.760	10.20	9.62	0.473	61.60^b	58.85	0.060	55.28	56.16	0.451	56.17	56.53	0.733
Washington	55.80	55.23	0.606	8.86	10.05	0.219	57.37^b	60.41	0.075	60.80	59.42	0.307	60.34	59.55	0.517
West Virginia	40.71	39.73	0.439	10.70	10.10	0.503	54.37	53.31	0.560	41.77	40.78	0.520	43.39	42.38	0.460
Wisconsin	60.86	61.60	0.488	10.90	10.73	0.869	68.59	68.43	0.921	65.45	66.42	0.466	65.90	66.71	0.494
Wyoming	52.00^b	49.88	0.080	9.73	9.68	0.962	61.28^b	57.76	0.075	55.45	53.37	0.159	56.28^b	53.97	0.083
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 14 – Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	24.58	24.37	0.267	5.33^b	5.06	0.097	38.69^a	37.62	0.006	24.52	24.49	0.860	26.54	26.33	0.287
Northeast	26.28	26.45	0.634	6.16	5.83	0.235	44.03	43.73	0.671	25.61	25.92	0.468	28.18	28.36	0.614
Midwest	26.48	26.42	0.834	5.87	5.59	0.244	42.30	41.48	0.195	26.33	26.43	0.783	28.63	28.57	0.862
South	23.26^b	22.81	0.068	4.83	4.60	0.253	35.80^a	34.00	0.002	23.43	23.19	0.443	25.18^b	24.69	0.074
West	23.68	23.47	0.515	5.09	4.82	0.277	36.08	35.35	0.302	23.82	23.73	0.828	25.61	25.39	0.529
Alabama	21.21	21.40	0.811	4.45	4.43	0.968	33.51	31.46	0.215	21.18	21.78	0.549	22.93	23.13	0.825
Alaska	24.96	24.20	0.350	5.59	5.08	0.397	38.37	35.75	0.147	25.08	24.75	0.745	27.14	26.33	0.373
Arizona	22.56	23.10	0.541	4.43	4.66	0.659	34.25	33.39	0.617	22.84	23.66	0.464	24.49	25.04	0.574
Arkansas	20.29	19.49	0.326	4.99	4.59	0.510	32.92	31.55	0.394	20.08	19.34	0.469	21.91	21.06	0.346
California	23.97	23.52	0.352	5.10	4.62	0.192	35.97	34.99	0.346	24.16	23.82	0.583	25.91	25.44	0.378
Colorado	26.52	26.97	0.604	5.75	5.59	0.819	43.80^b	40.44	0.073	26.08	27.28	0.267	28.62	29.12	0.603
Connecticut	27.03	28.30	0.182	6.09	6.38	0.697	46.05	47.02	0.610	26.39	27.78	0.232	29.14	30.47	0.202
Delaware	22.63	22.51	0.888	4.61	4.30	0.595	38.98	37.87	0.543	22.09	22.19	0.919	24.34	24.23	0.902
District of Columbia	37.90	37.01	0.432	5.56	4.84	0.287	53.48	53.01	0.820	36.88	36.07	0.550	39.72	38.83	0.449
Florida	25.34	24.66	0.277	4.93	5.11	0.666	37.28	35.56	0.131	25.70	25.09	0.418	27.14	26.36	0.253
Georgia	21.54	20.61	0.192	3.83	3.52	0.482	33.79^b	31.39	0.068	21.78	21.05	0.413	23.55	22.54	0.201
Hawaii	20.61	20.44	0.835	4.89	4.42	0.424	33.73	34.09	0.833	20.32	20.19	0.896	22.04	21.88	0.860
Idaho	20.87	21.70	0.316	4.95	5.07	0.853	31.87	32.82	0.562	21.28	22.20	0.379	22.81	23.71	0.326
Illinois	26.25^b	27.53	0.065	5.92	5.72	0.694	43.08	42.92	0.903	25.96^a	27.67	0.046	28.38^b	29.80	0.064
Indiana	23.43	23.06	0.648	5.62	5.09	0.406	37.97	38.24	0.880	23.14	22.69	0.657	25.37	25.00	0.684
Iowa	29.14	29.66	0.578	6.15	5.90	0.727	46.79	46.38	0.820	28.77	29.56	0.503	31.51	32.10	0.561
Kansas	25.75	26.13	0.654	6.36	6.36	0.999	39.90	39.68	0.904	25.74	26.30	0.602	27.91	28.33	0.660
Kentucky	22.10	21.79	0.706	5.61	5.95	0.623	35.05	33.83	0.471	21.93	21.70	0.823	23.78	23.39	0.671
Louisiana	26.31	26.72	0.640	5.64	5.21	0.503	36.98	35.73	0.476	27.07	27.87	0.466	28.51	28.98	0.619
Maine	24.80	23.53	0.154	6.61	5.94	0.347	41.30	40.11	0.509	24.36	22.99	0.205	26.37	25.02	0.162
Maryland	25.75^a	23.77	0.013	5.36	4.63	0.207	43.03^a	39.58	0.036	25.38^b	23.53	0.062	27.77^a	25.66	0.016
Massachusetts	28.50^a	31.50	0.002	6.35	7.43	0.183	46.81^a	50.76	0.038	27.69^a	30.73	0.008	30.52^a	33.67	0.002
Michigan	25.40	25.16	0.709	6.20	5.46	0.144	40.09	39.18	0.482	25.20	25.12	0.924	27.36	27.14	0.753
Minnesota	27.96^b	26.32	0.074	5.32	5.14	0.750	46.30	44.81	0.400	27.73	25.91	0.111	30.29^b	28.50	0.076
Mississippi	19.21^b	20.62	0.092	4.11	3.73	0.470	27.10	25.76	0.388	19.78^a	21.91	0.047	20.89^b	22.48	0.085
Missouri	25.05	25.23	0.834	5.62	5.82	0.765	40.61	37.98	0.122	24.79	25.45	0.537	27.04	27.20	0.863
Montana	28.13	29.29	0.217	6.80	7.54	0.396	45.16	45.86	0.708	27.69	28.99	0.254	30.13	31.31	0.247
Nebraska	28.81	29.00	0.839	6.18	6.56	0.564	43.51	43.56	0.977	29.09	29.31	0.856	31.28	31.46	0.863
Nevada	24.64	23.62	0.276	6.56^b	5.41	0.076	33.83	31.43	0.154	25.37	24.58	0.495	26.48	25.45	0.319
New Hampshire	28.05	28.58	0.565	6.37	5.79	0.407	45.24	46.36	0.541	27.64	28.20	0.618	30.04	30.63	0.550
New Jersey	23.28	24.21	0.235	5.65	5.48	0.778	40.29	40.32	0.983	22.78	23.97	0.217	25.06	26.09	0.231
New Mexico	25.57	24.41	0.198	5.77	5.50	0.706	35.57	33.01	0.126	26.36	25.33	0.363	27.68	26.42	0.202
New York	25.60	25.00	0.320	6.67^a	5.45	0.014	43.75	42.52	0.302	24.61	24.22	0.605	27.35	26.78	0.388
North Carolina	21.34	20.35	0.169	4.32	4.61	0.588	35.58^a	30.89	0.001	21.08	20.56	0.555	23.09	21.97	0.150
North Dakota	31.86	31.21	0.470	6.80	6.24	0.457	49.86	48.14	0.328	30.74	30.50	0.838	34.15	33.52	0.517
Ohio	26.17^a	24.85	0.039	5.55	5.12	0.351	40.76	39.22	0.228	26.29^b	24.89	0.078	28.30^a	26.86	0.041
Oklahoma	21.05	22.05	0.187	4.90	4.92	0.971	32.39	33.61	0.481	21.14	22.27	0.246	22.82	23.93	0.188
Oregon	23.38^b	24.95	0.078	5.28	5.44	0.793	37.65	40.17	0.130	23.13	24.72	0.148	25.05^b	26.73	0.083
Pennsylvania	27.80	26.81	0.160	5.51	5.54	0.962	44.66^b	42.51	0.090	27.56	26.66	0.296	29.88	28.78	0.152
Rhode Island	28.34	29.07	0.443	6.54	6.30	0.736	44.37	44.38	0.995	27.73	28.70	0.414	30.29	31.08	0.444
South Carolina	22.66	23.47	0.331	4.67	4.87	0.741	37.50	35.60	0.269	22.34	23.68	0.192	24.43	25.29	0.348
South Dakota	29.37	30.84	0.152	6.82	7.10	0.733	47.51	45.58	0.280	28.99^b	31.29	0.073	31.73	33.36	0.152
Tennessee	20.40	20.40	0.998	4.53	4.84	0.586	31.20	29.48	0.310	20.51	20.77	0.806	22.00	21.96	0.965
Texas	23.68	23.35	0.538	4.95^b	4.27	0.093	34.68	33.67	0.342	24.34	24.20	0.842	25.94	25.64	0.623
Utah	16.49	16.22	0.704	3.54	3.57	0.962	27.81	27.32	0.758	16.18	15.93	0.795	18.32	18.00	0.688
Vermont	26.90	27.32	0.649	7.82	7.15	0.411	47.52	49.25	0.383	25.21	25.50	0.803	28.53	29.02	0.630
Virginia	24.53	23.47	0.161	5.32	4.83	0.339	40.75	39.01	0.232	24.10	23.12	0.298	26.44	25.31	0.174
Washington	23.48	22.71	0.353	4.83	5.02	0.768	36.15	37.90	0.325	23.56	22.33	0.225	25.28	24.41	0.331
West Virginia	22.59	21.51	0.195	6.13	5.67	0.490	39.98	37.79	0.226	21.71	20.76	0.352	24.06	22.93	0.209
Wisconsin	30.15	30.81	0.499	6.13	6.02	0.872	47.04	46.92	0.950	30.18	31.05	0.476	32.57	33.29	0.501
Wyoming	24.96	23.81	0.182	5.64	5.23	0.500	42.28	39.41	0.106	24.38	23.52	0.430	26.92	25.70	0.199
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Binge Alcohol Use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. In 2015, the definition for females changed from five to four drinks. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 15 – Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	44.30	44.50	0.346	43.30	43.83	0.150	36.91^b	37.53	0.090	45.66	45.72	0.809	44.41	44.57	0.477
Northeast	43.01	43.05	0.920	42.95	43.83	0.176	34.19	34.58	0.514	44.45	44.32	0.791	43.02	42.98	0.930
Midwest	39.62^b	40.29	0.059	39.60	40.45	0.117	32.12^b	33.09	0.054	40.89	41.46	0.190	39.62^b	40.27	0.090
South	46.17	46.33	0.577	45.48	45.73	0.600	39.22^a	40.45	0.014	47.40	47.36	0.919	46.24	46.40	0.631
West	46.52	46.42	0.812	43.36	43.77	0.521	39.56	39.10	0.473	48.09	47.96	0.784	46.84	46.69	0.731
Alabama	46.56^a	43.61	0.007	44.37	42.67	0.309	39.94	38.05	0.246	47.93^a	44.62	0.015	46.79^a	43.70	0.009
Alaska	41.66	42.84	0.261	39.14	39.50	0.827	34.77	33.32	0.384	43.27	44.89	0.222	41.95	43.22	0.266
Arizona	47.83	46.03	0.112	46.50	44.68	0.299	38.70	39.90	0.478	49.56^b	47.23	0.098	47.98	46.18	0.143
Arkansas	43.53	43.12	0.707	44.59	43.94	0.686	35.27	35.33	0.971	44.78	44.31	0.732	43.42	43.04	0.747
California	48.89	49.13	0.701	43.97	45.59	0.126	41.87	41.11	0.466	50.72	50.91	0.798	49.40	49.49	0.894
Colorado	41.73	43.08	0.192	40.90	40.21	0.689	32.12	34.02	0.218	43.44	44.89	0.265	41.81	43.36	0.167
Connecticut	42.93	43.48	0.647	43.21	43.24	0.988	32.40	32.61	0.894	44.61	45.27	0.657	42.90	43.50	0.645
Delaware	43.71	43.30	0.698	44.38	44.43	0.975	38.74	38.59	0.929	44.40	43.88	0.685	43.64	43.20	0.692
District of Columbia	41.99	41.95	0.969	46.20	46.59	0.831	34.34	33.04	0.457	43.29	43.38	0.945	41.75	41.69	0.952
Florida	47.14	46.21	0.217	45.02	44.36	0.570	40.64	40.48	0.889	48.27	47.17	0.229	47.33	46.37	0.238
Georgia	46.14^a	49.32	0.001	49.66^a	53.04	0.020	41.67	43.24	0.295	46.45^a	49.86	0.005	45.74^a	48.90	0.003
Hawaii	48.02	46.91	0.346	47.04	46.31	0.702	40.79	41.08	0.871	49.18	47.77	0.328	48.11	46.96	0.367
Idaho	43.68	42.66	0.344	42.91	42.22	0.682	38.21	36.12	0.213	44.72	43.81	0.498	43.77	42.71	0.367
Illinois	43.73	43.00	0.352	41.10	43.07	0.113	34.37	35.67	0.277	45.60	44.18	0.149	44.01	42.99	0.238
Indiana	41.98	42.42	0.688	41.13	41.25	0.943	33.51	35.01	0.331	43.59	43.86	0.843	42.07	42.54	0.693
Iowa	35.16	35.26	0.923	37.66	36.98	0.684	27.88	29.92	0.185	36.16	36.01	0.904	34.90	35.08	0.872
Kansas	37.33	37.88	0.606	37.43	37.81	0.819	31.99	31.04	0.543	38.30	39.12	0.542	37.32	37.89	0.626
Kentucky	42.34	43.67	0.201	42.20	42.75	0.741	35.41	35.80	0.803	43.50	45.06	0.233	42.35	43.76	0.215
Louisiana	44.48	43.99	0.653	45.81	44.76	0.525	39.49	39.19	0.845	45.16	44.70	0.726	44.33	43.91	0.718
Maine	40.00	40.32	0.781	37.08	37.72	0.696	27.99	29.16	0.426	41.90	42.05	0.913	40.25	40.54	0.815
Maryland	45.97	46.20	0.835	46.90	45.50	0.407	37.32^b	39.93	0.093	47.22	47.23	0.992	45.88	46.26	0.745
Massachusetts	39.83	39.76	0.953	40.28	41.92	0.332	30.30	31.01	0.669	41.44	41.05	0.758	39.78	39.57	0.847
Michigan	39.10	39.79	0.394	39.67	40.74	0.389	32.83	33.91	0.349	40.11	40.67	0.575	39.04	39.70	0.460
Minnesota	38.00	37.89	0.920	38.78	39.30	0.751	29.94	30.19	0.873	39.19	38.94	0.851	37.91	37.74	0.882
Mississippi	48.16	47.88	0.793	48.42	47.23	0.493	44.02	43.59	0.804	48.88	48.71	0.904	48.14	47.95	0.875
Missouri	39.44	40.75	0.224	40.47	41.11	0.699	31.42	33.64	0.142	40.65	41.86	0.366	39.34	40.71	0.235
Montana	34.46	35.94	0.162	35.43	36.01	0.735	25.86	27.03	0.420	35.76	37.36	0.229	34.37	35.94	0.174
Nebraska	37.44^b	39.15	0.098	37.63	38.31	0.672	29.75	30.87	0.490	38.81	40.74	0.140	37.42	39.24	0.106
Nevada	44.56	46.22	0.151	40.83^a	45.75	0.007	43.72	44.43	0.700	45.12	46.53	0.323	44.93	46.26	0.295
New Hampshire	38.59	37.94	0.541	37.95	37.48	0.769	29.37	28.93	0.768	40.11	39.39	0.575	38.64	37.98	0.561
New Jersey	47.81	46.84	0.332	45.93	45.62	0.843	35.69	36.72	0.489	49.85	48.49	0.266	48.00	46.97	0.340
New Mexico	48.35	47.84	0.637	44.67	43.41	0.491	41.72	41.30	0.805	49.92	49.46	0.731	48.74	48.31	0.711
New York	45.22	45.30	0.904	43.72^a	46.58	0.013	37.80	37.22	0.605	46.62	46.49	0.874	45.36	45.19	0.826
North Carolina	46.38	45.25	0.244	45.14	45.51	0.800	38.25	40.14	0.194	47.84	46.03	0.131	46.50	45.23	0.224
North Dakota	39.47^a	37.10	0.015	39.77^b	36.97	0.071	29.31	28.57	0.615	41.67^a	38.90	0.027	39.44^a	37.12	0.027
Ohio	39.88^a	42.07	0.003	40.30	41.96	0.166	33.57	34.33	0.520	40.84^a	43.32	0.007	39.83^a	42.08	0.005
Oklahoma	44.51	44.60	0.930	43.47	42.90	0.741	36.41	38.87	0.142	46.06	45.81	0.848	44.62	44.78	0.887
Oregon	41.91	41.16	0.481	39.42	38.23	0.471	33.13	30.77	0.117	43.51	43.02	0.702	42.14	41.42	0.534
Pennsylvania	39.32	40.00	0.370	42.49	41.23	0.304	31.71	33.11	0.227	40.17	40.93	0.413	39.02	39.88	0.293
Rhode Island	40.97	39.63	0.255	41.26	41.58	0.850	34.38	34.74	0.827	42.14	40.31	0.210	40.94	39.46	0.239
South Carolina	43.64	44.10	0.683	42.31	42.44	0.935	36.89	37.85	0.544	44.87	45.26	0.781	43.77	44.26	0.687
South Dakota	37.37	37.62	0.816	38.82	37.21	0.321	27.04^b	29.57	0.086	39.00	39.04	0.975	37.22	37.66	0.698
Tennessee	46.99	46.88	0.925	47.71	44.99	0.109	38.38	38.82	0.773	48.30	48.38	0.951	46.91	47.07	0.894
Texas	48.57	49.11	0.393	45.93	47.06	0.322	41.75^a	44.19	0.033	50.20	50.29	0.910	48.88	49.35	0.497
Utah	48.95	47.76	0.269	51.32	49.33	0.277	43.19	42.77	0.829	49.86	48.61	0.378	48.61	47.54	0.370
Vermont	35.76	37.10	0.234	34.64^b	37.55	0.063	25.03	27.04	0.211	37.75	38.81	0.448	35.85	37.06	0.318
Virginia	42.32	43.46	0.222	42.74	43.89	0.436	33.39	35.26	0.196	43.74	44.72	0.391	42.28	43.41	0.263
Washington	40.94	39.92	0.362	38.32	36.32	0.217	35.26	33.76	0.348	42.14	41.26	0.528	41.19	40.26	0.443
West Virginia	40.75^b	43.00	0.054	37.44	37.80	0.832	31.12^a	35.27	0.010	42.51	44.65	0.131	41.04^b	43.46	0.055
Wisconsin	34.51	36.01	0.202	35.67	35.40	0.876	28.72	28.37	0.815	35.33	37.33	0.165	34.39	36.07	0.185
Wyoming	41.92	42.45	0.636	39.69	40.58	0.601	35.21	35.80	0.712	43.29	43.73	0.755	42.14	42.64	0.684
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 16 – Alcohol Use and Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month among Individuals Aged 12 to 20, by State: Percentages and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	Alcohol Use in Past Month (2015-2016)	Alcohol Use in Past Month (2016-2017)	Alcohol Use in Past Month (P Value)	Binge Alcohol Use in Past Month (2015-2016)	Binge Alcohol Use in Past Month (2016-2017)	Binge Alcohol Use in Past Month (P Value)
Total U.S.	19.83	19.50	0.287	12.71^a	12.00	0.007
Northeast	23.98^a	22.91	0.015	15.62^b	14.94	0.091
Midwest	20.92	21.36	0.213	13.93	13.70	0.476
South	18.39^b	17.83	0.074	11.49^a	10.28	0.000
West	18.18	18.09	0.827	11.50	11.16	0.342
Alabama	17.32	18.36	0.313	10.94	10.80	0.858
Alaska	22.08^a	19.53	0.013	13.07^a	11.44	0.042
Arizona	16.74	17.63	0.304	10.44	10.70	0.740
Arkansas	15.18	15.57	0.677	9.84	9.45	0.574
California	17.87	17.90	0.967	11.29	11.16	0.814
Colorado	21.48	20.73	0.458	13.66	12.93	0.353
Connecticut	26.24^a	23.92	0.037	16.60	15.82	0.426
Delaware	21.03^a	17.47	0.000	13.28^a	10.75	0.000
District of Columbia	26.93^a	24.17	0.049	17.62	17.43	0.874
Florida	20.64	20.26	0.598	12.26	11.44	0.128
Georgia	15.73	15.65	0.920	9.61^a	8.36	0.037
Hawaii	18.19	16.73	0.137	11.82^b	10.46	0.075
Idaho	16.74	16.94	0.818	10.65	10.42	0.747
Illinois	20.56	20.67	0.894	13.75	13.64	0.869
Indiana	20.89	20.16	0.418	13.86^b	12.50	0.054
Iowa	19.07^a	21.72	0.008	13.63	14.88	0.154
Kansas	20.78	20.59	0.846	14.33	13.54	0.310
Kentucky	19.57	19.63	0.959	13.16	12.92	0.786
Louisiana	22.73^a	19.51	0.001	13.59^a	11.35	0.004
Maine	24.83	24.13	0.497	16.22	15.16	0.263
Maryland	21.61^a	19.12	0.006	13.32^a	10.72	0.000
Massachusetts	29.24^a	31.78	0.033	18.32^a	22.14	0.000
Michigan	20.96^a	22.47	0.045	14.18	14.15	0.963
Minnesota	21.57	22.63	0.265	13.04	14.41	0.125
Mississippi	16.02^a	13.92	0.011	9.36^a	7.74	0.017
Missouri	20.88	21.05	0.862	13.78	13.25	0.520
Montana	22.04^a	24.66	0.020	15.38	16.15	0.466
Nebraska	20.86	20.72	0.891	14.65	13.86	0.413
Nevada	21.34^a	17.08	0.000	12.13^a	9.99	0.005
New Hampshire	28.06^a	25.45	0.018	17.85^a	15.79	0.035
New Jersey	21.18	20.97	0.840	13.08	12.35	0.333
New Mexico	20.80^b	19.04	0.084	12.88^a	10.60	0.005
New York	23.24^a	20.64	0.000	15.43^a	13.36	0.002
North Carolina	15.97^a	17.58	0.048	10.66	10.05	0.363
North Dakota	31.69^a	28.14	0.003	22.13^a	19.66	0.024
Ohio	19.86	20.14	0.706	13.11	12.48	0.310
Oklahoma	18.04^a	16.13	0.031	10.84^a	9.48	0.041
Oregon	20.33	20.83	0.644	12.21	12.63	0.594
Pennsylvania	22.43^b	20.92	0.051	15.25^a	13.85	0.043
Rhode Island	24.94	25.70	0.546	15.98	17.22	0.264
South Carolina	19.77^a	17.90	0.047	12.64	11.40	0.116
South Dakota	23.58	23.23	0.761	16.91	15.63	0.169
Tennessee	17.34	16.99	0.684	11.21^a	9.79	0.025
Texas	17.29	16.99	0.642	10.91^a	9.48	0.008
Utah	10.71	12.11	0.172	8.13	8.51	0.620
Vermont	28.86	28.12	0.576	20.65	19.60	0.376
Virginia	19.63	18.45	0.153	12.23	11.21	0.129
Washington	18.43	18.70	0.792	11.93	10.98	0.261
West Virginia	22.57^a	20.38	0.038	15.33^a	13.04	0.008
Wisconsin	22.44	23.26	0.433	14.71	15.01	0.761
Wyoming	21.76	21.56	0.850	13.90	13.11	0.338
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Binge Alcohol Use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. In 2015, the definition for females changed from five to four drinks. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 17 – Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	23.72^a	22.99	0.000	5.66^a	5.10	0.000	31.48^a	29.52	0.000	24.58^a	24.04	0.016	25.56^a	24.80	0.000
Northeast	22.75^a	21.91	0.012	5.39^a	4.59	0.003	31.65^a	29.91	0.002	23.21^b	22.50	0.092	24.38^a	23.52	0.018
Midwest	26.56^a	25.69	0.004	6.68^a	5.91	0.002	35.22^a	32.75	0.000	27.52^b	26.90	0.097	28.62^a	27.73	0.006
South	25.43^a	24.66	0.003	5.91^a	5.46	0.037	32.37^a	30.60	0.000	26.65^a	26.02	0.048	27.46^a	26.65	0.004
West	19.18	18.74	0.165	4.52	4.12	0.139	26.69^a	24.68	0.000	19.68	19.50	0.653	20.70	20.24	0.184
Alabama	28.79	30.12	0.169	7.65	7.90	0.776	36.26	35.28	0.541	30.09	31.91	0.133	30.96	32.38	0.181
Alaska	29.64^a	26.68	0.004	9.68	8.69	0.349	37.95^b	34.77	0.086	30.78^a	27.67	0.018	31.89^a	28.69	0.005
Arizona	21.60	21.19	0.648	4.35	3.60	0.187	30.19	27.99	0.155	22.29	22.22	0.951	23.44	23.04	0.686
Arkansas	31.40	30.69	0.508	7.40	7.52	0.890	36.64^b	33.90	0.094	33.50	33.01	0.722	33.95	33.14	0.496
California	16.98	16.23	0.112	3.91	3.45	0.209	23.10^a	20.56	0.003	17.49	17.02	0.427	18.32	17.53	0.125
Colorado	21.16	20.15	0.215	4.64	4.66	0.965	32.83	32.03	0.623	21.16	20.03	0.260	22.83	21.71	0.204
Connecticut	22.25	21.24	0.255	5.40^b	4.13	0.056	33.85	31.68	0.187	22.33	21.52	0.449	23.95	22.94	0.297
Delaware	22.55	21.77	0.390	4.68	4.02	0.270	29.86	27.74	0.190	23.37	22.80	0.606	24.24	23.44	0.417
District of Columbia	22.43	23.55	0.257	4.35	3.71	0.349	28.28	28.77	0.763	22.46	23.86	0.237	23.45	24.66	0.243
Florida	20.59	20.49	0.861	4.44	4.62	0.689	26.37	25.51	0.409	21.39	21.36	0.969	22.00	21.86	0.817
Georgia	24.76	24.08	0.363	5.82	5.45	0.519	31.56	30.46	0.412	26.10	25.45	0.490	26.90	26.17	0.378
Hawaii	18.32	17.11	0.146	4.04	3.41	0.246	25.73	25.14	0.700	18.72	17.40	0.191	19.61	18.34	0.158
Idaho	21.04^b	22.65	0.068	5.70	5.99	0.708	31.23	32.96	0.297	21.50	23.29	0.106	22.90^b	24.67	0.071
Illinois	22.76	22.44	0.617	6.04	5.21	0.105	31.53^a	29.09	0.048	23.35	23.45	0.899	24.51	24.23	0.689
Indiana	28.72^a	26.80	0.045	7.73^b	6.43	0.093	37.35^a	33.29	0.012	29.89	28.26	0.167	31.01^b	29.00	0.056
Iowa	27.73	26.39	0.166	6.54^a	5.01	0.034	37.94	37.22	0.653	28.48	27.05	0.245	29.92	28.59	0.212
Kansas	24.62	24.75	0.884	5.86	5.37	0.465	32.22	31.73	0.751	25.71	26.05	0.773	26.71	26.91	0.845
Kentucky	34.28	33.73	0.590	9.61	9.61	0.999	43.43^b	40.64	0.078	35.71	35.45	0.842	36.80	36.18	0.580
Louisiana	30.58	30.20	0.707	7.94	6.90	0.230	35.74	34.52	0.465	32.52	32.34	0.892	32.99	32.65	0.766
Maine	24.18	24.21	0.977	8.32	7.90	0.655	35.17	35.21	0.982	24.26	24.30	0.967	25.55	25.59	0.972
Maryland	22.04^a	19.10	0.001	5.57^b	4.45	0.077	31.95^a	26.10	0.000	22.38^a	19.69	0.012	23.67^a	20.54	0.001
Massachusetts	20.46	20.70	0.764	4.79	4.31	0.471	31.03	29.16	0.205	20.30	20.97	0.502	21.89	22.17	0.742
Michigan	26.78	26.18	0.393	6.63^a	5.52	0.039	34.00^a	30.32	0.001	27.96	27.91	0.960	28.84	28.26	0.450
Minnesota	23.60	22.77	0.348	5.63	5.24	0.549	33.82	34.44	0.696	24.11	23.01	0.311	25.45	24.57	0.364
Mississippi	30.70	31.32	0.559	8.11	7.62	0.580	35.01	33.81	0.484	32.88	33.95	0.432	33.20	33.93	0.533
Missouri	29.51^a	27.07	0.013	8.45	7.27	0.193	38.91^a	31.33	0.000	30.46	28.71	0.157	31.66^a	29.08	0.017
Montana	28.82^b	27.11	0.093	10.13^b	8.33	0.069	38.90	38.20	0.679	29.22	27.36	0.135	30.57	28.86	0.119
Nebraska	26.33	26.34	0.987	5.20	4.96	0.674	33.89	35.90	0.239	27.69	27.40	0.806	28.63	28.68	0.960
Nevada	23.47	24.12	0.526	5.51	4.61	0.190	28.56	27.75	0.629	24.81	25.84	0.405	25.30	26.09	0.482
New Hampshire	24.31^a	22.47	0.033	6.97	6.38	0.467	36.02	33.53	0.138	24.31^b	22.43	0.075	25.90^a	23.92	0.033
New Jersey	19.25^a	20.78	0.050	4.64	4.14	0.337	30.27	29.89	0.794	19.31^a	21.34	0.033	20.73^a	22.45	0.044
New Mexico	25.01	25.08	0.934	4.81	4.76	0.939	34.50^b	31.42	0.060	25.93	26.56	0.586	27.17	27.24	0.937
New York	22.04^a	19.64	0.000	4.89^a	3.72	0.005	28.26^a	26.09	0.027	22.85^a	20.27	0.000	23.62^a	21.09	0.000
North Carolina	25.99	24.78	0.116	5.89	5.88	0.996	35.79	33.90	0.184	26.82	25.58	0.196	28.07	26.71	0.110
North Dakota	28.98^a	26.66	0.010	7.51	6.99	0.550	38.37^b	35.27	0.057	29.33^a	27.07	0.046	30.94^a	28.47	0.012
Ohio	29.61	28.75	0.218	6.94	6.85	0.867	39.07^a	36.60	0.041	30.81	30.09	0.405	31.95	30.99	0.206
Oklahoma	30.95^a	28.81	0.035	7.31	6.19	0.171	35.50	33.92	0.360	33.19^b	30.83	0.068	33.53^a	31.28	0.046
Oregon	22.75	23.11	0.672	6.18	5.50	0.341	34.41	32.31	0.176	22.73	23.57	0.410	24.28	24.71	0.636
Pennsylvania	26.96	26.48	0.475	6.36	5.88	0.397	36.17	34.60	0.150	27.74	27.43	0.706	28.89	28.39	0.496
Rhode Island	24.16^a	22.31	0.049	6.17^b	4.90	0.069	33.62^a	28.22	0.001	24.34	23.06	0.274	25.77^b	23.84	0.059
South Carolina	27.98	26.94	0.284	7.37	6.73	0.441	38.97^a	34.25	0.006	28.57	28.09	0.679	30.00	28.92	0.299
South Dakota	29.08	29.08	1.000	8.32	8.36	0.965	39.58	39.09	0.766	29.80	29.94	0.909	31.25	31.27	0.986
Tennessee	30.41	29.89	0.598	7.48	7.11	0.645	36.40	36.05	0.828	32.13	31.56	0.640	32.73	32.18	0.607
Texas	23.10	22.55	0.309	4.42	3.75	0.102	28.86	27.24	0.106	24.71	24.38	0.629	25.35	24.81	0.369
Utah	15.45	15.24	0.791	3.36	3.61	0.656	21.30	20.35	0.531	16.22	16.10	0.911	17.15	16.87	0.754
Vermont	27.99	26.56	0.161	8.59	7.50	0.243	43.90	42.76	0.560	27.16	25.62	0.216	29.65	28.16	0.173
Virginia	23.81^a	21.29	0.000	5.63	5.06	0.296	32.30	30.23	0.133	24.52^a	21.71	0.002	25.61^a	22.89	0.001
Washington	19.97	20.53	0.532	5.38	5.46	0.911	29.79	28.07	0.247	20.05	21.03	0.365	21.38	21.97	0.541
West Virginia	38.25	37.92	0.782	12.38^a	9.45	0.009	44.33	43.82	0.781	40.01	39.97	0.978	40.57	40.46	0.935
Wisconsin	25.44	25.23	0.812	6.21	5.51	0.312	32.18	32.32	0.927	26.58	26.36	0.842	27.38	27.20	0.859
Wyoming	28.61	26.98	0.117	8.09^b	6.62	0.085	40.21	38.59	0.346	29.11	27.54	0.227	30.69	29.06	0.152
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Tobacco Products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or "snus"), cigars, or pipe tobacco. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 18 – Cigarette Use in the Past Month, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	19.23^a	18.47	0.000	3.80^a	3.29	0.000	25.12^a	22.90	0.000	20.09^a	19.54	0.012	20.81^a	20.01	0.000
Northeast	18.46^a	17.54	0.004	3.44^a	2.94	0.011	24.93^a	22.38	0.000	19.05^b	18.34	0.076	19.87^a	18.90	0.005
Midwest	21.31^a	20.61	0.012	4.70^a	4.04	0.002	27.66^a	25.03	0.000	22.26	21.88	0.281	23.04^a	22.32	0.019
South	20.57^a	19.78	0.001	3.88^a	3.44	0.011	25.95^a	23.74	0.000	21.71^b	21.11	0.064	22.31^a	21.48	0.002
West	15.82^a	15.18	0.026	3.13^a	2.63	0.009	21.72^a	20.10	0.005	16.35	15.86	0.189	17.13^a	16.46	0.035
Alabama	22.65	23.46	0.393	4.83	4.80	0.958	27.51	25.60	0.198	23.98	25.32	0.264	24.48	25.36	0.399
Alaska	23.35^a	19.65	0.000	7.20	5.98	0.112	30.46	27.57	0.109	24.19^a	20.11	0.000	25.16^a	21.18	0.000
Arizona	17.98	16.92	0.186	2.94	2.33	0.152	23.81	21.92	0.214	18.87	17.88	0.329	19.59	18.45	0.201
Arkansas	25.90	24.65	0.168	5.30	4.86	0.485	29.90	27.38	0.121	27.79	26.64	0.320	28.09	26.74	0.180
California	14.30^a	13.34	0.018	2.66^a	2.08	0.030	19.32^a	17.04	0.009	14.84	14.06	0.130	15.50^a	14.49	0.024
Colorado	16.76	15.82	0.222	3.44	3.22	0.674	25.62	25.51	0.950	16.86	15.72	0.232	18.12	17.09	0.225
Connecticut	17.95	16.84	0.159	3.54^a	2.49	0.018	27.43^a	23.71	0.018	18.10	17.38	0.463	19.40	18.27	0.187
Delaware	19.03	18.36	0.432	3.22	2.56	0.142	23.53	21.69	0.237	20.07	19.56	0.634	20.53	19.84	0.464
District of Columbia	18.36	18.70	0.706	2.05	1.78	0.449	21.72	22.42	0.669	18.79	19.12	0.759	19.28	19.65	0.698
Florida	16.62	16.68	0.914	2.93	2.76	0.601	20.36	19.08	0.168	17.46	17.72	0.705	17.82	17.89	0.915
Georgia	19.72	18.90	0.279	3.73	3.43	0.502	25.15	23.29	0.156	20.91	20.20	0.455	21.53	20.64	0.286
Hawaii	14.86^b	13.62	0.099	2.98	2.63	0.453	22.86	22.95	0.956	14.92	13.45	0.112	15.93	14.61	0.102
Idaho	17.17	18.24	0.185	4.49	4.35	0.828	24.66	27.15	0.141	17.71	18.72	0.323	18.71	19.92	0.180
Illinois	18.74	18.19	0.363	3.93^a	3.13	0.046	26.46^a	23.57	0.013	19.28	19.13	0.849	20.29	19.75	0.418
Indiana	22.82	21.37	0.106	5.60^b	4.55	0.093	28.32^a	24.26	0.008	24.06	23.00	0.348	24.70	23.18	0.126
Iowa	21.54	20.97	0.487	4.60	3.70	0.114	29.66	28.58	0.492	22.14	21.71	0.676	23.28	22.75	0.551
Kansas	18.83	19.68	0.291	3.91	3.43	0.334	23.75	23.90	0.922	19.90	21.06	0.260	20.49	21.49	0.265
Kentucky	28.27^b	26.66	0.098	6.51	5.88	0.403	35.74^a	31.46	0.019	29.63	28.33	0.281	30.49	28.77	0.107
Louisiana	25.84^a	23.92	0.046	5.65^a	4.36	0.034	29.82	27.11	0.111	27.67	25.79	0.124	27.98^b	25.98	0.059
Maine	19.97	20.16	0.827	6.29	6.17	0.870	28.52	27.60	0.568	20.15	20.50	0.741	21.15	21.35	0.838
Maryland	17.78^a	15.70	0.006	3.46^b	2.68	0.078	24.05^a	19.79	0.002	18.44^a	16.56	0.047	19.20^a	16.99	0.008
Massachusetts	16.71	16.57	0.848	3.00	2.66	0.427	23.76^b	21.12	0.056	16.95	17.25	0.738	17.95	17.82	0.862
Michigan	22.09	21.63	0.481	4.58^a	3.68	0.037	26.86^a	23.56	0.002	23.37	23.42	0.950	23.88	23.44	0.535
Minnesota	18.59	18.26	0.653	4.19	3.82	0.478	25.47	25.90	0.781	19.21	18.76	0.628	20.07	19.74	0.683
Mississippi	24.12	24.55	0.640	5.08	4.71	0.558	28.23	26.43	0.271	25.88	26.79	0.431	26.23	26.73	0.618
Missouri	22.98^b	21.33	0.061	6.06	5.20	0.208	30.61^a	24.06	0.000	23.74	22.79	0.389	24.71^b	22.97	0.070
Montana	20.95	20.53	0.619	7.08	6.03	0.177	27.70	28.45	0.660	21.36	20.83	0.603	22.25	21.88	0.684
Nebraska	21.20	20.81	0.645	3.93	3.68	0.594	26.28	26.25	0.983	22.52	22.05	0.664	23.09	22.69	0.670
Nevada	19.76	19.54	0.807	3.43	2.78	0.183	23.03	22.33	0.662	21.17	21.06	0.918	21.42	21.22	0.844
New Hampshire	19.16^b	17.68	0.087	5.04	4.87	0.790	27.46	25.55	0.233	19.35	17.80	0.142	20.45^b	18.84	0.083
New Jersey	15.82	16.67	0.209	2.90	2.50	0.295	25.05	24.00	0.442	15.93	17.21	0.127	17.12	18.09	0.193
New Mexico	20.28	20.06	0.810	2.95	2.74	0.690	28.80^a	25.33	0.044	21.01	21.34	0.760	22.13	21.91	0.820
New York	18.08^a	16.16	0.000	3.14^a	2.41	0.026	22.22^a	19.30	0.002	19.00^a	17.10	0.003	19.46^a	17.41	0.000
North Carolina	21.31^b	20.08	0.100	3.74	3.45	0.486	28.40^a	25.55	0.037	22.27	21.19	0.250	23.12	21.79	0.101
North Dakota	21.88^b	20.23	0.055	5.96	5.22	0.296	26.64	25.49	0.489	22.62^b	20.82	0.093	23.33^b	21.61	0.066
Ohio	23.79	22.89	0.175	4.93	4.71	0.630	30.98^a	28.04	0.022	24.89	24.22	0.413	25.74	24.74	0.172
Oklahoma	24.61^b	22.91	0.059	4.78	4.36	0.465	28.74	26.63	0.201	26.44	24.66	0.117	26.78^b	24.94	0.064
Oregon	18.21	18.69	0.531	4.33	3.74	0.278	27.34	26.59	0.632	18.29	19.06	0.405	19.49	20.05	0.499
Pennsylvania	21.47	20.55	0.142	3.91	3.71	0.624	28.06^a	25.32	0.013	22.34	21.61	0.357	23.11	22.11	0.143
Rhode Island	19.19^b	17.66	0.065	3.69	2.97	0.147	24.92^a	21.15	0.015	19.79	18.56	0.239	20.58^b	18.95	0.072
South Carolina	22.59	21.85	0.393	4.91	4.42	0.428	30.13^a	25.15	0.002	23.40	23.31	0.929	24.33	23.56	0.409
South Dakota	23.53	22.56	0.285	7.17	6.48	0.385	31.67	29.34	0.160	24.14	23.40	0.519	25.25	24.26	0.320
Tennessee	24.78	23.40	0.125	5.07	4.72	0.582	29.32	27.56	0.291	26.36	24.91	0.200	26.78	25.27	0.129
Texas	18.60	18.33	0.611	2.90	2.41	0.128	23.86	22.38	0.108	19.87	19.87	0.998	20.49	20.25	0.679
Utah	13.43	13.34	0.898	2.85	2.66	0.677	18.63	17.78	0.549	14.09	14.20	0.911	14.92	14.84	0.917
Vermont	22.33^b	20.55	0.057	6.23	5.75	0.518	35.63	33.38	0.272	21.62^b	19.77	0.097	23.70^b	21.79	0.058
Virginia	19.52^a	17.02	0.000	3.77	3.36	0.324	26.72^a	23.78	0.020	20.15^a	17.50	0.001	21.08^a	18.37	0.000
Washington	15.89	16.50	0.436	3.61	3.40	0.691	23.08	21.96	0.426	16.12	17.11	0.309	17.07	17.76	0.427
West Virginia	29.79	29.93	0.896	7.84^b	6.42	0.087	35.80	33.51	0.220	31.14	31.81	0.623	31.75	32.03	0.814
Wisconsin	20.51	20.23	0.747	4.33	3.85	0.365	24.34	23.46	0.559	21.79	21.61	0.876	22.15	21.88	0.776
Wyoming	21.73^a	19.95	0.036	5.88^a	4.48	0.042	29.36	29.28	0.964	22.34^b	20.29	0.057	23.34^b	21.52	0.052
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 19 – Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016.2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	72.80^a	72.21	0.002	68.71	68.24	0.163	68.29^a	67.57	0.034	74.04^a	73.44	0.010	73.22^a	72.61	0.004
Northeast	74.59	74.26	0.321	71.53	71.19	0.557	69.57	69.24	0.590	75.74	75.39	0.391	74.88	74.54	0.350
Midwest	68.94	68.59	0.283	67.33^a	65.71	0.004	65.05^b	64.09	0.084	69.78	69.67	0.782	69.10	68.88	0.529
South	72.41^a	71.87	0.038	67.79	67.62	0.719	67.64	67.14	0.302	73.75^b	73.14	0.053	72.88^a	72.31	0.039
West	75.55^a	74.44	0.001	69.47	69.45	0.962	71.20^b	70.09	0.084	77.03^a	75.76	0.002	76.17^a	74.95	0.001
Alabama	70.28	68.99	0.161	67.98	66.83	0.435	63.96	64.33	0.831	71.60	70.00	0.156	70.52	69.21	0.191
Alaska	70.37	70.11	0.789	60.68	63.29	0.142	66.46	63.68	0.157	72.37	72.08	0.800	71.45	70.87	0.570
Arizona	73.79	73.41	0.683	69.14	70.53	0.352	68.63	70.17	0.393	75.24	74.30	0.413	74.28	73.71	0.576
Arkansas	69.81^b	68.13	0.093	66.84	64.80	0.191	66.58^a	63.01	0.049	70.72	69.38	0.271	70.12	68.48	0.131
California	78.22^a	76.63	0.002	70.69	71.04	0.724	74.37	73.17	0.227	79.81^a	77.87	0.002	78.99^a	77.19	0.001
Colorado	73.90	73.50	0.631	68.48	67.77	0.648	67.13	67.84	0.694	75.68	75.09	0.564	74.45	74.08	0.679
Connecticut	75.07	74.30	0.413	71.27	72.10	0.595	70.14	70.71	0.730	76.32	75.13	0.304	75.45	74.51	0.361
Delaware	71.98	71.90	0.933	68.02	69.23	0.432	70.32	70.28	0.985	72.66	72.42	0.839	72.35	72.14	0.847
District of Columbia	76.92	76.51	0.608	62.78	64.77	0.242	72.67	70.88	0.308	78.75	78.39	0.708	77.71	77.16	0.516
Florida	77.23	76.68	0.367	71.33	71.49	0.868	71.73	72.05	0.761	78.59	77.82	0.292	77.74	77.13	0.350
Georgia	72.33	71.73	0.437	68.70	70.74	0.116	66.87	67.48	0.666	73.75	72.57	0.218	72.74	71.83	0.286
Hawaii	72.51	72.77	0.801	65.84	65.69	0.931	66.99	65.31	0.359	74.01	74.51	0.679	73.11	73.40	0.792
Idaho	71.86	71.52	0.701	67.70	68.24	0.736	66.60	64.12	0.161	73.34	73.21	0.904	72.37	71.91	0.646
Illinois	72.98	72.82	0.809	68.62	67.26	0.209	68.93	67.63	0.304	74.17	74.33	0.849	73.43	73.39	0.960
Indiana	68.61	67.84	0.400	65.98^b	63.23	0.091	63.33	63.72	0.823	69.88	69.15	0.526	68.89	68.34	0.580
Iowa	65.76	65.98	0.826	65.75	64.61	0.469	61.23	60.73	0.771	66.58	67.08	0.682	65.76	66.12	0.739
Kansas	66.96^b	68.69	0.076	69.13	69.04	0.959	64.46	63.87	0.735	67.13^b	69.50	0.053	66.72^b	68.65	0.070
Kentucky	64.61	64.98	0.728	63.55	62.19	0.420	60.10	59.84	0.891	65.47	66.14	0.609	64.71	65.26	0.636
Louisiana	68.68	67.72	0.313	66.19^a	62.51	0.018	66.72^a	63.36	0.049	69.32	69.08	0.837	68.94	68.26	0.515
Maine	70.93	70.78	0.889	68.94	68.37	0.709	63.64	63.42	0.896	72.10	71.99	0.931	71.09	70.98	0.919
Maryland	76.56	76.27	0.715	71.55	71.94	0.797	71.31	72.33	0.525	77.96	77.36	0.548	77.06	76.69	0.680
Massachusetts	74.23	73.58	0.457	71.04	70.92	0.939	69.56	71.11	0.358	75.38	74.28	0.307	74.51	73.81	0.457
Michigan	69.54	68.84	0.318	67.15	68.13	0.390	65.65	65.64	0.991	70.48	69.46	0.242	69.78	68.91	0.249
Minnesota	69.80	68.67	0.241	69.10^a	63.77	0.001	64.97^b	61.93	0.084	70.65	70.31	0.776	69.87	69.17	0.505
Mississippi	69.46	68.80	0.463	61.76	61.77	0.999	66.44	65.68	0.674	71.01	70.25	0.504	70.31	69.57	0.454
Missouri	65.96	67.40	0.163	66.37	66.65	0.868	61.94	61.22	0.695	66.58	68.49	0.130	65.92	67.48	0.165
Montana	70.08	69.38	0.456	65.01	63.20	0.278	63.43^b	60.11	0.062	71.72	71.52	0.867	70.56	69.95	0.553
Nebraska	67.12	66.83	0.778	66.44	64.08	0.129	64.42	63.42	0.572	67.69	67.79	0.938	67.19	67.12	0.954
Nevada	73.54	71.86	0.106	65.70	66.17	0.776	70.94	69.77	0.521	74.84	72.82	0.108	74.33^b	72.43	0.091
New Hampshire	72.62	71.37	0.155	71.36	70.42	0.535	66.68	66.00	0.689	73.69	72.30	0.196	72.74	71.46	0.179
New Jersey	77.37	77.11	0.722	73.43	74.20	0.567	70.18	68.46	0.240	78.91	78.73	0.843	77.77	77.40	0.641
New Mexico	72.69	71.37	0.142	64.28	62.42	0.281	65.75	64.74	0.566	74.91	73.57	0.230	73.59	72.32	0.198
New York	76.70	76.63	0.905	72.36	72.35	0.992	71.13	70.47	0.549	78.09	78.08	0.986	77.09	77.01	0.899
North Carolina	70.91	69.92	0.232	67.29	66.26	0.450	65.74	65.06	0.658	72.18	71.12	0.300	71.29	70.29	0.273
North Dakota	66.95	66.19	0.440	67.22	64.63	0.113	65.86^a	62.17	0.031	67.16	67.20	0.978	66.92	66.33	0.578
Ohio	66.81	66.50	0.675	66.27	64.37	0.114	63.56	63.59	0.980	67.39	67.20	0.840	66.86	66.71	0.853
Oklahoma	67.71	67.89	0.850	62.04	61.00	0.547	64.26	65.93	0.346	69.04	69.11	0.953	68.32	68.64	0.765
Oregon	71.66	70.91	0.424	69.76^b	67.04	0.084	64.90	64.17	0.662	72.89	72.32	0.614	71.84	71.26	0.569
Pennsylvania	70.22	69.83	0.574	69.84^b	67.74	0.059	67.52	67.40	0.919	70.68	70.42	0.760	70.25	70.02	0.756
Rhode Island	74.94	73.68	0.153	68.14	68.47	0.837	69.71	68.66	0.538	76.61	75.12	0.162	75.54	74.13	0.137
South Carolina	70.58	69.46	0.226	66.20	64.24	0.202	66.17	64.61	0.351	71.78	70.79	0.382	71.00	69.96	0.299
South Dakota	67.58	66.33	0.185	64.95^b	61.82	0.054	62.21	61.46	0.665	68.84	67.71	0.336	67.86	66.80	0.312
Tennessee	69.41	68.93	0.620	66.21	64.36	0.233	64.53	63.99	0.755	70.58	70.24	0.781	69.74	69.39	0.744
Texas	73.49	72.85	0.244	67.55	68.07	0.628	68.97	67.36	0.140	75.16	74.51	0.340	74.20	73.42	0.194
Utah	75.31	74.93	0.657	73.13	74.79	0.296	70.97^b	68.10	0.094	76.69	76.48	0.851	75.62	74.94	0.482
Vermont	70.78	71.36	0.551	69.26	68.10	0.436	66.16	65.33	0.645	71.74	72.72	0.397	70.91	71.63	0.489
Virginia	71.96	72.64	0.349	69.07	69.65	0.655	67.81	68.82	0.499	72.97	73.59	0.480	72.24	72.93	0.380
Washington	71.37	70.82	0.539	67.88	65.64	0.135	67.87	65.05	0.109	72.31	72.27	0.970	71.70	71.31	0.685
West Virginia	65.62	65.07	0.607	65.59	65.37	0.887	60.25	59.93	0.859	66.41	65.78	0.629	65.62	65.04	0.618
Wisconsin	69.60^a	67.56	0.040	68.35^a	64.76	0.019	66.71^a	63.06	0.034	70.22	68.62	0.191	69.72^b	67.83	0.080
Wyoming	66.52	67.68	0.232	64.36	62.36	0.234	64.20	61.79	0.169	67.16^b	69.24	0.075	66.74	68.22	0.157
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 20 – Illicit Drug Use Disorder in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	2.81	2.76	0.294	3.30^a	3.07	0.046	7.14	7.17	0.849	2.04	2.00	0.555	2.76	2.72	0.503
Northeast	2.84	2.79	0.571	2.94	2.84	0.614	7.63	7.67	0.891	2.06	2.00	0.605	2.83	2.78	0.621
Midwest	2.61	2.62	0.938	3.20^a	2.86	0.039	6.51	6.62	0.665	1.89	1.93	0.687	2.55	2.60	0.647
South	2.65	2.62	0.765	3.07	2.88	0.192	6.81	6.99	0.475	1.91	1.89	0.819	2.60	2.60	0.947
West	3.24	3.07	0.135	4.01	3.73	0.227	7.84	7.58	0.472	2.36	2.24	0.331	3.16	3.00	0.194
Alabama	2.99	2.86	0.599	2.74	2.73	0.967	7.68	7.25	0.645	2.24	2.16	0.757	3.01	2.87	0.592
Alaska	4.32^a	3.69	0.049	4.80	4.55	0.651	8.81	7.88	0.336	3.44	2.88	0.110	4.27^b	3.60	0.051
Arizona	3.48^a	2.79	0.006	4.69^a	3.52	0.023	8.68^b	7.07	0.071	2.44^b	1.98	0.083	3.35^a	2.71	0.017
Arkansas	2.54	2.80	0.249	3.07	3.12	0.927	5.73	6.01	0.716	1.94	2.23	0.221	2.48	2.76	0.236
California	3.27^b	2.97	0.062	3.94	3.73	0.560	7.87	7.27	0.272	2.39	2.15	0.173	3.21^b	2.89	0.072
Colorado	3.02	3.43	0.128	3.84	3.88	0.949	7.83^b	9.66	0.080	2.12	2.37	0.353	2.94	3.39	0.111
Connecticut	3.62	3.47	0.643	4.03	3.48	0.342	10.06	10.16	0.937	2.53	2.38	0.655	3.58	3.47	0.746
Delaware	3.05	3.35	0.311	3.22	3.46	0.617	8.01	8.38	0.693	2.27	2.58	0.307	3.04	3.33	0.333
District of Columbia	3.09^a	3.93	0.007	3.40	3.68	0.602	6.14^a	8.36	0.013	2.43^a	3.08	0.049	3.07^a	3.94	0.008
Florida	2.45^b	2.71	0.092	3.31	3.62	0.377	6.90	7.19	0.604	1.74^b	2.01	0.096	2.38	2.63	0.112
Georgia	2.54	2.39	0.451	2.62	2.43	0.589	5.80	6.06	0.693	1.96	1.77	0.361	2.53	2.39	0.501
Hawaii	2.67^b	2.31	0.083	3.25	2.89	0.453	7.54	6.57	0.259	1.89	1.67	0.282	2.61	2.26	0.103
Idaho	2.81	2.63	0.380	3.46	3.10	0.412	6.79	5.94	0.218	2.05	2.01	0.860	2.73	2.57	0.468
Illinois	2.59	2.59	0.973	3.21	2.94	0.390	6.44	6.81	0.586	1.87	1.87	0.964	2.52	2.56	0.854
Indiana	2.47	2.48	0.974	3.13	2.52	0.154	5.89	6.22	0.647	1.78	1.82	0.871	2.40	2.47	0.726
Iowa	2.25	2.35	0.572	2.99	2.76	0.556	5.72	6.27	0.441	1.54	1.60	0.712	2.17	2.31	0.476
Kansas	2.37	2.31	0.746	2.99	2.43	0.143	5.76	5.67	0.896	1.67	1.69	0.947	2.30	2.29	0.966
Kentucky	2.97	2.82	0.502	3.31	2.92	0.357	7.51	7.38	0.874	2.18	2.07	0.632	2.94	2.81	0.596
Louisiana	2.75	2.67	0.736	2.60	2.42	0.647	6.49	6.63	0.869	2.13	2.05	0.742	2.77	2.70	0.787
Maine	2.71	3.03	0.163	3.52	3.55	0.955	7.35	8.00	0.465	2.00	2.32	0.181	2.63	2.99	0.148
Maryland	3.17	2.79	0.126	3.02	2.73	0.468	8.49	8.01	0.561	2.35	1.99	0.189	3.18	2.79	0.147
Massachusetts	3.34	3.22	0.628	3.38	3.13	0.576	8.41	8.33	0.921	2.46	2.34	0.687	3.34	3.22	0.677
Michigan	3.05	2.96	0.616	3.48^b	2.91	0.089	7.56	7.16	0.505	2.24	2.26	0.893	3.01	2.97	0.826
Minnesota	2.59	2.36	0.254	3.44	3.10	0.409	6.73	5.99	0.314	1.82	1.69	0.537	2.50	2.28	0.304
Mississippi	2.73	2.73	0.998	2.90	2.88	0.966	6.08	6.54	0.484	2.11	2.05	0.793	2.71	2.71	0.995
Missouri	2.70	2.54	0.439	3.24	2.66	0.142	6.21	6.20	0.994	2.06	1.93	0.584	2.64	2.53	0.596
Montana	3.10	3.11	0.974	4.23	3.93	0.565	7.71	8.10	0.658	2.23	2.22	0.992	3.00	3.03	0.886
Nebraska	2.39	2.54	0.451	2.81	2.71	0.815	6.08	6.95	0.282	1.67	1.73	0.762	2.34	2.52	0.404
Nevada	3.01^b	3.48	0.092	4.51	4.17	0.562	6.86^a	9.48	0.013	2.26	2.53	0.347	2.86^b	3.41	0.062
New Hampshire	3.44	3.15	0.270	3.59	3.44	0.746	9.97	9.57	0.654	2.40	2.13	0.349	3.43	3.13	0.276
New Jersey	2.18	2.28	0.593	2.34	2.46	0.742	6.49	6.80	0.606	1.52	1.58	0.728	2.17	2.26	0.621
New Mexico	3.20	3.17	0.901	4.49	4.11	0.551	8.02	8.41	0.675	2.23	2.18	0.885	3.06	3.07	0.993
New York	2.82	2.73	0.598	2.96	2.87	0.772	7.45	7.67	0.712	2.03	1.92	0.511	2.81	2.72	0.625
North Carolina	2.89	2.72	0.397	3.20	2.99	0.589	8.23	7.49	0.352	2.00	1.94	0.782	2.86	2.69	0.434
North Dakota	2.37	2.52	0.537	2.98	2.93	0.915	4.86	5.65	0.263	1.76	1.82	0.804	2.32	2.48	0.510
Ohio	2.61^a	2.97	0.044	2.90	3.10	0.541	6.81	7.51	0.242	1.90^b	2.23	0.085	2.58^a	2.96	0.049
Oklahoma	2.63	2.77	0.612	2.95	3.09	0.777	5.78	6.94	0.165	2.04	2.01	0.934	2.60	2.74	0.634
Oregon	3.79	3.32	0.103	4.69	3.96	0.164	9.30	7.85	0.146	2.86	2.58	0.369	3.71	3.27	0.146
Pennsylvania	2.65	2.63	0.909	2.46	2.47	0.994	6.88	6.64	0.664	2.01	2.03	0.904	2.67	2.65	0.905
Rhode Island	4.11^a	3.46	0.041	4.81	3.88	0.109	9.82	8.45	0.199	3.00	2.52	0.152	4.05^b	3.43	0.066
South Carolina	2.91	2.75	0.489	3.27	3.13	0.757	7.70	7.65	0.949	2.10	1.95	0.522	2.87	2.71	0.509
South Dakota	2.89	3.08	0.518	3.59	3.63	0.939	6.07	6.94	0.306	2.26	2.36	0.748	2.82	3.02	0.512
Tennessee	2.80	2.70	0.648	3.28	3.10	0.685	7.30	7.34	0.966	2.02	1.92	0.675	2.75	2.66	0.695
Texas	2.40	2.28	0.413	3.16^b	2.56	0.061	6.20	6.56	0.530	1.60	1.48	0.400	2.31	2.25	0.699
Utah	2.66	2.95	0.179	2.60	2.72	0.723	6.85	6.93	0.916	1.72^b	2.10	0.081	2.67	2.99	0.187
Vermont	3.79	3.76	0.927	3.87	3.99	0.849	10.99	11.17	0.878	2.52	2.45	0.817	3.78	3.74	0.902
Virginia	2.58	2.74	0.411	2.75	2.57	0.602	6.66	7.38	0.261	1.90	2.01	0.567	2.57	2.75	0.354
Washington	3.19	3.50	0.253	4.11	4.16	0.929	7.17	7.99	0.377	2.46	2.74	0.327	3.10	3.44	0.242
West Virginia	2.67	2.73	0.801	3.47	3.36	0.813	6.82	7.17	0.663	1.97	2.02	0.866	2.60	2.67	0.765
Wisconsin	2.40	2.17	0.251	3.43	2.76	0.117	6.36	5.69	0.397	1.63	1.52	0.608	2.30	2.11	0.381
Wyoming	2.56	2.53	0.913	3.93	3.47	0.382	6.15	5.82	0.667	1.80	1.90	0.638	2.42	2.44	0.926
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Illicit Drug Use Disorder is defined as meeting criteria for illicit drug dependence or abuse. Dependence or abuse is based on definitions found in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). NOTE: Illicit Drug Use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 21 – Pain Reliever Use Disorder in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	0.71^a	0.63	0.022	0.55	0.50	0.287	1.03^b	0.91	0.088	0.67^b	0.60	0.080	0.72^a	0.65	0.029
Northeast	0.67	0.63	0.334	0.44	0.42	0.679	0.98	0.86	0.203	0.65	0.61	0.540	0.69	0.64	0.350
Midwest	0.71	0.67	0.348	0.55	0.50	0.316	1.05	1.00	0.636	0.67	0.64	0.494	0.73	0.69	0.410
South	0.73^a	0.65	0.041	0.59	0.51	0.188	1.04	1.00	0.575	0.69^b	0.61	0.075	0.74^b	0.66	0.055
West	0.69^a	0.59	0.014	0.57	0.55	0.795	1.05^a	0.76	0.006	0.65	0.56	0.109	0.71^a	0.59	0.014
Alabama	0.94	0.77	0.176	0.47	0.52	0.721	1.49	1.33	0.646	0.90	0.71	0.230	0.98	0.80	0.166
Alaska	0.76	0.67	0.340	0.62	0.60	0.894	1.10	0.79	0.188	0.72	0.66	0.637	0.78	0.68	0.353
Arizona	0.75	0.63	0.214	0.65	0.52	0.359	1.14	0.93	0.350	0.70	0.59	0.409	0.76	0.64	0.256
Arkansas	0.80	0.79	0.947	0.60	0.53	0.594	1.09	1.08	0.948	0.78	0.78	0.987	0.82	0.82	0.994
California	0.63^a	0.51	0.028	0.57	0.57	0.972	0.86^a	0.56	0.030	0.60	0.49	0.135	0.64^a	0.50	0.025
Colorado	0.78	0.67	0.236	0.55	0.49	0.658	1.44	1.19	0.372	0.70	0.60	0.436	0.81	0.68	0.253
Connecticut	0.70	0.62	0.452	0.59	0.48	0.346	0.87	0.95	0.722	0.69	0.58	0.465	0.71	0.63	0.506
Delaware	0.74	0.73	0.947	0.49	0.49	0.968	1.08	0.91	0.437	0.71	0.73	0.891	0.76	0.75	0.949
District of Columbia	0.55	0.55	0.956	0.45	0.45	0.952	0.68	0.66	0.944	0.54	0.53	0.986	0.56	0.56	0.960
Florida	0.67	0.63	0.530	0.60	0.54	0.467	1.04	0.97	0.701	0.62	0.59	0.669	0.68	0.63	0.575
Georgia	0.72	0.62	0.257	0.58	0.48	0.264	0.87	0.87	0.971	0.71	0.60	0.324	0.74	0.64	0.306
Hawaii	0.53	0.47	0.434	0.43	0.54	0.431	0.84	0.58	0.184	0.50	0.44	0.596	0.54	0.46	0.364
Idaho	0.85	0.76	0.436	0.57	0.58	0.927	1.45	1.07	0.155	0.79	0.74	0.741	0.88	0.79	0.433
Illinois	0.63	0.58	0.447	0.66	0.55	0.332	0.83	0.81	0.890	0.60	0.54	0.573	0.63	0.58	0.532
Indiana	0.77	0.74	0.814	0.57	0.49	0.512	1.17	1.23	0.830	0.72	0.69	0.822	0.79	0.77	0.871
Iowa	0.67	0.68	0.919	0.52	0.46	0.583	0.96	0.97	0.973	0.64	0.65	0.884	0.69	0.70	0.874
Kansas	0.73	0.65	0.428	0.52	0.46	0.597	1.13	0.92	0.366	0.68	0.63	0.694	0.75	0.67	0.458
Kentucky	0.90	0.82	0.525	0.49	0.45	0.707	1.21	1.36	0.583	0.89	0.78	0.452	0.94	0.86	0.542
Louisiana	0.83	0.70	0.236	0.50	0.44	0.582	1.04	1.15	0.639	0.83	0.65	0.240	0.86	0.72	0.252
Maine	0.73	0.78	0.621	0.47	0.46	0.953	1.22	1.39	0.584	0.69	0.73	0.762	0.75	0.80	0.619
Maryland	0.72	0.59	0.215	0.57	0.47	0.410	0.90	0.78	0.539	0.71	0.58	0.335	0.73	0.60	0.243
Massachusetts	0.68	0.68	0.998	0.50	0.44	0.590	0.88	0.80	0.665	0.66	0.68	0.879	0.69	0.70	0.960
Michigan	0.78	0.74	0.612	0.50	0.49	0.880	1.19	0.98	0.319	0.75	0.73	0.888	0.81	0.77	0.619
Minnesota	0.66	0.59	0.468	0.52	0.44	0.481	0.96	0.81	0.444	0.63	0.57	0.662	0.67	0.61	0.508
Mississippi	0.86	0.75	0.348	0.53	0.50	0.787	1.04	1.23	0.489	0.87	0.70	0.277	0.90	0.78	0.360
Missouri	0.76	0.69	0.495	0.61	0.50	0.364	0.98	1.04	0.809	0.74	0.65	0.524	0.78	0.70	0.551
Montana	0.75	0.72	0.696	0.55	0.49	0.640	1.37	1.19	0.537	0.68	0.66	0.933	0.77	0.74	0.731
Nebraska	0.67	0.65	0.775	0.54	0.47	0.498	0.94	0.95	0.965	0.64	0.62	0.829	0.69	0.67	0.834
Nevada	0.72	0.69	0.822	0.64	0.61	0.789	1.18	0.93	0.326	0.66	0.67	0.931	0.72	0.70	0.846
New Hampshire	0.79	0.69	0.372	0.52	0.48	0.705	1.30	1.24	0.787	0.74	0.63	0.446	0.82	0.71	0.383
New Jersey	0.67	0.60	0.468	0.44	0.43	0.995	1.08	0.82	0.190	0.64	0.59	0.693	0.70	0.62	0.462
New Mexico	0.64	0.52	0.129	0.65	0.59	0.724	1.09	0.93	0.447	0.57	0.45	0.242	0.64	0.52	0.139
New York	0.61	0.56	0.452	0.41	0.39	0.797	0.80	0.72	0.589	0.61	0.55	0.569	0.63	0.58	0.466
North Carolina	0.73	0.65	0.327	0.49	0.46	0.737	1.10	0.88	0.279	0.70	0.64	0.571	0.75	0.67	0.343
North Dakota	0.75	0.66	0.308	0.51	0.46	0.659	1.17	1.05	0.603	0.69	0.60	0.479	0.78	0.68	0.328
Ohio	0.72	0.73	0.937	0.48	0.51	0.735	1.17	1.20	0.881	0.68	0.68	0.997	0.75	0.75	0.968
Oklahoma	0.72	0.69	0.742	0.54	0.52	0.851	1.08	0.88	0.419	0.67	0.67	0.993	0.73	0.70	0.759
Oregon	0.73	0.69	0.692	0.52	0.51	0.927	1.27	0.87	0.144	0.67	0.69	0.917	0.75	0.71	0.697
Pennsylvania	0.71	0.68	0.726	0.40	0.40	0.971	1.20	1.02	0.348	0.67	0.66	0.953	0.74	0.71	0.720
Rhode Island	0.74	0.61	0.171	0.48	0.43	0.647	1.04	0.84	0.358	0.71	0.59	0.320	0.76	0.63	0.184
South Carolina	0.79	0.73	0.583	0.49	0.49	0.974	1.12	1.30	0.535	0.77	0.67	0.488	0.82	0.75	0.584
South Dakota	0.72	0.69	0.800	0.50	0.51	0.917	1.19	0.93	0.293	0.67	0.68	0.940	0.74	0.71	0.792
Tennessee	0.86	0.76	0.317	0.49	0.49	0.993	1.37	1.34	0.917	0.82	0.69	0.349	0.90	0.78	0.314
Texas	0.64	0.55	0.114	0.73	0.58	0.167	0.96	0.91	0.756	0.58	0.48	0.215	0.63	0.54	0.178
Utah	0.89	0.79	0.349	0.51	0.51	0.996	1.54	1.25	0.321	0.81	0.74	0.623	0.95	0.83	0.347
Vermont	0.90	0.76	0.228	0.40	0.42	0.841	1.82^b	1.26	0.081	0.79	0.70	0.560	0.94	0.79	0.220
Virginia	0.65	0.62	0.674	0.53	0.47	0.536	0.88	0.81	0.682	0.63	0.60	0.814	0.66	0.63	0.720
Washington	0.79	0.69	0.296	0.52	0.54	0.879	1.16	0.82	0.148	0.76	0.68	0.539	0.82	0.70	0.283
West Virginia	0.86	0.79	0.529	0.39	0.44	0.694	1.50	1.36	0.655	0.82	0.75	0.618	0.91	0.83	0.509
Wisconsin	0.68	0.62	0.541	0.54	0.45	0.377	1.00	0.98	0.899	0.65	0.59	0.638	0.70	0.64	0.598
Wyoming	0.74	0.67	0.428	0.62	0.53	0.366	1.27	1.02	0.375	0.67	0.64	0.770	0.75	0.69	0.487
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Pain Reliever Use Disorder is defined as meeting criteria for pain reliever dependence or abuse. Dependence or abuse is based on definitions found in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). NOTE: Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. NOTE: Prescription psychotherapeutic subtypes were revised in 2016; one effect was the comparability of codeine products between 2015 and 2016. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 22 – Alcohol Use Disorder in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	5.73^a	5.46	0.002	2.23^a	1.87	0.000	10.80^a	10.35	0.045	5.31^a	5.09	0.039	6.09^a	5.82	0.007
Northeast	6.01^a	5.61	0.013	2.28^a	1.82	0.002	11.69^b	10.98	0.078	5.49^b	5.17	0.090	6.36^a	5.97	0.023
Midwest	5.90	5.82	0.566	2.29^a	1.99	0.029	11.66	11.47	0.588	5.37	5.35	0.871	6.28	6.22	0.693
South	5.25^a	4.99	0.024	2.08^a	1.67	0.001	9.86^a	9.28	0.034	4.87	4.69	0.211	5.58^b	5.33	0.052
West	6.14^a	5.77	0.037	2.38^b	2.11	0.100	10.85	10.54	0.421	5.80^b	5.42	0.084	6.53^a	6.15	0.048
Alabama	4.16	4.51	0.352	1.67	1.54	0.658	9.08	7.93	0.165	3.64	4.30	0.164	4.42	4.81	0.339
Alaska	6.82	6.57	0.605	2.59	2.21	0.359	10.45	11.26	0.471	6.72	6.35	0.557	7.30	7.06	0.656
Arizona	5.34	5.49	0.698	2.28	1.85	0.188	11.46	11.31	0.878	4.68	4.97	0.570	5.66	5.88	0.627
Arkansas	4.98	5.38	0.271	2.14	2.12	0.941	9.82	9.32	0.582	4.52	5.14	0.188	5.28	5.73	0.267
California	6.40^a	5.51	0.001	2.33	2.01	0.200	10.64	9.90	0.232	6.15^a	5.18	0.004	6.82^a	5.87	0.002
Colorado	6.41	6.30	0.820	2.60	2.07	0.140	11.53	12.23	0.498	6.00	5.83	0.773	6.79	6.73	0.897
Connecticut	6.78	6.10	0.147	2.82	2.68	0.755	11.34	11.18	0.886	6.50	5.68	0.150	7.18	6.44	0.148
Delaware	6.13	6.15	0.970	2.08	1.79	0.365	10.54	10.09	0.639	5.89	6.03	0.823	6.51	6.56	0.934
District of Columbia	8.53	9.08	0.369	1.88	1.97	0.822	13.17	13.62	0.712	8.03	8.67	0.379	8.91	9.48	0.373
Florida	5.63	5.29	0.229	2.20	2.03	0.461	9.94	9.95	0.989	5.36	4.97	0.250	5.93	5.57	0.242
Georgia	4.48	4.42	0.824	1.73^b	1.27	0.072	8.76	7.83	0.194	4.11	4.26	0.667	4.79	4.78	0.954
Hawaii	5.01	5.23	0.584	2.35	2.15	0.652	9.86	11.26	0.161	4.58	4.72	0.778	5.25	5.51	0.558
Idaho	5.54	5.90	0.405	2.56	2.31	0.513	10.70	10.39	0.737	5.09	5.65	0.310	5.90	6.33	0.372
Illinois	5.60^a	6.25	0.028	2.25	2.39	0.661	10.91	12.16	0.127	5.14^b	5.76	0.089	5.96^a	6.65	0.031
Indiana	5.36	5.24	0.737	2.07	1.58	0.112	11.44	10.69	0.455	4.71	4.75	0.929	5.72	5.63	0.833
Iowa	6.42	7.08	0.153	2.46	2.25	0.589	11.95^a	14.25	0.041	5.91	6.39	0.404	6.83	7.58	0.140
Kansas	5.08	5.52	0.213	2.36	2.39	0.929	11.96	11.27	0.495	4.19	4.91	0.111	5.38	5.87	0.217
Kentucky	5.38	4.94	0.299	2.08	1.61	0.169	10.04	8.95	0.193	5.00	4.68	0.551	5.71	5.28	0.345
Louisiana	6.51	6.16	0.414	2.60	2.26	0.375	10.02	10.03	0.997	6.40	6.00	0.475	6.93	6.57	0.452
Maine	5.68	5.62	0.885	2.42	2.26	0.662	11.61	10.50	0.260	5.21	5.29	0.864	5.97	5.91	0.899
Maryland	5.95	5.37	0.147	1.99^b	1.44	0.070	11.45	10.46	0.283	5.54	5.04	0.318	6.34	5.76	0.181
Massachusetts	7.52	7.12	0.392	2.56	2.18	0.362	12.93	14.10	0.325	7.11	6.44	0.246	7.97	7.56	0.422
Michigan	5.75	5.49	0.349	2.36^a	1.81	0.049	10.83^b	9.64	0.078	5.30	5.22	0.835	6.10	5.86	0.438
Minnesota	5.72^b	5.06	0.078	2.16	1.70	0.141	12.22	10.94	0.175	5.11	4.53	0.219	6.09^b	5.41	0.097
Mississippi	4.56	4.42	0.664	1.68	1.25	0.107	8.39	7.91	0.522	4.25	4.23	0.944	4.88	4.77	0.757
Missouri	5.80	5.33	0.209	2.21	1.86	0.298	11.75^a	9.49	0.017	5.24	5.06	0.704	6.17	5.68	0.236
Montana	7.24	7.65	0.410	2.91	3.72	0.151	14.65	13.85	0.521	6.51	7.08	0.345	7.65	8.01	0.495
Nebraska	5.88	5.80	0.839	2.43	2.17	0.486	11.12	12.54	0.197	5.38	5.06	0.523	6.25	6.19	0.890
Nevada	5.33	5.66	0.454	2.59	2.33	0.489	11.04	11.75	0.477	4.79	5.16	0.509	5.61	6.00	0.424
New Hampshire	6.02	6.13	0.798	2.28	1.98	0.405	12.01	12.94	0.402	5.47	5.52	0.941	6.36	6.51	0.764
New Jersey	4.83	4.71	0.721	2.19^a	1.54	0.036	11.24	11.11	0.882	4.18	4.13	0.900	5.10	5.03	0.854
New Mexico	6.98^a	6.01	0.040	2.76	2.22	0.194	11.56	10.87	0.499	6.74^b	5.68	0.080	7.43^b	6.42	0.051
New York	6.07	5.67	0.154	2.21^b	1.79	0.084	11.16^a	9.80	0.037	5.64	5.41	0.513	6.43	6.02	0.187
North Carolina	4.65	4.38	0.401	1.62	1.31	0.265	9.01^a	7.34	0.025	4.31	4.28	0.944	4.96	4.69	0.445
North Dakota	6.96	6.55	0.358	2.82^b	2.07	0.060	12.74	12.49	0.821	6.17	5.83	0.538	7.34	6.97	0.439
Ohio	6.07	5.60	0.122	2.16	1.71	0.106	11.59	11.41	0.813	5.65	5.13	0.168	6.47	5.99	0.152
Oklahoma	5.45	5.90	0.290	2.09	1.97	0.711	9.73	9.93	0.836	5.13	5.71	0.290	5.82	6.33	0.275
Oregon	7.07	7.46	0.428	2.79	2.94	0.720	11.94	12.49	0.576	6.78	7.18	0.514	7.46	7.87	0.447
Pennsylvania	5.62^a	4.97	0.026	2.12^a	1.50	0.021	11.99^a	10.32	0.030	5.00	4.52	0.172	5.95^a	5.29	0.038
Rhode Island	6.84	6.74	0.830	2.32	2.25	0.864	11.98	12.48	0.628	6.39	6.17	0.730	7.25	7.13	0.831
South Carolina	5.75	5.43	0.359	2.11	1.57	0.102	10.88	11.44	0.553	5.35	4.93	0.339	6.11	5.80	0.428
South Dakota	7.27	7.51	0.649	2.87	3.47	0.293	12.96	13.57	0.624	6.82	6.99	0.800	7.73	7.94	0.717
Tennessee	5.05	4.82	0.501	1.85	1.66	0.556	10.22	9.42	0.358	4.59	4.46	0.768	5.38	5.14	0.527
Texas	5.10^a	4.58	0.026	2.38^a	1.60	0.001	9.69	9.06	0.289	4.65	4.20	0.129	5.43^b	4.94	0.062
Utah	4.28^b	4.89	0.069	1.87	1.75	0.690	8.74	8.92	0.825	3.69^b	4.52	0.057	4.62^b	5.33	0.060
Vermont	6.80	7.26	0.373	2.60	2.53	0.888	15.21	16.03	0.549	5.75	6.20	0.478	7.16	7.65	0.372
Virginia	5.70	5.49	0.499	2.08	1.90	0.535	10.85	10.77	0.920	5.28	5.05	0.580	6.06	5.84	0.528
Washington	5.73	6.09	0.389	2.30	2.29	0.994	10.70	10.55	0.879	5.32	5.82	0.335	6.06	6.45	0.390
West Virginia	4.47	4.44	0.950	2.14	1.67	0.189	11.09^b	9.28	0.067	3.73	4.02	0.554	4.68	4.69	0.974
Wisconsin	7.16	6.96	0.666	2.63	2.27	0.369	14.03	14.44	0.721	6.56	6.28	0.633	7.62	7.43	0.713
Wyoming	6.54	6.34	0.641	2.86	2.68	0.694	12.83	11.90	0.399	5.94	5.88	0.915	6.92	6.71	0.668
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Alcohol Use Disorder is defined as meeting criteria for alcohol dependence or abuse. Dependence or abuse is based on definitions found in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 23 – Substance Use Disorder in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	7.62^a	7.35	0.007	4.61^a	4.13	0.000	15.20	14.97	0.375	6.72^b	6.49	0.059	7.93^a	7.68	0.024
Northeast	7.93^b	7.63	0.097	4.24^b	3.84	0.089	16.73	16.35	0.453	6.91	6.64	0.237	8.28	7.98	0.133
Midwest	7.74	7.63	0.527	4.75^a	4.09	0.002	15.53	15.33	0.642	6.79	6.78	0.962	8.05	8.00	0.782
South	7.00^b	6.77	0.097	4.21^a	3.82	0.046	14.19	13.97	0.547	6.16	5.97	0.286	7.29	7.08	0.153
West	8.26^a	7.82	0.021	5.40^b	4.85	0.053	15.36	15.20	0.750	7.39^b	6.95	0.059	8.55^a	8.12	0.039
Alabama	6.35	6.59	0.569	3.87	3.96	0.855	13.79	12.09	0.152	5.41	6.01	0.251	6.60	6.86	0.583
Alaska	9.58	8.98	0.253	8.33^a	6.54	0.037	15.85	16.53	0.602	8.60	8.04	0.388	9.72	9.26	0.418
Arizona	7.57	7.45	0.780	5.62	4.77	0.146	16.66	15.98	0.597	6.28	6.36	0.884	7.78	7.73	0.915
Arkansas	6.67	7.37	0.103	4.16	4.10	0.918	13.13	13.55	0.730	5.91	6.76	0.103	6.94^b	7.72	0.098
California	8.45^a	7.48	0.001	5.07	4.63	0.257	14.97	14.20	0.303	7.72^a	6.69	0.003	8.80^a	7.78	0.001
Colorado	8.49	8.76	0.611	6.73	5.60	0.155	16.77^b	19.39	0.056	7.32	7.39	0.899	8.67	9.07	0.477
Connecticut	9.17	8.40	0.168	5.00	4.64	0.585	18.42	18.34	0.956	8.16	7.22	0.159	9.59	8.77	0.178
Delaware	7.92	8.53	0.273	4.32	4.32	0.999	16.03	16.08	0.962	7.06	7.86	0.238	8.26	8.93	0.271
District of Columbia	10.33	11.21	0.155	5.72	5.14	0.448	18.19	19.23	0.464	9.02	10.05	0.160	10.59	11.55	0.141
Florida	7.11	6.95	0.611	4.30	4.54	0.582	14.76	14.56	0.801	6.31	6.14	0.652	7.35	7.16	0.559
Georgia	6.25	6.00	0.448	3.74	3.18	0.205	12.36	11.59	0.426	5.53	5.43	0.798	6.54	6.32	0.551
Hawaii	6.99	6.77	0.611	4.28	3.93	0.539	14.98	15.37	0.758	6.10	5.88	0.665	7.23	7.03	0.652
Idaho	7.63	7.79	0.718	5.39	4.65	0.191	14.23	13.18	0.387	6.83	7.34	0.377	7.90	8.18	0.591
Illinois	7.55	7.98	0.243	5.21	4.67	0.289	14.78	16.03	0.199	6.65	7.07	0.331	7.80	8.32	0.189
Indiana	7.12	7.14	0.951	4.23^b	3.29	0.076	14.81	14.61	0.871	6.13	6.33	0.706	7.43	7.56	0.790
Iowa	7.73^a	8.73	0.027	4.78	4.18	0.274	14.35^a	17.23	0.030	6.90	7.76	0.101	8.03^a	9.20	0.018
Kansas	6.82	6.92	0.819	4.88	4.09	0.128	15.06	14.05	0.404	5.59	6.02	0.398	7.04	7.24	0.675
Kentucky	7.73	7.12	0.236	4.10	3.62	0.348	14.40	13.72	0.544	7.06	6.46	0.334	8.10	7.47	0.265
Louisiana	8.09	8.02	0.894	4.34	3.89	0.396	13.68	14.25	0.642	7.60	7.50	0.869	8.48	8.46	0.958
Maine	7.63	8.08	0.360	5.02	4.75	0.645	15.73	16.02	0.822	6.79	7.33	0.348	7.85	8.36	0.340
Maryland	8.20	7.49	0.116	3.98	3.45	0.298	17.73	16.84	0.486	7.19	6.52	0.221	8.62	7.89	0.138
Massachusetts	9.83	9.64	0.738	4.54	4.26	0.627	18.77	19.92	0.423	8.84	8.44	0.550	10.31	10.13	0.760
Michigan	7.77	7.56	0.537	4.75^a	3.87	0.040	15.62	14.47	0.198	6.79	6.84	0.909	8.08	7.93	0.697
Minnesota	7.71^a	6.72	0.019	5.00	4.27	0.188	16.61	14.88	0.148	6.61^b	5.72	0.075	7.99^a	6.97	0.027
Mississippi	6.41	6.44	0.941	3.87	3.49	0.443	12.16	12.82	0.554	5.72	5.72	0.994	6.69	6.77	0.872
Missouri	7.66	7.29	0.444	4.44	3.72	0.181	15.05^b	13.08	0.094	6.82	6.77	0.944	7.99	7.66	0.525
Montana	8.90	8.98	0.879	6.39	6.30	0.898	18.75	17.91	0.525	7.57	7.84	0.654	9.14	9.23	0.868
Nebraska	7.85	7.69	0.718	4.43	4.05	0.468	14.34	16.10	0.168	7.13	6.66	0.405	8.23	8.08	0.781
Nevada	7.26	8.04	0.118	5.45	5.20	0.707	15.43^a	18.76	0.019	6.24	6.81	0.350	7.44	8.32	0.106
New Hampshire	8.31	8.32	0.993	4.56	4.25	0.596	18.44	19.33	0.508	7.12	7.04	0.889	8.66	8.69	0.959
New Jersey	6.28	6.23	0.892	3.83	3.34	0.320	15.84	15.80	0.975	5.13	5.14	0.993	6.53	6.52	0.980
New Mexico	8.91^b	8.01	0.090	7.15	6.01	0.182	16.72	16.81	0.946	7.81	6.80	0.119	9.09	8.22	0.132
New York	8.00	7.71	0.340	4.46	4.04	0.262	15.85	15.18	0.422	7.07	6.88	0.603	8.33	8.04	0.391
North Carolina	6.75	6.27	0.183	4.13	3.63	0.265	14.29^b	12.25	0.057	5.85	5.64	0.628	7.03	6.54	0.218
North Dakota	8.69	8.24	0.338	5.43^b	4.39	0.098	15.30	15.13	0.895	7.61	7.25	0.497	8.98	8.60	0.439
Ohio	7.88	7.67	0.544	4.29	3.99	0.489	16.07	15.97	0.915	7.00	6.79	0.609	8.25	8.05	0.588
Oklahoma	6.87	7.44	0.209	4.35	4.36	0.982	13.01	13.93	0.452	6.13	6.72	0.265	7.15	7.78	0.202
Oregon	9.55	9.39	0.764	5.98	5.30	0.295	18.04	17.17	0.509	8.64	8.65	0.985	9.88	9.76	0.836
Pennsylvania	7.44	6.88	0.101	3.55	3.19	0.343	16.61	15.19	0.114	6.42	5.99	0.297	7.80	7.22	0.116
Rhode Island	8.92	8.44	0.327	5.62	4.69	0.140	17.86	17.28	0.672	7.64	7.24	0.492	9.22	8.77	0.401
South Carolina	7.76	7.53	0.611	4.29	4.09	0.713	15.87	16.69	0.509	6.86	6.49	0.499	8.10	7.86	0.631
South Dakota	8.96	9.18	0.694	5.78	5.59	0.782	15.82	17.38	0.262	8.16	8.23	0.913	9.29	9.56	0.660
Tennessee	6.86	6.66	0.620	4.04	3.86	0.722	13.81	14.12	0.778	6.06	5.81	0.587	7.14	6.94	0.643
Texas	6.68^b	6.14	0.055	4.54^a	3.61	0.017	13.68	13.62	0.944	5.70	5.16	0.104	6.93	6.44	0.111
Utah	6.08^b	6.78	0.069	4.16	3.84	0.535	11.82	12.42	0.586	5.11^b	6.03	0.053	6.35^b	7.19	0.051
Vermont	9.26	9.64	0.500	5.41	5.47	0.940	21.89	22.65	0.644	7.44	7.79	0.592	9.59	9.99	0.509
Virginia	7.38	7.41	0.940	3.71	3.65	0.883	15.27	16.10	0.402	6.51	6.45	0.887	7.74	7.78	0.931
Washington	8.17	8.56	0.402	5.43	5.18	0.715	14.93	15.44	0.676	7.40	7.88	0.387	8.43	8.89	0.374
West Virginia	6.22	6.30	0.859	5.00	4.42	0.337	14.21	13.99	0.848	5.17	5.37	0.691	6.33	6.47	0.772
Wisconsin	8.74	8.13	0.256	5.16	4.23	0.101	17.62	16.68	0.490	7.69	7.18	0.424	9.10	8.52	0.321
Wyoming	8.24	7.80	0.334	6.37	5.40	0.178	15.58	14.37	0.336	7.25	7.04	0.701	8.43	8.05	0.434
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Substance Use Disorder is defined as meeting criteria for illicit drug or alcohol dependence or abuse. Dependence or abuse is based on definitions found in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). NOTE: Illicit Drug Use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 24 – Needing But Not Receiving Treatment at a Specialty Facility for Illicit Drug Use in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	2.53	2.45	0.123	3.14^a	2.92	0.047	6.62	6.58	0.822	1.78	1.72	0.357	2.47	2.40	0.250
Northeast	2.54	2.48	0.482	2.72	2.65	0.690	6.77	6.73	0.869	1.83	1.78	0.601	2.52	2.46	0.520
Midwest	2.36	2.30	0.423	2.86^b	2.56	0.070	6.00	5.91	0.726	1.69	1.67	0.785	2.31	2.27	0.640
South	2.34	2.30	0.646	2.91	2.73	0.220	6.45	6.59	0.554	1.59	1.56	0.740	2.28	2.26	0.824
West	2.98^b	2.80	0.082	4.05	3.72	0.198	7.30	7.04	0.434	2.12	1.99	0.262	2.87	2.71	0.134
Alabama	2.64	2.48	0.454	2.52	2.49	0.939	7.15	7.08	0.934	1.91	1.73	0.412	2.66	2.47	0.446
Alaska	3.45	3.07	0.109	4.42	4.15	0.616	8.30	7.33	0.300	2.43	2.21	0.384	3.34	2.95	0.130
Arizona	2.89^a	2.32	0.005	4.75^a	3.52	0.022	7.91^b	6.39	0.072	1.81	1.49	0.106	2.69^a	2.19	0.019
Arkansas	2.21	2.26	0.781	2.80	2.74	0.883	5.51	5.37	0.829	1.59	1.69	0.589	2.15	2.21	0.744
California	3.11^a	2.80	0.046	4.03	3.79	0.526	7.41	6.73	0.171	2.25	2.02	0.176	3.02^b	2.70	0.055
Colorado	2.88^b	3.30	0.091	4.05	3.98	0.912	7.33^a	9.34	0.034	1.99	2.24	0.350	2.76^b	3.24	0.074
Connecticut	3.26	3.11	0.638	3.70	3.25	0.401	8.55	8.71	0.886	2.35	2.18	0.625	3.21	3.09	0.728
Delaware	2.58	2.82	0.312	3.26	3.24	0.961	6.85	7.32	0.559	1.85	2.10	0.319	2.51	2.78	0.301
District of Columbia	2.92^b	3.50	0.063	3.08	3.36	0.575	5.97^a	7.81	0.019	2.28	2.67	0.269	2.91^b	3.51	0.068
Florida	2.27	2.41	0.331	3.29	3.51	0.551	6.40	6.55	0.793	1.58	1.73	0.320	2.17	2.31	0.372
Georgia	2.32	2.18	0.395	2.57	2.39	0.610	5.76	5.93	0.791	1.70	1.51	0.325	2.30	2.15	0.441
Hawaii	2.37^b	2.01	0.052	3.39	2.96	0.406	6.95	5.86	0.146	1.59	1.39	0.281	2.28^b	1.93	0.071
Idaho	2.56^a	2.09	0.016	3.49	2.86	0.153	6.73^a	5.33	0.028	1.73	1.45	0.169	2.45^a	2.00	0.031
Illinois	2.42	2.32	0.577	2.88	2.68	0.518	5.85	5.88	0.960	1.80	1.70	0.627	2.37	2.29	0.649
Indiana	2.26	2.18	0.685	2.91	2.31	0.139	5.38	5.51	0.855	1.62	1.58	0.843	2.19	2.17	0.922
Iowa	2.12	2.21	0.646	2.56	2.42	0.707	5.34	5.84	0.460	1.49	1.54	0.823	2.08	2.19	0.591
Kansas	2.00	1.91	0.638	2.67	2.24	0.268	5.26	5.02	0.721	1.32	1.32	0.974	1.93	1.88	0.806
Kentucky	2.50	2.41	0.681	2.83	2.55	0.504	6.46	6.58	0.872	1.81	1.72	0.684	2.46	2.40	0.770
Louisiana	2.37	2.37	0.988	2.30	2.15	0.662	6.24	6.39	0.849	1.72	1.74	0.932	2.38	2.40	0.929
Maine	2.45	2.70	0.274	2.93	2.90	0.943	6.63	7.35	0.382	1.84	2.06	0.367	2.41	2.69	0.261
Maryland	2.59	2.44	0.492	2.64	2.56	0.842	7.36	6.98	0.637	1.84	1.74	0.655	2.59	2.43	0.502
Massachusetts	3.15	3.03	0.646	3.00	2.90	0.809	7.54	7.47	0.935	2.41	2.28	0.678	3.17	3.04	0.665
Michigan	2.74	2.49	0.155	3.17^b	2.59	0.091	6.97	6.21	0.192	1.97	1.86	0.569	2.70	2.48	0.252
Minnesota	2.35	2.12	0.251	3.03	2.69	0.414	6.28	5.34	0.185	1.64	1.54	0.637	2.28	2.06	0.307
Mississippi	2.54	2.38	0.415	2.51	2.48	0.937	6.43	6.45	0.976	1.85	1.65	0.366	2.54	2.36	0.411
Missouri	2.38	2.27	0.588	2.83	2.34	0.196	5.62	5.81	0.755	1.79	1.69	0.658	2.33	2.27	0.756
Montana	2.67	2.64	0.886	3.55	3.39	0.726	7.41	7.63	0.798	1.80	1.76	0.857	2.58	2.57	0.942
Nebraska	2.12	2.29	0.321	2.60	2.57	0.946	5.81	6.51	0.309	1.39	1.50	0.527	2.06	2.26	0.298
Nevada	2.55^a	3.05	0.032	4.30	4.21	0.877	6.43^a	9.16	0.007	1.77	2.03	0.273	2.37^a	2.94	0.026
New Hampshire	2.87	2.66	0.371	3.05	2.92	0.778	8.17	8.51	0.647	2.02	1.73	0.258	2.85	2.64	0.385
New Jersey	1.84	1.85	0.951	2.41	2.40	0.971	5.59	5.52	0.900	1.22	1.25	0.858	1.79	1.80	0.939
New Mexico	2.76	2.81	0.834	4.55	4.25	0.657	7.66	8.11	0.614	1.72	1.76	0.845	2.57	2.66	0.720
New York	2.49	2.52	0.849	2.76	2.80	0.913	6.78	7.02	0.634	1.75	1.76	0.948	2.47	2.50	0.861
North Carolina	2.40	2.32	0.664	3.01	2.83	0.615	7.60	6.78	0.283	1.49	1.56	0.679	2.34	2.27	0.733
North Dakota	2.05	2.08	0.835	2.39	2.52	0.759	4.83	5.20	0.576	1.40	1.39	0.944	2.02	2.04	0.881
Ohio	2.28	2.53	0.116	2.49	2.69	0.501	6.28	6.77	0.395	1.61	1.84	0.190	2.25	2.51	0.135
Oklahoma	2.05	2.23	0.318	2.96	3.12	0.717	5.50	6.60	0.168	1.33	1.37	0.834	1.95	2.13	0.341
Oregon	3.43^b	2.99	0.083	4.72	4.01	0.222	8.35	7.46	0.323	2.55	2.21	0.232	3.31	2.90	0.127
Pennsylvania	2.41	2.23	0.259	2.23	2.14	0.745	6.09	5.47	0.228	1.85	1.74	0.541	2.42	2.24	0.274
Rhode Island	3.68^a	3.07	0.039	4.61^b	3.64	0.088	8.76	7.70	0.289	2.66	2.18	0.128	3.60^b	3.02	0.066
South Carolina	2.66	2.37	0.157	3.06	2.88	0.676	7.48	6.93	0.494	1.85	1.61	0.259	2.62	2.32	0.165
South Dakota	2.30	2.45	0.518	2.99	3.13	0.753	5.79	6.73	0.274	1.61	1.64	0.890	2.23	2.38	0.546
Tennessee	2.49	2.43	0.760	3.02	2.85	0.691	6.81	6.98	0.820	1.72	1.66	0.743	2.43	2.39	0.816
Texas	2.15	2.06	0.449	3.06^b	2.52	0.095	6.12	6.47	0.483	1.29	1.20	0.446	2.04	2.00	0.772
Utah	2.43	2.55	0.585	2.54	2.57	0.936	6.38	6.16	0.764	1.51	1.73	0.306	2.41	2.54	0.580
Vermont	3.28	3.30	0.929	3.23	3.25	0.969	9.72	10.33	0.583	2.15	2.09	0.828	3.28	3.31	0.932
Virginia	2.29	2.37	0.601	2.63	2.43	0.551	6.31	7.11	0.205	1.59	1.61	0.920	2.25	2.36	0.510
Washington	2.94	3.15	0.390	3.97	3.92	0.935	6.27	7.35	0.194	2.30	2.42	0.634	2.84	3.08	0.357
West Virginia	2.34	2.32	0.905	2.90	2.78	0.784	5.86	6.00	0.839	1.77	1.74	0.889	2.29	2.28	0.943
Wisconsin	2.31	2.00	0.114	3.22	2.55	0.108	6.05	5.18	0.256	1.59	1.41	0.396	2.22	1.95	0.185
Wyoming	2.17	2.05	0.493	3.74	3.13	0.265	5.81	5.40	0.568	1.38	1.39	0.950	2.01	1.94	0.699
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Respondents were classified as needing illicit drug treatment if they met the criteria for an illicit drug use disorder as defined in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) or received treatment for illicit drug use at a specialty facility (i.e., drug and alcohol rehabilitation facility [inpatient or outpatient], hospital [inpatient only], or mental health center). Needing But Not Receiving Illicit Drug Treatment refers to respondents who are classified as needing illicit drug treatment, but who did not receive illicit drug treatment at a specialty facility. Illicit Drug Use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 25 – Needing But Not Receiving Treatment at a Specialty Facility for Alcohol Use in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	5.48^a	5.22	0.004	2.15^a	1.79	0.000	10.47^a	9.99	0.031	5.05^b	4.85	0.059	5.82^a	5.57	0.009
Northeast	5.68^b	5.40	0.076	2.17^a	1.72	0.004	11.16	10.54	0.121	5.17	4.98	0.317	6.01	5.75	0.121
Midwest	5.58	5.52	0.605	2.20^a	1.89	0.018	10.64	10.67	0.932	5.14	5.10	0.777	5.93	5.89	0.763
South	5.01^a	4.73	0.016	2.06^a	1.64	0.001	9.67^a	9.09	0.043	4.60	4.40	0.164	5.31^a	5.05	0.035
West	5.99^a	5.59	0.020	2.23	1.99	0.146	11.06	10.40	0.114	5.58^b	5.23	0.091	6.38^a	5.96	0.026
Alabama	4.03	4.24	0.491	1.79	1.64	0.637	8.70	7.80	0.317	3.52	3.97	0.247	4.26	4.50	0.469
Alaska	6.54	6.35	0.664	2.28	1.98	0.412	10.06	10.27	0.853	6.47	6.26	0.719	7.02	6.84	0.709
Arizona	5.09	5.16	0.844	2.24	1.82	0.203	11.54	11.30	0.828	4.35	4.55	0.651	5.39	5.51	0.765
Arkansas	4.41	4.73	0.304	2.09	1.99	0.778	9.21	8.94	0.771	3.90	4.37	0.223	4.66	5.01	0.290
California	6.25^a	5.41	0.001	2.16	1.95	0.391	11.17^b	9.93	0.057	5.88^a	5.05	0.009	6.67^a	5.76	0.001
Colorado	6.48	6.27	0.634	2.44^b	1.88	0.089	11.59	12.01	0.709	6.10	5.86	0.657	6.89	6.72	0.720
Connecticut	6.45	5.77	0.111	2.62	2.41	0.616	10.72	10.21	0.653	6.20	5.44	0.149	6.83	6.10	0.116
Delaware	5.73	5.97	0.576	1.96	1.59	0.195	10.68	9.72	0.347	5.38	5.88	0.353	6.09	6.38	0.528
District of Columbia	8.03	8.19	0.761	1.78	1.74	0.926	14.29	13.64	0.640	7.16	7.56	0.525	8.38	8.55	0.759
Florida	5.23	5.03	0.459	2.14	1.99	0.594	9.56	9.76	0.763	4.93	4.68	0.452	5.50	5.29	0.478
Georgia	4.33	4.10	0.415	1.81^b	1.31	0.062	8.81	7.57	0.111	3.89	3.88	0.980	4.61	4.41	0.519
Hawaii	4.85	4.96	0.765	2.12	1.99	0.768	10.86	11.42	0.649	4.26	4.38	0.785	5.10	5.23	0.746
Idaho	5.21	5.41	0.635	2.47	2.03	0.243	9.48	9.32	0.870	4.88	5.23	0.511	5.55	5.81	0.556
Illinois	5.44	5.93	0.101	2.18	2.26	0.775	10.60	11.41	0.330	4.99	5.49	0.171	5.78	6.31	0.106
Indiana	5.00	4.94	0.851	2.09^b	1.56	0.099	10.11	9.84	0.794	4.47	4.52	0.914	5.32	5.31	0.977
Iowa	6.28	6.89	0.166	2.31	2.06	0.501	11.06^b	13.33	0.062	5.91	6.32	0.459	6.69	7.38	0.149
Kansas	4.96	5.38	0.220	2.39	2.29	0.779	11.74	11.34	0.709	4.07	4.71	0.131	5.25	5.72	0.210
Kentucky	4.80	4.72	0.829	2.06	1.64	0.225	8.81	8.67	0.876	4.47	4.44	0.957	5.08	5.03	0.907
Louisiana	5.99	5.55	0.270	2.50	2.05	0.192	8.87	9.13	0.816	5.93	5.39	0.285	6.36	5.92	0.320
Maine	5.44	5.41	0.940	2.39	2.13	0.469	10.10	9.80	0.782	5.11	5.14	0.957	5.70	5.69	0.972
Maryland	5.66	5.28	0.283	1.85	1.38	0.120	12.06	10.64	0.162	5.09	4.90	0.656	6.04	5.67	0.337
Massachusetts	6.90	6.70	0.624	2.33	2.01	0.388	12.23	13.13	0.439	6.46	6.09	0.465	7.31	7.12	0.665
Michigan	5.44	5.15	0.283	2.32^a	1.71	0.023	9.63	8.87	0.296	5.10	4.93	0.610	5.76	5.49	0.375
Minnesota	5.48	4.96	0.150	1.99	1.64	0.269	11.64	10.55	0.288	4.91	4.47	0.320	5.84	5.30	0.175
Mississippi	4.31	4.06	0.375	1.74	1.27	0.106	7.89	7.35	0.513	4.01	3.85	0.649	4.60	4.36	0.463
Missouri	5.36	4.93	0.223	2.20	1.82	0.246	10.64^b	8.83	0.073	4.86	4.66	0.658	5.68	5.24	0.258
Montana	6.52	7.08	0.230	2.60	3.27	0.212	12.92	13.06	0.911	5.91	6.54	0.285	6.89	7.44	0.282
Nebraska	5.91	5.66	0.521	2.30	2.03	0.435	10.62	12.01	0.237	5.53	5.00	0.287	6.30	6.06	0.567
Nevada	5.00	5.20	0.595	2.47	2.28	0.600	10.67	10.98	0.778	4.44	4.69	0.596	5.25	5.49	0.568
New Hampshire	5.83	5.95	0.781	2.17	1.84	0.346	10.62	11.83	0.285	5.46	5.46	0.996	6.16	6.32	0.742
New Jersey	4.75	4.61	0.672	2.17^b	1.54	0.055	11.74	11.08	0.519	4.00	4.00	0.997	5.01	4.92	0.802
New Mexico	6.23	5.57	0.118	2.57	2.07	0.189	11.78	10.64	0.329	5.76	5.16	0.275	6.62	5.94	0.145
New York	5.60	5.43	0.515	2.09	1.71	0.120	10.38	9.36	0.124	5.18	5.19	0.994	5.93	5.77	0.586
North Carolina	4.43	4.10	0.227	1.67	1.34	0.224	8.86^a	7.20	0.044	4.04	3.93	0.748	4.71	4.38	0.269
North Dakota	7.09	6.69	0.323	2.60^b	1.91	0.053	12.11	12.20	0.939	6.50	6.09	0.423	7.50	7.14	0.405
Ohio	5.52	5.21	0.241	2.06	1.64	0.104	9.97	10.15	0.813	5.22	4.85	0.257	5.88	5.58	0.298
Oklahoma	5.04	5.28	0.511	2.05	1.88	0.590	9.37	9.39	0.985	4.66	5.01	0.469	5.36	5.66	0.483
Oregon	6.70	7.13	0.357	2.63	2.67	0.936	10.82	11.71	0.401	6.50	6.92	0.483	7.07	7.54	0.365
Pennsylvania	5.48^b	4.90	0.060	2.03^a	1.41	0.019	11.60^b	10.19	0.086	4.89	4.46	0.249	5.80^b	5.22	0.085
Rhode Island	6.56	6.49	0.882	2.22	2.10	0.745	11.03	12.05	0.361	6.20	5.95	0.646	6.94	6.88	0.890
South Carolina	5.22	4.98	0.518	2.11^b	1.56	0.094	9.88	10.45	0.570	4.82	4.52	0.497	5.52	5.32	0.604
South Dakota	6.91	7.16	0.583	2.44	2.93	0.280	11.55	12.51	0.454	6.66	6.77	0.837	7.38	7.60	0.650
Tennessee	4.67	4.58	0.767	1.90	1.75	0.632	9.47	9.39	0.933	4.22	4.14	0.844	4.95	4.86	0.794
Texas	5.12^a	4.46	0.005	2.31^a	1.57	0.004	10.03	9.05	0.135	4.62^b	4.05	0.056	5.46^a	4.81	0.013
Utah	4.48	4.66	0.543	1.85	1.60	0.462	9.06	8.93	0.881	3.89	4.23	0.375	4.85	5.09	0.474
Vermont	6.08	6.65	0.164	2.39	2.32	0.865	13.13	14.44	0.345	5.21	5.72	0.299	6.39	7.01	0.166
Virginia	5.67	5.45	0.515	1.95	1.81	0.633	10.79	10.88	0.927	5.26	5.00	0.521	6.04	5.81	0.534
Washington	5.79	5.97	0.628	2.06	2.00	0.867	10.72	10.31	0.693	5.43	5.74	0.503	6.15	6.35	0.625
West Virginia	4.34	4.26	0.820	2.28	1.74	0.129	10.04	8.89	0.229	3.71	3.84	0.752	4.52	4.48	0.920
Wisconsin	6.68	6.56	0.767	2.41	2.05	0.322	12.29	13.36	0.371	6.26	5.97	0.582	7.12	7.01	0.823
Wyoming	6.38	6.36	0.968	2.61	2.35	0.497	11.71	11.20	0.659	5.94	6.06	0.808	6.76	6.77	0.981
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Respondents were classified as needing alcohol treatment if they met the criteria for an alcohol use disorder as defined in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) or received treatment for alcohol use at a specialty facility (i.e., drug and alcohol rehabilitation facility [inpatient or outpatient], hospital [inpatient only], or mental health center). Needing But Not Receiving Alcohol Treatment refers to respondents who are classified as needing alcohol treatment, but who did not receive alcohol treatment at a specialty facility. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 26 – Needing But Not Receiving Treatment at a Specialty Facility for Substance Use in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	12+ (2015-2016)	12+ (2016-2017)	12+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	7.08^a	6.82	0.005	4.38^a	3.89	0.000	14.34	14.07	0.279	6.20^b	5.98	0.054	7.36^a	7.11	0.017
Northeast	7.20	6.94	0.128	4.09^a	3.65	0.043	15.59	15.07	0.263	6.19	6.00	0.372	7.50	7.25	0.182
Midwest	7.14	6.99	0.283	4.40^a	3.83	0.002	14.75	14.46	0.466	6.20	6.13	0.688	7.43	7.31	0.465
South	6.50	6.28	0.105	4.03^a	3.60	0.025	13.38	13.22	0.650	5.67	5.49	0.274	6.76	6.56	0.174
West	7.87^a	7.42	0.013	5.13^a	4.57	0.035	14.56	14.29	0.578	7.06^a	6.62	0.044	8.15^a	7.71	0.025
Alabama	5.86	6.09	0.570	3.42	3.42	0.998	13.08	12.18	0.438	4.96	5.42	0.346	6.11	6.36	0.570
Alaska	8.78	8.46	0.536	5.83	5.33	0.420	13.59	14.18	0.656	8.30	7.91	0.546	9.12	8.81	0.596
Arizona	7.30	7.12	0.693	5.23^b	4.34	0.094	15.59	15.46	0.917	6.15	6.07	0.880	7.52	7.41	0.827
Arkansas	6.03	6.55	0.231	3.89	3.80	0.842	13.06	13.36	0.782	5.13	5.77	0.212	6.26	6.85	0.216
California	8.09^a	7.14	0.001	5.08	4.47	0.117	14.40	13.28	0.136	7.35^a	6.42	0.005	8.40^a	7.41	0.001
Colorado	8.27	8.57	0.545	5.49	4.89	0.327	16.35^b	18.86	0.074	7.24	7.32	0.889	8.55	8.94	0.473
Connecticut	8.47^b	7.51	0.060	5.17	4.54	0.298	16.77	16.35	0.775	7.51^b	6.42	0.067	8.81^b	7.80	0.075
Delaware	7.22	7.70	0.363	4.29	4.00	0.564	14.83	14.61	0.857	6.37	7.07	0.265	7.50	8.05	0.337
District of Columbia	9.80	10.37	0.339	4.61	4.98	0.558	17.45	17.95	0.709	8.57	9.26	0.341	10.09	10.67	0.356
Florida	6.71	6.65	0.831	4.29	4.42	0.742	13.90	13.94	0.960	5.94	5.87	0.836	6.93	6.84	0.796
Georgia	5.93	5.72	0.536	3.45	2.90	0.182	11.53	11.04	0.601	5.30	5.20	0.802	6.22	6.04	0.641
Hawaii	6.51	6.30	0.627	4.47	4.08	0.486	14.15	14.41	0.839	5.60	5.41	0.699	6.70	6.50	0.677
Idaho	7.06	6.98	0.861	4.79	4.04	0.157	13.81	12.39	0.195	6.25	6.49	0.683	7.34	7.33	0.991
Illinois	7.08	7.45	0.285	4.53	4.35	0.661	13.90	14.96	0.274	6.27	6.61	0.407	7.35	7.78	0.264
Indiana	6.56	6.54	0.951	4.06^b	3.16	0.064	13.96	13.68	0.813	5.58	5.72	0.769	6.83	6.90	0.878
Iowa	7.26^b	8.15	0.068	4.34	3.92	0.405	14.26^b	16.82	0.058	6.36	7.11	0.193	7.56^b	8.58	0.056
Kansas	6.15	6.32	0.666	4.31	3.89	0.372	14.29	13.62	0.558	4.91	5.33	0.383	6.35	6.59	0.588
Kentucky	6.69	6.34	0.425	4.09	3.53	0.257	13.69	13.20	0.609	5.85	5.56	0.585	6.96	6.63	0.489
Louisiana	7.54	7.22	0.481	4.32^b	3.49	0.078	13.11	13.59	0.691	7.00	6.62	0.509	7.88	7.61	0.587
Maine	7.18	7.69	0.285	4.85	4.64	0.682	15.12	15.55	0.728	6.34	6.93	0.299	7.38	7.94	0.275
Maryland	7.38	6.81	0.193	3.83	3.33	0.275	15.68	15.07	0.591	6.49	5.94	0.292	7.74	7.15	0.228
Massachusetts	8.78	8.75	0.954	4.61	4.26	0.516	18.04	19.02	0.445	7.62	7.46	0.795	9.16	9.15	0.993
Michigan	7.33	6.93	0.211	4.55^a	3.63	0.016	14.35	13.12	0.130	6.46	6.28	0.636	7.61	7.26	0.315
Minnesota	6.74^b	5.97	0.056	4.31	3.75	0.262	15.32	13.67	0.145	5.66	5.01	0.174	6.99^b	6.19	0.072
Mississippi	5.94	5.73	0.575	3.70	3.37	0.474	11.63	11.94	0.748	5.22	4.96	0.566	6.18	5.99	0.630
Missouri	7.02	6.54	0.259	4.42^b	3.59	0.077	14.68	12.88	0.112	6.07	5.86	0.685	7.29	6.84	0.337
Montana	8.26	8.32	0.891	5.56	5.71	0.828	18.06	17.19	0.510	6.95	7.19	0.686	8.51	8.57	0.914
Nebraska	7.00	6.78	0.610	4.11	3.86	0.619	14.84	16.20	0.261	5.97	5.48	0.344	7.31	7.10	0.652
Nevada	6.95	7.68	0.160	5.81	5.42	0.542	13.23^a	16.50	0.016	6.14	6.66	0.401	7.07	7.91	0.138
New Hampshire	7.63	7.80	0.739	4.35	4.17	0.722	16.64	18.13	0.241	6.56	6.58	0.979	7.93	8.13	0.721
New Jersey	5.82	5.74	0.825	3.75	3.21	0.225	14.25	14.07	0.863	4.80	4.79	0.979	6.03	5.99	0.924
New Mexico	8.35^b	7.44	0.076	6.22	5.20	0.150	15.78	15.54	0.844	7.37	6.38	0.121	8.58	7.68	0.107
New York	7.13	7.05	0.785	4.10	3.73	0.309	14.75	14.19	0.467	6.18	6.24	0.873	7.41	7.35	0.855
North Carolina	5.84	5.59	0.473	3.80	3.34	0.269	12.95	11.33	0.109	4.94	4.95	0.980	6.05	5.82	0.544
North Dakota	8.12	7.57	0.241	4.72	3.93	0.132	15.30	14.59	0.565	6.94	6.52	0.455	8.43	7.90	0.303
Ohio	7.18	7.04	0.653	4.12	3.74	0.286	15.04	14.76	0.757	6.29	6.20	0.815	7.50	7.37	0.723
Oklahoma	6.25	6.83	0.184	4.13	4.25	0.803	12.71	13.40	0.558	5.39	6.04	0.222	6.48	7.12	0.186
Oregon	9.31	8.88	0.448	6.14	5.24	0.149	16.83	16.54	0.824	8.50	8.12	0.572	9.60	9.22	0.526
Pennsylvania	6.86^a	6.12	0.033	3.47	2.97	0.179	15.63^a	13.58	0.023	5.85	5.30	0.170	7.18^a	6.41	0.042
Rhode Island	8.53	7.96	0.257	5.68^b	4.61	0.077	16.48	16.40	0.957	7.39	6.79	0.319	8.79	8.25	0.329
South Carolina	7.21	6.90	0.451	4.28	3.94	0.479	15.08	16.01	0.412	6.29	5.81	0.347	7.50	7.18	0.491
South Dakota	8.12	8.24	0.823	5.03	5.35	0.594	15.86	17.09	0.392	7.15	7.09	0.923	8.44	8.54	0.861
Tennessee	6.20	6.14	0.855	3.90	3.72	0.716	12.93	13.60	0.531	5.39	5.23	0.740	6.44	6.38	0.885
Texas	6.35^a	5.72	0.018	4.30^a	3.35	0.015	13.14	12.71	0.551	5.41^b	4.81	0.066	6.60^a	6.01	0.044
Utah	5.57	6.11	0.159	3.19	3.09	0.823	11.59	12.11	0.600	4.62	5.29	0.157	5.91	6.53	0.142
Vermont	8.31	8.75	0.415	4.93	4.87	0.911	20.66	21.49	0.597	6.49	6.91	0.494	8.60	9.07	0.416
Virginia	7.02	7.06	0.909	3.65	3.60	0.904	14.28	15.42	0.243	6.22	6.12	0.827	7.35	7.40	0.901
Washington	7.60	7.97	0.406	4.99	4.99	0.996	13.26	14.09	0.455	6.99	7.36	0.499	7.85	8.26	0.404
West Virginia	5.91	5.98	0.886	4.65	4.27	0.495	13.62	13.05	0.607	4.90	5.12	0.688	6.02	6.13	0.830
Wisconsin	8.26^b	7.42	0.082	4.96^b	4.00	0.056	17.46	16.52	0.472	7.13	6.32	0.163	8.60	7.76	0.114
Wyoming	7.38	7.12	0.557	5.19	4.48	0.250	14.54	13.23	0.253	6.45	6.46	0.982	7.60	7.39	0.660
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met the criteria for a illicit drug or alcohol use disorder as defined in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) or received treatment for illicit drug or alcohol use at a specialty facility (i.e., drug and alcohol rehabilitation facility [inpatient or outpatient], hospital [inpatient only], or mental health center). Needing But Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment refers to respondents who are classified as needing illicit drug or alcohol treatment, but who did not receive illicit drug or alcohol treatment at a specialty facility. Illicit Drug Use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one's own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 27 – Serious Mental Illness in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	4.13^a	4.38	0.004	5.46^a	6.68	0.000	3.91	4.01	0.306
Northeast	4.07	4.16	0.502	5.56^a	6.58	0.000	3.83	3.78	0.746
Midwest	4.37^a	4.64	0.030	5.94^a	7.09	0.000	4.11	4.24	0.360
South	4.05^a	4.31	0.017	5.03^a	6.25	0.000	3.89	4.00	0.364
West	4.09^a	4.43	0.012	5.62^a	7.05	0.000	3.82	3.99	0.266
Alabama	4.23	4.80	0.129	5.07	5.95	0.134	4.09	4.62	0.227
Alaska	4.53	5.02	0.195	7.17^b	8.53	0.092	4.04	4.43	0.366
Arizona	4.04	4.13	0.788	5.52	6.37	0.190	3.79	3.76	0.935
Arkansas	5.45	5.44	0.995	5.98	6.65	0.331	5.36	5.25	0.829
California	3.61^b	3.94	0.083	5.05^a	6.61	0.000	3.36	3.48	0.549
Colorado	4.61	5.08	0.239	6.65^a	8.67	0.014	4.27	4.49	0.610
Connecticut	3.59^b	4.16	0.067	5.44^a	7.43	0.006	3.28	3.63	0.317
Delaware	4.23^b	4.90	0.079	5.91^a	7.70	0.010	3.97	4.48	0.239
District of Columbia	3.92	4.43	0.108	5.38	6.25	0.200	3.61	4.08	0.210
Florida	3.56	3.83	0.254	5.06^a	6.41	0.003	3.35	3.48	0.623
Georgia	4.17	4.35	0.585	4.49^a	5.83	0.009	4.11	4.09	0.961
Hawaii	3.18	3.49	0.360	4.70^a	6.76	0.006	2.96	3.04	0.823
Idaho	4.98^a	5.81	0.049	6.70	7.90	0.118	4.69	5.47	0.110
Illinois	3.74	4.14	0.107	5.20^a	6.41	0.023	3.49	3.77	0.318
Indiana	4.93	5.19	0.508	6.49^b	7.85	0.053	4.66	4.72	0.882
Iowa	3.93^b	4.59	0.055	5.59^a	6.99	0.038	3.63	4.16	0.172
Kansas	4.37	4.79	0.234	5.91^b	7.17	0.076	4.09	4.37	0.491
Kentucky	5.25	5.58	0.453	5.89^a	7.53	0.021	5.14	5.26	0.814
Louisiana	4.53	4.72	0.632	4.97	5.47	0.388	4.45	4.60	0.757
Maine	4.35	4.60	0.502	5.62^a	7.71	0.007	4.18	4.19	0.980
Maryland	3.41^b	3.90	0.075	5.14^a	6.48	0.029	3.14	3.51	0.232
Massachusetts	4.32	4.76	0.206	6.08^a	7.46	0.047	4.02	4.29	0.482
Michigan	4.44	4.56	0.684	5.83	6.64	0.115	4.21	4.21	0.990
Minnesota	4.25	4.24	0.976	5.96^b	7.33	0.052	3.98	3.75	0.502
Mississippi	3.92^a	4.64	0.049	4.46^a	5.94	0.014	3.82	4.41	0.150
Missouri	4.17^b	4.91	0.053	5.53^a	6.85	0.049	3.94	4.59	0.134
Montana	5.34	5.18	0.698	6.99	7.75	0.336	5.08	4.77	0.515
Nebraska	4.17	4.30	0.708	5.69	6.58	0.157	3.90	3.89	0.984
Nevada	4.21	4.28	0.856	5.76	6.49	0.288	3.98	3.96	0.958
New Hampshire	5.07	5.28	0.618	8.24	8.90	0.433	4.57	4.72	0.757
New Jersey	3.57	3.67	0.695	5.36	6.31	0.108	3.30	3.28	0.968
New Mexico	4.43	4.39	0.922	5.09^b	6.29	0.059	4.32	4.08	0.600
New York	4.08	3.83	0.332	5.24	5.87	0.189	3.88	3.50	0.174
North Carolina	4.72	4.66	0.881	4.42^a	6.27	0.001	4.77	4.41	0.386
North Dakota	4.03^b	4.61	0.084	5.89^a	7.39	0.024	3.63	4.03	0.287
Ohio	5.13	4.95	0.586	6.78	7.60	0.146	4.87	4.53	0.363
Oklahoma	4.60	4.99	0.309	5.41^a	7.04	0.016	4.45	4.64	0.676
Oregon	5.19	5.37	0.653	7.84	8.32	0.547	4.79	4.93	0.751
Pennsylvania	4.20	4.44	0.368	5.57^a	6.66	0.032	3.98	4.10	0.701
Rhode Island	4.24	4.52	0.437	5.71^a	7.07	0.039	3.97	4.06	0.827
South Carolina	3.98	4.36	0.272	4.79^a	6.12	0.032	3.85	4.09	0.545
South Dakota	4.12	4.44	0.305	5.61^a	7.48	0.010	3.86	3.93	0.839
Tennessee	4.98	5.19	0.602	5.62^a	7.12	0.018	4.87	4.89	0.979
Texas	3.26^a	3.76	0.020	4.80^a	5.90	0.017	2.98	3.38	0.104
Utah	5.20^a	6.18	0.021	6.77^a	9.51	0.003	4.84	5.43	0.221
Vermont	5.32	5.41	0.826	6.27^a	7.78	0.044	5.16	5.00	0.717
Virginia	4.60^b	4.01	0.068	5.62	5.99	0.490	4.43^a	3.70	0.042
Washington	4.80	5.37	0.153	5.95	7.01	0.127	4.62	5.12	0.268
West Virginia	5.18	5.69	0.293	6.22^a	7.55	0.050	5.03	5.41	0.473
Wisconsin	4.24^b	4.88	0.059	6.21^b	7.53	0.061	3.91	4.45	0.157
Wyoming	4.62	4.84	0.500	6.73	7.66	0.199	4.27	4.39	0.737
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Serious mental illness (SMI) is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder, assessed by the Mental Health Surveillance Study (MHSS) Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Fourth Edition—Research Version—Axis I Disorders (MHSS-SCID), which is based on the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). SMI includes individuals with diagnoses resulting in serious functional impairment. For details, see Section B of the "2016-2017 NSDUH: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology" at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 28 – Any Mental Illness in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	18.07^a	18.57	0.007	21.89^a	23.93	0.000	17.44	17.69	0.207
Northeast	17.86	18.01	0.670	22.58^a	24.10	0.003	17.10	17.03	0.865
Midwest	18.01^a	18.78	0.006	22.25^a	24.92	0.000	17.30	17.76	0.151
South	17.95	18.18	0.340	20.50^a	22.47	0.000	17.53	17.49	0.876
West	18.48^a	19.41	0.004	23.21^a	25.19	0.000	17.67^a	18.45	0.033
Alabama	18.47	19.95	0.120	20.07	21.52	0.240	18.20	19.69	0.165
Alaska	20.01	20.32	0.713	27.17	27.34	0.913	18.70	19.14	0.636
Arizona	17.52	18.02	0.584	20.65	22.39	0.210	16.99	17.30	0.765
Arkansas	21.02	20.73	0.755	22.88	24.46	0.258	20.71	20.11	0.573
California	17.15^a	18.18	0.039	22.21^a	24.75	0.003	16.26	17.06	0.151
Colorado	20.05	19.86	0.819	25.63	27.72	0.174	19.11	18.58	0.567
Connecticut	18.00	18.18	0.832	23.48	25.56	0.153	17.11	16.98	0.899
Delaware	17.71	18.65	0.264	21.60	23.52	0.193	17.11	17.93	0.391
District of Columbia	18.82^a	21.17	0.006	21.11^a	23.89	0.042	18.35^a	20.65	0.019
Florida	17.30	17.54	0.671	20.57^a	22.74	0.014	16.84	16.83	0.981
Georgia	17.74	18.07	0.660	18.88^a	21.26	0.028	17.55	17.53	0.987
Hawaii	15.55	16.27	0.395	21.10	22.94	0.198	14.74	15.36	0.509
Idaho	21.62^a	25.03	0.001	25.08^b	27.79	0.077	21.03^a	24.57	0.002
Illinois	15.73^b	16.76	0.094	19.43^a	22.82	0.001	15.12	15.78	0.343
Indiana	19.95	20.90	0.292	24.86^b	27.45	0.066	19.08	19.75	0.520
Iowa	17.72	19.02	0.120	21.52^a	25.26	0.005	17.04	17.90	0.360
Kansas	18.17^b	19.71	0.068	21.42^a	24.72	0.022	17.58	18.81	0.194
Kentucky	22.08	22.29	0.833	21.20	22.83	0.259	22.23	22.21	0.984
Louisiana	17.31^a	19.11	0.047	16.91^a	19.67	0.027	17.38	19.02	0.109
Maine	17.62	19.01	0.106	21.87^a	26.59	0.002	17.04	17.99	0.318
Maryland	16.59	16.94	0.646	21.77	23.18	0.288	15.78	15.99	0.807
Massachusetts	19.34	20.57	0.172	24.09	26.23	0.153	18.51	19.59	0.285
Michigan	17.33	18.34	0.102	21.87^a	24.05	0.030	16.55	17.39	0.245
Minnesota	18.24	18.21	0.978	24.49^a	28.73	0.003	17.24	16.55	0.445
Mississippi	17.49^b	19.04	0.082	17.19^b	19.70	0.053	17.55	18.92	0.172
Missouri	18.03^a	20.05	0.025	19.43^a	23.27	0.004	17.80^b	19.52	0.088
Montana	20.57	19.78	0.382	25.39	26.11	0.629	19.79	18.77	0.312
Nebraska	18.39	17.88	0.531	22.75	24.79	0.119	17.61	16.64	0.303
Nevada	18.33	18.87	0.532	22.05^a	24.82	0.041	17.77	18.01	0.806
New Hampshire	19.36	19.15	0.809	26.10	26.70	0.690	18.30	17.98	0.745
New Jersey	15.50	16.19	0.326	20.29	20.96	0.566	14.78	15.48	0.372
New Mexico	19.19	17.73	0.128	23.51	24.08	0.671	18.46	16.68	0.102
New York	17.54	17.61	0.901	22.32	23.63	0.147	16.74	16.63	0.865
North Carolina	18.98	18.02	0.235	21.46	22.32	0.482	18.58	17.34	0.173
North Dakota	17.06	18.30	0.121	21.25^a	23.90	0.042	16.14	17.15	0.275
Ohio	19.72	19.85	0.838	24.18	25.42	0.232	19.01	18.97	0.957
Oklahoma	18.93	20.02	0.244	21.43	23.59	0.115	18.50	19.40	0.386
Oregon	22.61	23.59	0.332	28.37	27.85	0.749	21.74	22.95	0.280
Pennsylvania	18.76	17.98	0.219	22.65^b	24.38	0.071	18.16	16.99	0.103
Rhode Island	19.23	19.59	0.681	23.60	24.76	0.426	18.43	18.67	0.815
South Carolina	18.12	18.56	0.599	21.43^b	23.73	0.092	17.59	17.76	0.863
South Dakota	17.83	17.70	0.879	21.97	23.75	0.209	17.11	16.68	0.636
Tennessee	19.63	19.24	0.658	21.79	23.90	0.123	19.28	18.50	0.433
Texas	16.04	16.32	0.568	19.41^a	21.62	0.012	15.42	15.37	0.933
Utah	22.27	23.47	0.160	25.20^a	28.99	0.014	21.61	22.24	0.521
Vermont	20.85	19.84	0.257	28.30	30.05	0.287	19.55	18.06	0.143
Virginia	19.96	18.78	0.112	23.98	25.39	0.260	19.30^b	17.72	0.057
Washington	20.72^a	22.81	0.030	25.34	24.81	0.743	19.99^a	22.51	0.019
West Virginia	20.90^b	22.89	0.067	21.96	23.96	0.163	20.75^b	22.73	0.096
Wisconsin	18.51	18.54	0.973	24.00	25.53	0.270	17.61	17.40	0.824
Wyoming	19.46	20.25	0.378	23.71^a	26.55	0.049	18.76	19.25	0.629
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Any mental illness (AMI) is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder, assessed by the Mental Health Surveillance Study (MHSS) Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Fourth Edition—Research Version—Axis I Disorders (MHSS-SCID), which is based on the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). For details, see Section B of the "2016-2017 NSDUH: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology" at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 29 – Received Mental Health Services in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	14.28^b	14.60	0.056	12.28^a	13.90	0.000	14.61	14.72	0.578
Northeast	15.74	15.66	0.805	13.59^a	15.18	0.000	16.08	15.74	0.321
Midwest	15.75^a	16.45	0.010	14.36^a	16.04	0.000	15.99^b	16.52	0.090
South	13.52	13.81	0.214	11.18^a	12.72	0.000	13.91	13.99	0.770
West	13.06	13.42	0.206	11.21^a	12.88	0.000	13.37	13.51	0.682
Alabama	12.98	13.97	0.193	10.60	11.62	0.295	13.38	14.35	0.268
Alaska	13.54	13.02	0.418	13.38	13.42	0.975	13.57	12.95	0.402
Arizona	11.87^b	13.24	0.084	10.44	11.31	0.404	12.12	13.56	0.114
Arkansas	15.54	16.07	0.530	12.89	14.44	0.150	15.97	16.34	0.709
California	11.59	11.72	0.745	9.51^a	11.34	0.004	11.95	11.78	0.725
Colorado	15.86	15.62	0.767	14.38^a	17.01	0.036	16.10	15.39	0.442
Connecticut	17.05	16.61	0.619	15.28^a	18.42	0.011	17.33	16.31	0.322
Delaware	15.06	15.95	0.282	12.18^a	14.60	0.033	15.50	16.15	0.493
District of Columbia	15.18^a	16.82	0.041	12.90^b	15.34	0.051	15.65	17.12	0.120
Florida	12.75	13.37	0.240	10.09^a	12.49	0.001	13.12	13.48	0.539
Georgia	12.03^b	13.17	0.067	9.43^a	11.26	0.031	12.48	13.50	0.158
Hawaii	9.03^a	10.67	0.017	8.91^a	11.77	0.006	9.04^b	10.51	0.055
Idaho	16.64	17.28	0.492	16.47	17.22	0.541	16.67	17.29	0.561
Illinois	13.64	14.50	0.111	12.44^a	14.49	0.025	13.84	14.51	0.279
Indiana	15.36^a	17.64	0.005	13.97^a	17.82	0.002	15.61^a	17.62	0.034
Iowa	16.75	17.59	0.299	14.91^a	18.49	0.006	17.07	17.43	0.705
Kansas	14.20	15.39	0.128	13.92	15.03	0.335	14.25	15.46	0.189
Kentucky	17.94	17.61	0.712	15.45	16.63	0.348	18.35	17.77	0.570
Louisiana	13.35	13.49	0.851	10.71	11.52	0.392	13.80	13.81	0.992
Maine	19.37	19.16	0.812	17.37	19.18	0.180	19.64	19.15	0.629
Maryland	13.66	14.19	0.487	13.61	15.15	0.166	13.67	14.04	0.670
Massachusetts	18.86	19.69	0.379	16.59	17.31	0.594	19.25	20.11	0.436
Michigan	16.12	16.42	0.615	14.95	15.31	0.657	16.31	16.61	0.678
Minnesota	19.08	17.99	0.207	17.41	18.30	0.517	19.35	17.94	0.155
Mississippi	11.98^b	13.28	0.088	9.53	10.15	0.547	12.41	13.82	0.110
Missouri	15.70	16.82	0.179	12.28^a	15.50	0.006	16.27	17.03	0.419
Montana	16.48	15.23	0.110	16.61	16.24	0.784	16.46	15.07	0.118
Nebraska	15.93	15.77	0.834	15.80	16.63	0.476	15.95	15.61	0.710
Nevada	11.63	12.40	0.302	8.96^a	10.98	0.033	12.03	12.60	0.503
New Hampshire	20.72^b	19.12	0.094	20.55	19.88	0.640	20.75	19.00	0.115
New Jersey	12.67	12.45	0.744	11.82	12.09	0.787	12.80	12.51	0.703
New Mexico	12.95	12.74	0.772	10.60^b	12.32	0.094	13.35	12.80	0.527
New York	14.47	14.16	0.545	12.10^a	13.83	0.020	14.86	14.21	0.266
North Carolina	16.01	15.12	0.183	12.69	13.07	0.695	16.55	15.44	0.151
North Dakota	14.48	15.51	0.164	12.92^b	15.10	0.059	14.82	15.61	0.367
Ohio	16.50	17.05	0.359	15.07	16.05	0.274	16.73	17.20	0.484
Oklahoma	15.13	14.52	0.453	13.28	13.49	0.858	15.45	14.70	0.421
Oregon	17.52	16.90	0.439	16.00	15.84	0.902	17.75	17.06	0.443
Pennsylvania	16.35	16.39	0.947	13.06^a	15.59	0.005	16.86	16.51	0.612
Rhode Island	18.96	19.73	0.428	16.54	18.57	0.142	19.40	19.94	0.629
South Carolina	14.42	14.62	0.792	13.42	13.91	0.662	14.58	14.73	0.861
South Dakota	14.95	15.38	0.563	14.67^b	16.86	0.067	15.00	15.14	0.873
Tennessee	15.10	14.92	0.817	12.88	13.53	0.540	15.46	15.14	0.718
Texas	10.97	11.54	0.210	8.91^a	11.37	0.000	11.35	11.57	0.667
Utah	15.72^a	17.53	0.029	15.70^b	18.21	0.059	15.73^b	17.38	0.087
Vermont	20.39	21.38	0.338	22.34	23.04	0.686	20.05	21.09	0.374
Virginia	16.54	15.51	0.134	13.97	14.27	0.770	16.95	15.71	0.110
Washington	16.37	17.42	0.244	13.49	14.86	0.276	16.83	17.81	0.334
West Virginia	17.01	17.78	0.387	13.88^a	16.68	0.027	17.47	17.94	0.641
Wisconsin	16.07	16.76	0.387	15.55	15.99	0.712	16.15	16.89	0.426
Wyoming	13.98	13.48	0.522	13.20^a	15.78	0.031	14.11	13.12	0.251
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Mental Health Services are defined as having received inpatient treatment/counseling or outpatient treatment/counseling or having used prescription medication for problems with emotions, nerves, or mental health. Respondents were not to include treatment for drug or alcohol use. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 30 – Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	4.04^b	4.19	0.078	8.57^a	9.64	0.000	3.30	3.31	0.910
Northeast	4.03	3.99	0.732	8.81^a	9.50	0.036	3.26	3.11	0.297
Midwest	4.14^b	4.35	0.077	8.66^a	9.98	0.000	3.38	3.41	0.801
South	3.84^b	4.03	0.065	8.06^a	9.24	0.000	3.15	3.20	0.631
West	4.30	4.45	0.245	9.09^a	10.07	0.011	3.48	3.52	0.753
Alabama	3.57	3.89	0.250	7.27^b	8.71	0.083	2.96	3.11	0.617
Alaska	5.15	5.34	0.624	11.76	13.26	0.169	3.94	4.01	0.876
Arizona	4.01	4.02	0.975	8.92	9.28	0.667	3.18	3.15	0.915
Arkansas	4.47	4.59	0.711	8.60	9.83	0.153	3.78	3.73	0.889
California	3.96	4.04	0.693	8.54^a	9.68	0.049	3.17	3.09	0.691
Colorado	4.88	5.41	0.152	9.56^b	11.25	0.085	4.10	4.46	0.372
Connecticut	3.76	4.05	0.363	8.56^b	10.03	0.098	2.98	3.08	0.765
Delaware	4.35	4.16	0.558	9.13	9.61	0.573	3.62	3.35	0.452
District of Columbia	4.22	4.11	0.718	7.93	8.55	0.456	3.46	3.24	0.528
Florida	3.34	3.49	0.488	8.12^a	9.38	0.027	2.67	2.69	0.949
Georgia	3.94	4.38	0.124	7.02^a	8.73	0.010	3.41	3.65	0.432
Hawaii	3.79	4.08	0.409	8.99	10.08	0.262	3.03	3.26	0.548
Idaho	4.84^a	5.60	0.034	9.36	10.59	0.202	4.08^b	4.78	0.075
Illinois	3.89	3.87	0.931	8.45	9.33	0.207	3.14	2.98	0.523
Indiana	4.58	5.04	0.165	9.12^a	11.05	0.031	3.78	3.99	0.565
Iowa	3.94^a	4.69	0.029	8.74^a	10.58	0.038	3.08	3.64	0.121
Kansas	4.72	4.87	0.652	9.34	10.29	0.310	3.88	3.90	0.963
Kentucky	5.08	4.71	0.289	9.36	10.47	0.220	4.38	3.78	0.118
Louisiana	4.24	4.25	0.984	7.78	8.07	0.697	3.64	3.62	0.948
Maine	3.74	3.99	0.430	7.68^a	9.98	0.010	3.22	3.19	0.947
Maryland	3.82	4.00	0.524	8.23	9.04	0.314	3.13	3.23	0.754
Massachusetts	3.97^b	4.57	0.075	8.49^b	10.07	0.066	3.19	3.63	0.223
Michigan	3.91	3.99	0.731	8.35	9.33	0.120	3.16	3.10	0.783
Minnesota	4.15	4.52	0.225	8.79	10.17	0.134	3.41	3.63	0.494
Mississippi	3.78	4.01	0.393	7.72	8.54	0.248	3.08	3.22	0.635
Missouri	3.47^a	4.04	0.050	7.18^a	9.75	0.004	2.86	3.11	0.403
Montana	5.29	4.91	0.289	10.47	11.26	0.439	4.45	3.90	0.148
Nebraska	4.42	4.05	0.212	8.12	9.21	0.193	3.76^b	3.13	0.051
Nevada	4.29	4.62	0.310	8.90	10.40	0.122	3.60	3.78	0.592
New Hampshire	5.01	4.89	0.750	10.26	10.87	0.517	4.18	3.97	0.591
New Jersey	3.58	3.41	0.500	8.47	9.14	0.376	2.85	2.56	0.285
New Mexico	4.28	4.01	0.380	8.88	8.78	0.911	3.50	3.23	0.391
New York	3.94	3.68	0.252	8.82	9.22	0.503	3.13	2.79	0.161
North Carolina	4.23	4.57	0.287	7.71^a	9.67	0.013	3.67	3.77	0.778
North Dakota	4.17	4.57	0.185	8.47^b	10.07	0.072	3.24	3.43	0.527
Ohio	4.47	4.56	0.727	9.27	10.09	0.217	3.70	3.68	0.948
Oklahoma	3.77	4.10	0.271	7.54^b	9.03	0.095	3.12	3.25	0.657
Oregon	5.07	5.18	0.742	11.52	11.01	0.621	4.09	4.32	0.546
Pennsylvania	4.41	4.28	0.627	9.05	9.30	0.714	3.69	3.51	0.537
Rhode Island	4.49	4.78	0.430	9.55	10.62	0.262	3.57	3.73	0.686
South Carolina	3.73	4.11	0.219	7.25^a	9.27	0.015	3.17	3.31	0.672
South Dakota	3.82^a	4.40	0.047	7.47^a	9.85	0.009	3.19	3.48	0.344
Tennessee	4.55	4.50	0.878	8.33	9.29	0.238	3.94	3.74	0.579
Texas	3.51	3.72	0.263	8.38	9.31	0.132	2.62	2.72	0.601
Utah	5.62	5.99	0.359	10.49	12.23	0.113	4.52	4.60	0.851
Vermont	5.48	5.31	0.648	10.34	11.29	0.358	4.64	4.27	0.374
Virginia	3.96	4.20	0.388	8.57	9.26	0.352	3.21	3.40	0.531
Washington	4.73	5.06	0.336	9.67	10.08	0.663	3.96	4.30	0.354
West Virginia	4.31	4.75	0.227	8.72	10.01	0.136	3.66	3.99	0.413
Wisconsin	4.41	4.60	0.581	9.41	10.87	0.121	3.59	3.57	0.953
Wyoming	4.14	4.39	0.411	8.66^a	10.57	0.043	3.39	3.41	0.955
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Respondents were asked, "At any time in the past 12 months, did you seriously think about trying to kill yourself?" If they answered "Yes," they were categorized as having serious thoughts of suicide in the past year. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

180917

Table 31 – Major Depressive Episode in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages, and P Values from Tests of Differences between Percentages, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 NSDUHs
State	18+ (2015-2016)	18+ (2016-2017)	18+ (P Value)	12-17 (2015-2016)	12-17 (2016-2017)	12-17 (P Value)	18-25 (2015-2016)	18-25 (2016-2017)	18-25 (P Value)	26+ (2015-2016)	26+ (2016-2017)	26+ (P Value)
Total U.S.	6.70^b	6.89	0.087	12.63	13.01	0.108	10.59^a	11.95	0.000	6.06	6.07	0.911
Northeast	6.80	6.76	0.805	12.13	12.14	0.980	11.08	11.77	0.102	6.11	5.96	0.472
Midwest	6.89^b	7.24	0.051	13.53	13.93	0.237	11.01^a	12.61	0.000	6.20	6.35	0.469
South	6.60	6.66	0.647	11.90	12.39	0.108	9.91^a	10.91	0.001	6.05	5.98	0.667
West	6.61^a	7.05	0.020	13.32	13.79	0.267	10.89^a	13.11	0.000	5.88	6.05	0.430
Alabama	6.66	7.24	0.278	11.18	11.90	0.402	9.99	10.47	0.597	6.12	6.72	0.313
Alaska	7.39	7.69	0.549	15.22	14.27	0.377	12.85	13.28	0.707	6.40	6.76	0.515
Arizona	6.03	6.53	0.327	11.68	13.06	0.201	8.61^a	10.62	0.026	5.60	5.86	0.652
Arkansas	8.13	8.19	0.918	13.05	13.36	0.760	10.60	12.24	0.119	7.72	7.53	0.772
California	6.04	6.48	0.115	12.93	13.23	0.649	10.65^a	13.14	0.000	5.23	5.36	0.689
Colorado	7.62	7.70	0.881	14.59	13.89	0.501	12.66^b	15.01	0.058	6.78	6.51	0.642
Connecticut	6.84	6.97	0.787	12.52	13.16	0.531	11.73	13.10	0.224	6.05	5.98	0.910
Delaware	6.52	7.07	0.261	11.94	11.58	0.691	10.34	11.82	0.156	5.94	6.37	0.416
District of Columbia	7.28	7.89	0.248	9.91	10.49	0.506	11.88	12.25	0.752	6.34	7.04	0.225
Florida	6.12	6.20	0.812	12.84	13.09	0.706	10.40	11.15	0.265	5.52	5.52	0.990
Georgia	6.72	6.90	0.703	10.14	11.44	0.101	9.39	10.48	0.200	6.26	6.30	0.946
Hawaii	5.37	5.67	0.485	10.99	11.97	0.332	9.43^b	11.22	0.077	4.78	4.91	0.771
Idaho	7.62	8.32	0.208	15.93	16.22	0.802	11.17^a	14.15	0.013	7.02	7.35	0.590
Illinois	5.62^b	6.30	0.054	12.46^b	14.00	0.053	9.54^a	11.59	0.013	4.97	5.44	0.223
Indiana	7.69	7.98	0.594	14.70	13.77	0.392	12.37	13.52	0.328	6.87	7.02	0.805
Iowa	6.69^a	7.73	0.048	14.09	14.10	0.996	10.82^a	12.94	0.030	5.96	6.80	0.155
Kansas	7.21	7.58	0.499	12.53	13.84	0.164	10.91	11.87	0.355	6.54	6.81	0.655
Kentucky	7.55	7.87	0.570	11.72	11.94	0.816	11.05	12.09	0.280	6.97	7.19	0.736
Louisiana	6.49	7.17	0.254	10.15	10.76	0.497	7.79	8.80	0.264	6.27	6.90	0.348
Maine	7.21	7.48	0.618	14.25	15.07	0.422	12.28^a	15.31	0.016	6.53	6.44	0.883
Maryland	6.71	6.93	0.630	12.69	12.91	0.821	11.41	12.93	0.144	5.97	6.02	0.932
Massachusetts	7.48	7.56	0.878	13.72	13.60	0.901	12.55	14.11	0.183	6.60	6.44	0.770
Michigan	6.84	7.13	0.437	13.27	13.87	0.431	11.34	11.85	0.490	6.08	6.34	0.524
Minnesota	7.02	6.77	0.605	13.39	13.56	0.859	11.12^a	15.20	0.000	6.37^b	5.44	0.080
Mississippi	6.04^b	7.02	0.052	10.78	11.56	0.391	8.28^a	10.08	0.047	5.65	6.49	0.135
Missouri	6.99^b	7.96	0.087	14.28	14.57	0.788	10.35	11.87	0.134	6.43	7.33	0.160
Montana	7.79	7.94	0.769	13.56	14.07	0.625	11.45^a	13.90	0.029	7.19	6.99	0.708
Nebraska	6.96	6.64	0.509	12.97	13.01	0.966	11.04	11.60	0.572	6.23	5.76	0.380
Nevada	7.35	6.74	0.256	15.66	14.97	0.530	10.73^b	12.79	0.060	6.84	5.86	0.107
New Hampshire	7.98	8.29	0.604	13.40	13.91	0.619	13.17	14.23	0.355	7.17	7.37	0.756
New Jersey	6.13	6.05	0.846	10.39	11.17	0.344	10.05	10.03	0.981	5.55	5.46	0.852
New Mexico	6.71	6.63	0.862	12.61^a	14.88	0.041	9.36^b	11.18	0.063	6.27	5.88	0.481
New York	6.68	6.49	0.566	11.91	11.46	0.490	10.65	10.70	0.942	6.02	5.80	0.571
North Carolina	7.07	6.72	0.439	11.70	12.03	0.702	9.05	10.35	0.127	6.75	6.15	0.237
North Dakota	6.80	7.10	0.536	11.25	12.13	0.337	10.33	11.86	0.112	6.03	6.13	0.865
Ohio	7.85	7.56	0.507	13.98	14.35	0.633	11.50	12.63	0.150	7.26	6.76	0.290
Oklahoma	7.50	7.75	0.643	13.53	13.86	0.756	10.29	11.81	0.169	7.02	7.06	0.946
Oregon	7.89	8.49	0.281	15.66	16.34	0.547	13.41	15.16	0.133	7.05	7.49	0.471
Pennsylvania	6.83	6.82	0.993	12.33	12.23	0.886	11.02	12.13	0.173	6.17	6.01	0.686
Rhode Island	7.23	7.41	0.738	13.72	13.30	0.690	11.17	12.06	0.394	6.52	6.57	0.926
South Carolina	6.52	6.76	0.608	10.83	12.31	0.102	9.06^b	10.70	0.069	6.11	6.15	0.941
South Dakota	6.86	6.73	0.770	11.79	12.56	0.381	10.90^a	13.06	0.048	6.16	5.66	0.303
Tennessee	7.06	7.18	0.814	12.13	12.79	0.483	11.12	12.34	0.200	6.41	6.37	0.942
Texas	5.68	5.76	0.786	11.95	12.19	0.724	9.11	9.89	0.218	5.05	5.02	0.921
Utah	7.78^a	9.06	0.017	13.81	15.48	0.120	10.74^a	14.95	0.000	7.12	7.75	0.299
Vermont	7.60	7.60	0.996	12.45	12.83	0.684	12.10^b	14.33	0.062	6.82	6.43	0.500
Virginia	7.94^a	6.77	0.012	12.56	13.22	0.463	11.88	12.35	0.613	7.29^a	5.88	0.006
Washington	7.68	8.52	0.154	13.23	13.98	0.484	12.10	12.50	0.737	6.98	7.91	0.155
West Virginia	8.26	8.52	0.674	13.90	14.05	0.890	11.76	13.06	0.231	7.75	7.86	0.870
Wisconsin	6.74	7.50	0.138	14.45	13.66	0.482	11.97^b	13.99	0.075	5.88	6.44	0.317
Wyoming	7.54	7.15	0.444	15.00	14.20	0.470	12.71	12.85	0.902	6.69	6.25	0.440
NOTE: State and census region estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, with their p values being the Bayes significance levels for the null hypothesis of no change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages. The "Total U.S." estimates, along with the p values, are based on design-based (direct) estimation methods. NOTE: Major depressive episode (MDE) is defined as in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. For details, see Section B of the "2016-2017 NSDUH: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology" at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/. NOTE: There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ^a Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. ^b Difference between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 population percentages is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015, 2016, and 2017.

Methodology Used to Estimate the Bayes Significance Level for the
Null Hypothesis of No Change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 Population Percentages

Comparisons between the state population percentages displayed in Tables 1 to 31 in this document are based on the 2015 through 2017 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUHs). The moving average state estimates for the overlapping 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 time periods were obtained from independent applications of the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes (SWHB) methodology; that is, the 2016-2017 models were fit independently of the previously fitted 2015-2016 models. This independent analysis approach was followed because there was no desire to revise the previously published 2015-2016 estimates. The same fixed predictor variables were used in the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 models, but annual updates were made when more current versions were available.¹ The age group-specific fixed predictor variables were defined at five levels (namely, the person level, census block group level, tract level, county level, and state level). Also, each age group model had 51 state-level random effects and 250 "within-state" area-level random effects.¹

To estimate change in state population percentages, let pi 1 sub s and a and pi 2 sub s and a denote the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 prevalence rates, respectively, for state-s and age group-a. The change between and is defined in terms of the log-odds ratio ( lor sub s and a ) as opposed to the simple difference because the posterior distribution of the is closer to Gaussian than the posterior distribution of the simple difference ( Pi 2 sub s and a minus pi 1 sub s and a represents the simple difference between the 2016-2017 and 2015-2016 prevalence rates. ). The log odds ratio, lor sub s and a is defined as

Equation 1 , D

where ln denotes the natural logarithm. The p value given is computed to test the null hypothesis of no change (i.e., Pi 2 sub s and a is equal to pi 1 sub s and a. or equivalently Log-odds ratio lor sub s and a is equal to zero. ). An estimate of log-odds ratio, lor sub s and a is given by

Equation 2 , D

where the p 1 sub s and a represents the previously published 2015-2016 state estimates² and the p 2 sub s and a represents the 2016-2017 state estimates. To compute the variance of the estimate of the log-odds ratio, lor hat sub s and a , that is, variance v of the estimate of the log-odds ratio, lor hat sub s and a , let Theta 1 hat equal the ratio of p 1 sub s and a and 1 minus p 1 sub s and a and Theta 2 hat equal the ratio of p 2 sub s and a and 1 minus p 2 sub s and a , then

Equation 3 , D

where the covariance between the natural logarithm of Theta 1 hat and the natural logarithm of Theta 2 hat denotes the covariance between and . This covariance is defined in terms of the associated correlation as follows:

Equation 4 . D

Note that variance v of the natural logarithm of Theta 1 hat and used here to calculate variance v of the estimate of the log-odds ratio, lor hat sub s and a are the same variances used in calculating the previously published 2015-2016 Bayesian confidence intervals and the 2016-2017 Bayesian confidence intervals, respectively.

The correlation between the natural logarithm of Theta 1 hat and was obtained by simultaneously modeling the 2015, 2016, and 2017 NSDUH data. Note that these models used the same predictors employed in the 2016-2017 small area estimation model for all 3 years. This simultaneous modeling approach was adopted based on the results of the validation study³ conducted for measuring change in the 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 state population percentages. For this simultaneous model, four age groups (12 to 17, 18 to 25, 26 to 34, and 35 or older) by 3 years (2015, 2016, and 2017), that is, 12 subpopulation-specific models, were fitted, each with its own set of fixed and random effects. In this case, the general covariance matrices for the state and within-state random effects were 12 × 12 matrices corresponding to the 12 element (age group × year) vectors of random effects. Note that the survey-weighted, Bernoulli-type log likelihood employed in the SWHB methodology was appropriate for this simultaneous model because the 12 age group × year subpopulations were nonoverlapping. The correlation between the natural logarithm of Theta 1 hat and the natural logarithm of Theta 2 hat was approximated by the correlation calculated using the posterior distributions of the natural logarithm of pi 1 sub s and a divided by 1 minus pi 1 sub s and a and the natural logarithm of pi 2 sub s and a divided by 1 minus pi 2 sub s and a from the simultaneous model.

To calculate the p value for testing the null hypothesis of no difference ( Log-odds ratio lor is equal to zero. ), it is assumed that the posterior distribution of is normal with Mean is equal to estimate of the log-odds ratio, lor hat sub s and a. and Variance is equal to variance v of the estimate of the log-odds ratio, lor hat sub s and a. . With the null value ( Log-odds ratio lor sub zero equals zero. ), the Bayes p value or significance level for the null hypothesis of no difference is The p value is equal to 2 times the probability of realizing a standard normal variate greater than or equal to the absolute value of a quantity z. , where capital Z is a standard normal random variate, Quantity z is the estimate of the log-odds ratio, lor hat sub s and a, divided by the square root of the variance v of the estimate of the log-odds ratio, lor hat sub s and a. , and absolute value of quantity z denotes the absolute value of . This Bayesian significance level (or p value) for the null value of log-odds ratio lor , say log-odds ratio lor sub zero , is defined following Rubin⁴ as the posterior probability for the collection of the values that are less likely or have smaller posterior density d of the log-odds ratio lor than the null (no change) value . That is, The p value of log-odds ratio lor sub zero is equal to the probability of d of the log-odds ratio lor when it is less than or equal to d of the log-odds ratio lor sub zero. . With the posterior distribution of approximately normal, is given by the above expression.

National Survey on Drug Use and Health:
Comparison of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 Population
Percentages (50 States and the District of Columbia)

Methodology Used to Estimate the Bayes Significance Level for the
Null Hypothesis of No Change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 Population Percentages

Endnotes

Long Descriptions for Equations

National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Comparison of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 Population Percentages (50 States and the District of Columbia)

Methodology Used to Estimate the Bayes Significance Level for the Null Hypothesis of No Change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 Population Percentages

Endnotes

Long Descriptions for Equations

National Survey on Drug Use and Health:
Comparison of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 Population
Percentages (50 States and the District of Columbia)

Methodology Used to Estimate the Bayes Significance Level for the
Null Hypothesis of No Change between the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 Population Percentages