Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health:
Detailed Tables

Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables is a collection of tables presenting national estimates from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH).¹ These tables present information for youths aged 12 to 17 and adults aged 18 or older (separately and combined) on drug, alcohol, and tobacco use, as well as substance use disorder (SUD), risk and availability of substance use, treatment, health topics, and alcohol consumption. For youths, additional topics include youth experiences, mental health service utilization, major depressive episode (MDE), and treatment for depression. For adults, additional topics include any mental illness (AMI), serious mental illness (SMI), mental health service utilization (i.e., treatment or counseling for mental health issues), suicidal thoughts and behaviors, MDE, treatment for depression, and serious psychological distress (SPD). Measures such as the co-occurrence of mental disorders with substance use or with SUDs also are presented for both adults and youths. Estimates are presented by a variety of demographic, geographic, and other variables. The tables include prevalence rates of the behaviors, numbers of persons engaging in these behaviors, and other statistics.

The reference tools section summarizes the tools provided to help navigate the detailed tables and to define the topics presented within them. These tools include the table of contents, key to selected variables, glossary, list of table titles, and a search feature. The key to selected variables lists key topics used in the detailed tables and provides the specific categories displayed for each topic in the tables. A glossary of topics and terms used in these detailed tables can be found in Appendix A. Where relevant, the glossary provides cross-references between terms and specific question wording for clarity. In addition to these tools, several NSDUH reports also include more details on the topics presented in the detailed tables. The 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Methodological Summary and Definitions report also offers information on key definitions and shares the same glossary that appears with these detailed tables; moreover, this report provides further analytic details on the survey topics, design, and methodology.² In addition to these detailed tables and the methodological summary report, a first findings report for the 2019 NSDUH focuses on key substance use and mental health indicators among persons aged 12 or older.³

Survey Design

A coordinated sample design was developed for the 2014 through 2017 NSDUHs. Also, a large reserve sample was selected at the time the 2014 through 2017 NSDUH sample was selected. This reserve sample was (or will be) used to field the 2018 through 2022 NSDUHs. Thus, the 2018 through 2022 NSDUH designs simply continue the prior coordinated design. The coordinated sample design is state based with an independent, multistage area probability sample within each state and the District of Columbia. As a result, states are viewed as the first level of stratification. Each state is further stratified into approximately equally populated state sampling regions (SSRs). Creation of each year's multistage area probability sample then involves selecting census tracts within each SSR, census block groups within census tracts, and area segments (i.e., a collection of census blocks) within census block groups. Finally, dwelling units (DUs) are selected within segments, and within each selected DU, up to two residents who are at least 12 years old are selected for interviewing.

This partitioning of states divided the United States into a total of 750 SSRs, which results in 750 degrees of freedom (df) for most national estimates presented in these detailed tables. Estimates for mean age of first use and average number of days used are the exception. These estimates are treated differently because of the possibility of smaller sample sizes; therefore, they potentially belong to fewer variance estimation strata, and cell-specific degrees of freedom are used. For more information on degrees of freedom, see Chapter 6 of the 2018 NSDUH statistical inference report.⁴

The coordinated sample design for 2014 through 2022 includes a 50 percent overlap in third-stage units (area segments) within each successive 2-year period from 2014 through 2022. In addition to reducing cost, this designed sample overlap slightly increases the precision of estimates of year-to-year trends because of the expected small but positive correlation resulting from the overlapping area segments between successive survey years. The design also allocates more interviews to the largest 12 states (compared with the 1999 to 2013 design).⁵ Making the sample sizes more proportional to the state population sizes improves the precision of NSDUH estimates.

Starting in 2014, the allocation of the sample by age group changed. In the 2005 through 2013 NSDUHs, the sample was allocated equally between three age groups: 12 to 17, 18 to 25, and 26 or older. Starting in 2014 and continuing through 2019, the allocation of the NSDUH sample became 25 percent for youths aged 12 to 17, 25 percent for young adults aged 18 to 25, and 50 percent for adults aged 26 or older. The sample of adults aged 26 or older was further divided into three subgroups: aged 26 to 34 (15 percent), aged 35 to 49 (20 percent), and aged 50 or older (15 percent). These age allocation changes were designed to reflect more closely the actual population distributions by state and age group, so the precision of estimates overall and for older age groups could be improved.

Breaks in Trends Due To Questionnaire and Other Changes

NSDUH has undergone changes over the years in order to improve the quality of its data and to address the changing needs of policymakers and researchers with regard to substance use and mental health issues. These changes affect the level of comparability across years and many times cause breaks in trends. Information pertaining to some of the more major changes over the years as they pertain to the 2019 detailed tables are summarized below. For more detailed information on these revisions, revisions that pertain to detailed tables for earlier survey years, and changes that do not pertain to the detailed tables, see Chapters 2 and 3 of the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Methodological Summary and Definitions.⁶

2017 Changes and Impact

Changes to Adult Mental Health Outpatient Treatment Measures

Starting with the 2004 NSDUH, three questions were included at the end of the adult mental health service utilization section of the questionnaire asking about alternative types of treatment, counseling, or support in the past 12 months for mental health issues. The write-in responses for other alternative sources of care have been used since 2004 to logically assign respondents to the three edited service types (inpatient, outpatient, or prescription medication), as applicable. However, the decision was made to not use the write-in information from the other alternative sources of care question when defining the three corresponding treatment recodes used in the 2004 detailed tables. Respondents who were logically inferred to have utilized a service type based on write-in data from the other alternative sources of care question were assigned a system missing code in the corresponding treatment recode and excluded from the analyses for the detailed tables.

Starting with the 2010 detailed tables, respondents who were logically inferred to have received outpatient services based on these write-in data for other alternative sources of mental health services were classified as having received outpatient treatment. This same change was not implemented for the "inpatient treatment" and "prescription medication" recodes. To address this data quality issue, the adult mental health outpatient treatment estimates in the 2017 detailed tables were revised to exclude the write-in responses for the other alternative sources of care in 2010 through 2016, consistent with the estimates prior to 2010. As a result, the 2010 to 2016 estimates presented in the 2017 and subsequent years' detailed tables may differ from previously published estimates. Recodes that use the outpatient mental health measure as a source variable were not updated for the 2010 to 2016 NSDUHs. For example, the "received any mental health treatment in the past year" recode, a combination measure for inpatient, outpatient, and prescription drug mental health treatment, was not revised. Starting with the 2017 NSDUH, the updated outpatient mental health measure has been used for any recodes.

Changes to Youth Reasons for Receiving Mental Health Services Measures

In the detailed tables, estimates for the reasons for receiving mental health services in the past year among youths who received specific mental health services are presented. Youths aged 12 to 17 were asked about the reasons for receiving mental health services in two separate questions. As an example, youths were asked the reason they were admitted the last time they stayed overnight or longer in a hospital to receive treatment or counseling for emotional or behavioral problems not caused by alcohol or drugs. Responses included thought about or tried to kill self, felt depressed, felt very afraid and tense, broke rules and "acted out," had eating problems, or some other reason. Youths who responded that there was some other reason for being admitted to the hospital were then asked a follow-up question about what was the other reason for which they stayed overnight in the hospital.

During data processing for the 2017 detailed tables, data quality improvements included a reclassification of three "other, specify" levels that are actually defined mental/neurological disorders and are now included as "self-reported mental/neurological disorder." Previously, these levels were included as "some other reason." Another improvement allowed for respondents who entered a valid reason for a service type other than "some other reason" in the first question to be assigned a "no" value for the unselected service types in the first question, regardless of how the respondent answered the second question asking about reasons for receiving treatment. These coding changes were retroactively applied to the 2016 data; therefore, the 2016 estimates presented in the 2016 detailed tables may not match those appearing in more recent detailed tables. These coding improvements had little impact on the estimates, and the recodes are considered comparable with those from previous years.

In the detailed tables, mental health services for youths are divided into specialty services (e.g., outpatient or inpatient/residential) or nonspecialty services (e.g., education, general medicine, or child welfare). In addition to the coding improvements noted above, the code for the specialty mental health and education, general medicine, or child welfare measures was revised to assign some respondents who indicated receiving specialty mental health services and were known to have not received education, general medicine, or child welfare services for the specified reason to the "no" category. Previously, these respondents were assigned a system missing code. This issue occurred only when, in addition to the single nonspecialty mental health service they reported, respondents indicated receiving specialty mental health services and either had missing data for the specific reason or indicated receiving specialty mental health services for the specific reason. This coding revision was applied retroactively to the 2016 data; therefore, the 2016 estimates for the specialty mental health and education, general medicine, or child welfare measures presented in the 2016 detailed tables may not match those appearing in more recent detailed tables. Due to the number of respondents recategorized by this recode, these measures in 2016 and onward are not comparable with those in 2015 and prior years.

2016 Changes and Impact

Changes to Specific Prescription Drugs

To account for changing popularity and availability of specific prescription drugs, NSDUH has been designed to allow for the addition and removal of specific prescription drugs from year to year.⁷ These specific prescription drugs were further categorized into subtypes and presented as such in the detailed tables. The following specific prescription drugs from 2015 were removed because they had been discontinued or were reported infrequently in the 2015 data: Roxicet^®, Actiq^®, buspirone, hydroxyzine, meprobamate, and Ritalin^® SR. Additionally, buprenorphine plus naloxone was added to the prescription pain relievers section to provide a generic form of the brand-name drug Suboxone^®. The impact assessment determined that the removal and addition of these drugs did not change the comparability of the prescription drug subtypes or overall pain reliever estimates presented in the detailed tables.

The "any past year use of prescription pain reliever" response option for Tylenol^® with codeine 3 or 4 was modified to clarify that this drug was not the same as OTC Tylenol^® in order to reduce potential confusion between these two similar-sounding drug names. As expected, there was a reduction in reports of using Tylenol^® with codeine 3 or 4. The impact assessment confirmed that the estimates of use and misuse of codeine products were not comparable between 2015 and 2016, but the overall pain relievers category remained comparable. The lack of comparability for codeine products has been noted in the detailed tables that present estimates for prescription pain relievers, opioids, and prescription psychotherapeutics.

Changes to Education Measures

In 2016, the question about current school enrollment in the Back End Demographics section was reworded to clarify the question for younger respondents. Instead of asking, "Are you now attending or are you currently enrolled in school?" the question was revised to ask, "Do you go to school?" The revised question also instructs respondents to answer "yes" if they were "on holiday or break from school, such as spring break or summer vacation, but plan to return when the break is over." An impact assessment concluded that the percentage of youths aged 12 to 17 who reported currently being enrolled in school decreased between 2015 and 2016; however, estimates of current school enrollment data among those aged 18 to 22 that are used in creating the college enrollment estimates are considered comparable between 2015 and 2016 or later years.

Additionally, text defining what is included in the term "school" was added for consistency to a different current school enrollment question asked specifically of youths aged 12 to 17. These current enrollment data are used to subset the student characteristic, adult involvement, and youth perceptions' tables in Section 3 of the detailed tables. The impact assessment determined that the additional text had a negligible effect on the resulting data.

Changes to Driving Under the Influence Measures

Starting with the 2016 NSDUH, respondents who reported past year alcohol use or selected illicit drug use were asked individual questions about driving under the influence of each substance they indicated using. The selected illicit drugs include marijuana, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, and methamphetamine. Previously, questions about driving under the influence of illicit drugs did not specify individual drugs and were asked of past year users of illicit drugs, including prescription psychotherapeutics. After analyzing the 2016 estimates for driving under the influence and comparing the results with the 2015 estimates, it was determined that breaks in trends occurred for all measures of driving under the influence, including the measure of driving under the influence of only alcohol.

Changes to OxyContin^® and Oxycodone Product Estimates

Starting with the 2016 NSDUH, OxyContin^® and oxycodone estimates in the pain reliever subtype detailed tables are based on the imputation-revised OxyContin^® use and misuse variables. In the 2015 detailed tables, these estimates were based on the edited OxyContin^® use and misuse variables. As a result, the 2015 estimates presented in the 2015 detailed tables may not match those appearing in more recent detailed tables. Although the estimates based on the edited OxyContin^® use and misuse variables are not incorrect, the estimates based on the imputation-revised OxyContin^® use and misuse variables are recommended.

2015 NSDUH Redesign Changes and Impact

The NSDUH questionnaire underwent a partial redesign in 2015. These changes led to breaks in the comparability of 2015 estimates with estimates from prior years. Due to the breaks in comparability, many estimates from years prior to 2015 have been noted in the detailed tables as not comparable due to methodological changes. These include measures of overall illicit drug use; use of hallucinogens, inhalants, and methamphetamine; misuse of prescription drugs; binge and heavy alcohol use overall and among females; smokeless tobacco use; illicit drug use disorder and use disorders of selected illicit drugs; and substance use treatment. Additionally, 2015 estimates by education and current employment have been noted as not comparable with prior years. Other topics, such as the mental health topics, did not undergo major changes and therefore are considered comparable.

The 2015 NSDUH partial redesign also introduced new definitions. For example, changes to the prescription drug section in the 2015 NSDUH resulted in the detailed tables no longer using the term "nonmedical use" and instead using the term "misuse." For more specific information about each of the 2015 NSDUH changes, see Section C of the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Methodological Summary and Definitions.⁸

Starting with the 2015 NSDUH, there was also a change in the focus of the questions for specific prescription psychotherapeutic drugs. The focus shifted from lifetime use of all respondents to use more than 12 months ago among respondents who last misused any prescription drug. This shift appeared to affect the lifetime misuse of prescription drugs and the prescription drug misuse initiation measures. For this reason, starting with the 2015 detailed tables, estimates for lifetime prescription drug use and estimates for initiation of misuse of prescription drugs among individuals who were at risk for initiation are not shown. For more specific information about each of the 2015 changes, see Sections 3.4.1 and 3.4.2 of the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Methodological Summary and Definitions.⁹

In order to evaluate the changes from the 2015 redesign, a 12-month questionnaire redesign impact assessment was completed.¹⁰ Analyses found significant differences between 2015 and previous years for the risk and availability variables. It was determined that these measures are not comparable for years prior to 2015.

Previous Mental Health Changes and Impact

Because of additional survey improvements and questionnaire changes to the mental health sections between 2002 and 2012, it is not possible to assess long-term trends for all of the mental health measures. A summary of the changes is described below, but for more detailed information on revisions, see Sections 3.4.6 and 3.4.7 of the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Methodological Summary and Definitions.¹¹

In 2012, revisions were made to the 2008 to 2011 past year AMI and SMI estimates. Past year mental illness estimates for 2008 through 2011 found in mental health detailed tables and reports published prior to 2012 were based on a prediction model for mental illness developed using the 2008 clinical data from the Mental Health Surveillance Study. An improved model was used for estimates starting in 2012. For the 2012, 2013, and 2014 mental health detailed tables and the 2015 to 2019 detailed tables,¹² the 2012 to 2019 estimates and the previous 2008 to 2011 estimates are based on the 2012 model.

It is recommended that the mental illness variables derived from the 2012 model not be used when analyzing variables for past year suicidal thoughts, past year MDE, the Kessler-6 (K6) mental disorder scale, or the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) scale, and it is also recommended that the mental illness variables derived from the 2012 model not be used when analyzing other closely linked variables (including past year suicide attempts, past year suicide plans, medical treatment for suicide attempts, lifetime MDE, SPD, or components used in the K6 or WHODAS scales). For detailed information on model revisions to the mental illness items, see Section 3.4.7 of the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Methodological Summary and Definitions.¹³ As with the mental illness estimates based on the 2008 model, the mental illness estimates based on the 2012 model are not comparable with SMI estimates produced from NSDUH data prior to 2004; however, long‑term trend estimates are available for SMI starting with 2008.

Because of the 2008 questionnaire revisions to the mental health section, several estimates in 2008 (MDE and past 12-month SPD) were affected by context effects. However, an adjustment for the questionnaire changes was applied to estimates of MDE for 2005 to 2008. Therefore, long-term trend estimates for these two measures are available from 2005 through 2019. For more detailed information, see Section 3.4.8 of the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Methodological Summary and Definitions.¹⁴ No additional questionnaire changes from 2009 to 2019 have led to changes in these adult mental health measures. Moreover, no questionnaire changes have been implemented that affected the adult mental health service utilization questions; therefore, estimates of mental health service utilization presented in these detailed tables reflect trends from 2002 to 2019. The only exceptions are estimates that combine mental health data with other topics that are considered not comparable.

No questionnaire revisions affected MDE for youths aged 12 to 17; thus, long-term trend estimates are available from 2004 through 2019. However, revisions to the youth mental health service utilization module of the 2009 NSDUH questionnaire resulted in new estimates and a discontinuation of trends for several items on the mental health service settings. New questions regarding the receipt of mental health services from juvenile justice settings were added in 2009, and questions regarding services from educational settings were revised and are not comparable with estimates prior to 2009.

Changes to Previously Published 2006 to 2010 Estimates

During regular data collection and processing checks for the 2011 NSDUH, data errors were identified that affected the data for Pennsylvania (2006 to 2010) and Maryland (2008 and 2009). Cases with erroneous data were removed from the data files, and the remaining cases were reweighted to provide representative estimates. The errors had minimal impact on the national estimates and no effect on direct estimates for the other 48 states and the District of Columbia, but they had an appreciable effect on estimates for Pennsylvania, Maryland, the mid-Atlantic division, and the Northeast region. Estimates for the Northeast region based on 2006 to 2010 data may differ from previously published estimates. Tables and estimates based only on data since 2011 are unaffected by these data errors. All affected tables (i.e., tables with estimates based on 2006 to 2010 data) contain a note to indicate this to the user. Caution is advised when comparing data from older reports with data from more recent reports that are based on corrected data files.

New 2002 Baseline

Methodological changes implemented in the 2002 NSDUH affected the comparability of the 2002 estimates with those from prior surveys. Some of the changes included the addition of a $30 incentive, a change in the survey name from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) to the current name, and updated population data from the 2000 decennial census being incorporated into the sample weights. Because of these improvements in the 2002 NSDUH, the 2002 data constitute a new baseline for tracking trends in substance use and other measures. Therefore, estimates from the 2002 through 2019 surveys should not be compared with estimates from the 2001 or earlier surveys to examine changes over time. In addition to the 2002 baseline change, the aforementioned changes may also constitute a new baseline for various measures.

Methodology changes throughout NSDUH's history make it difficult to assess long-term trends from tables presenting data from 1971 to 2019. However, it is instructive to compare NSDUH estimates from 1971 to 2019 by "piecing together" the data from time periods for which data are comparable. Specifically, valid trend comparisons can be made for 1971 to 1998, 1999 to 2001, and 2002 to 2019. With this approach, comparisons between 1998 and 1999, and between 2001 and 2002, should be made with caution because they are potentially biased due to changes in methods. Nevertheless, when these data are combined in a single presentation, it often becomes clear that the effects of the changes in methods are small compared with the major shifts in substance use prevalence that have occurred over the past 50 years.

Table Presentation

The majority of the 2019 detailed tables present estimates from the 2018 and 2019 NSDUHs. Also included are a number of tables that present data from prior surveys in the series, including a section of tables presenting data mainly from 2002 to 2019, 2008 to 2019, or 2015 to 2019, with a few tables presenting data from various years starting from 2004 to 2009 and a couple of tables presenting data from 1971 to 2019. Additionally, three tables present data for measures added to the questionnaire starting with the 2019 NSDUH; therefore, a single year of data is presented. The following sections provide information on how the tables are organized, the types and purpose of tables that are available, information about specific indicators used for the 2019 detailed tables, information on missingness, information on the impact of rounding on estimates presented in the tables, how totals are to be interpreted within the tables, and information on the new legal-size multiyear trend tables.

Table Numbering

The detailed tables are numbered using a three-part numbering scheme (e.g., 1.15A). The first part of the table number (1.15A) is the subject matter section to which a particular table belongs. The second part (1.15A) is the number of the table within a particular section. The third part (1.15A) is a table type indicator, an alphabetic letter appended to the table number. Each table number, as explained below, has multiple table types. Tables are numbered sequentially within each subject matter section. Identical tables across years may not be assigned the same table number each year.

The 12 subject matter sections and the number of tables per section in 2019¹⁵ are as follows:

Section 1: Illicit Drug Use/Misuse Tables – 1.1 to 1.123

Section 2: Tobacco Product and Alcohol Use Tables – 2.1 to 2.35

Section 3: Risk and Protective Factor Tables – 3.1 to 3.18

Section 4: Incidence Tables – 4.1 to 4.10

Section 5: Substance Use Disorder and Treatment Tables – 5.1 to 5.41

Section 6: Miscellaneous Tables – 6.1 to 6.34

Section 7: Trend Tables – 7.1 to 7.69

Section 8: Adult Mental Health Tables – 8.1 to 8.70

Section 9: Youth Mental Health Tables – 9.1 to 9.11

Section 10: Adult Mental Health Trend Tables – 10.1 to 10.43

Section 11: Youth Mental Health Trend Tables – 11.1 to 11.14

Section 12: Sample Size and Population Tables – 12.1 to 12.9

Table Types and Purpose

The table type indicators are primarily defined as follows; however, some exceptions do exist and are noted in subsequent text.

The majority of tables within the detailed tables contain five table types (A, B, C, D, and P) as defined above. Note that table type N is used exclusively within Section 12 to display the sample size counts. Exceptions to this organization are noted as follows:

• Section 1 (Illicit Drug Use/Misuse Tables) includes one table for which only table types A, B, C, and D are produced. Table 1.123 presents 2019 numbers and percentages of kratom use in table types A and B. The corresponding standard errors are presented in table types C and D. There is no table type P because significance tests between years are not relevant.
• Section 4 (Incidence Tables) includes one subset of tables for which only table types B, D, and P are produced and another subset of tables for which only table types A and C are produced. Specifically, Tables 4.1 to 4.8 and 4.10 present numbers and percentages of past year initiates in table type B, associated standard errors for each of these estimates in table type D, and p  values from tests of statistical differences between years in table type P. Table 4.9 presents the number of persons who initiated before various age cutoffs in table type A and the associated standard errors in table type C.
• Section 5 (Substance Use Disorder and Treatment Tables) includes one subset of tables for which table type A contains both numbers and percentages, where the percentages are repeated in the B tables. Another subset of tables consists of only table types A, B, C, and D. Specifically, first subset of tables mentioned (Tables 5.32 to 5.34, 5.36, and 5.38) presents estimates among all persons and percentages among persons who needed treatment in the A tables, where the percentages are repeated in the B tables. The other subset of tables (Tables 5.40 and 5.41) presents 2019 numbers and percentages of past year medication-assisted treatment in table types A and B. The corresponding standard errors are presented in table types C and D. There is no corresponding table type P because significance tests between years are not relevant.
• Section 7 (Trend Tables) contains one subset of tables for which only table types B, D, and P are produced and another subset of tables for which only table types B and D are produced. A subset of tables (Tables 7.17, 7.18, and 7.45) includes multiyear tables that involve only table types B, D, and P. Tables 7.17 and 7.18 present the average number of days persons used specific substances in table type B, associated standard errors for each of these estimates in table type D, and p values from tests of statistical differences between years in table type P. Table 7.45 presents the mean age for past year initiates in table type B, associated standard errors in table type D, and p values from tests of statistical differences between years in table type P. The other subset of tables (Tables 7.68 and 7.69) includes multiyear tables that present estimated percentages for 1971 to 2019 in table type B and associated standard errors in table type D. The estimated total number of users and associated standard errors are not presented, and between-year significance tests were not implemented; thus, table types A, C, and P are not produced.
• Section 12 (Sample Size and Population Tables) contains only table types A, C, and N. Population counts, standard errors, and sample sizes are displayed in table types A, C, and N, respectively. Percentages of the population and associated standard error tables are not provided in this section.

Table Indicators

Each 2019 detailed table, including those for all of the above table types, contains the following definitional footnote, regardless of whether any or all of the indicators were used in the table:

* = low precision; -- = not available; da = does not apply; nc = not comparable due to methodological changes; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.

The "* = low precision" portion of the footnote indicates an estimate is being suppressed (i.e., not shown) due to low precision.

The "-- = not available" portion of the footnote indicates that for the given year, the questions used to produce the estimates were not available. For example, prior to 2015, respondents were not asked about having a past year methamphetamine use disorder. Thus, for 2014 and earlier years, those estimates are shown with the "--" notation.

The "da = does not apply" portion of the footnote indicates that the question or estimate does not apply to a certain group. For example, in pregnancy tables, the trimester estimates are shown as "da" for overall females and nonpregnant females, and in the incidence tables that show numbers in thousands and percentages in the same table, the p values for the numbers in thousands are replaced with "da" because the detailed tables show only p values of tests of differences of percentages.

The "nc = not comparable due to methodological changes" portion of the footnote indicates that estimates for the measure do exist for prior years, but they are no longer comparable with the current year estimate. For example, illicit drug use estimates are available for all years in the detailed tables, but the 2015 through 2019 estimates are not comparable with the 2002 through 2014 estimates due to questionnaire changes. Thus, the 2014 and prior year estimates are shown with the "nc" notation.

The "nr = not reported due to measurement issues" portion of the footnote indicates that the estimate could be calculated based on available data but is not calculated due to potential measurement issues. For example, lifetime use of prescription pain relievers for 2015 through 2019 is shown as "nr" because the questionnaire was changed to focus on past year misuse of pain relievers rather than lifetime past year use of pain relievers, and there appears to be an underestimate of lifetime pain reliever use compared with prior years.

For more information on how low precision is defined and further details on the changes noted above, see Section 3.2.2 and Chapter 4 of the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Methodological Summary and Definitions.¹⁶

Additionally, all type A and B detailed tables where significance testing was performed between years contain the following footnote, regardless of whether any difference was significant:

^a The difference between this estimate and the 2019 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level. Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.

Tables where significance testing was not performed between years do not contain these footnotes.

Missingness

Some measures have missing data. In the detailed tables, a footnote or note is included to alert a user to the fact that missing data were excluded from the analysis. For the 2019 NSDUH, an investigation was completed to look at missing data rates in the 2019 detailed tables. The investigation was done for all new measures (i.e., perceived recovery from a substance use problem or mental health issue) and measures shown among a new domain (e.g., type of treatment received among those with MDE with severe impairment). The level of missingness in these measures was similar to or lower than the level from previous evaluations. Specifically, the missingness level was less than 5 percent for all measures evaluated.

For other measures, the results from the 2014 through 2018 investigations were assumed to still hold. That is, missing data were not a concern for most topics. However, a few items did have a slightly higher rate of missing data (e.g., items on perceived availability of various illicit drugs, items on the source of prescription drugs obtained for most recent use, and items on reasons for receiving most recent mental health services for youths). Specifically, less than 5 percent of the risk, availability, and protective factor subpopulations evaluated in 2016 had both weighted and unweighted missingness rates above 5 percent. The highest weighted rate of numerator missingness was 7.8 percent. The exclusion of respondents with missing data induces a negative bias for estimates of population totals and may induce a bias in either direction for estimates of population means and proportions. For more information on missingness, see Chapter 4 of the 2018 NSDUH statistical inference report.¹⁷

Rounding and Effect on Significance Testing

Prevalence estimates in percentages are rounded to the nearest tenth of a percent, and total estimates are rounded to the nearest thousand. Due to this rounding, prevalence estimates of 0.0 percent and total estimates of 0 are displayed in the tables. These estimates are rounded down from a percentage < 0.05 percent or < 500, respectively, and do not represent an absence of persons displaying a particular characteristic. Nonrounded estimates of zero are suppressed.

Testing between two prevalence estimates can indicate significant differences, which involve estimates that appear identical when rounded but are actually different. Note that similar results can be seen in the average age-at-first-use estimates and the estimates for the average number of days used, which are also rounded to the nearest tenth, and the total estimates. For example, Table 7.3B, a trend table in the 2019 detailed tables, shows how seemingly identical estimates from previous years can differ in significance when each is compared against the current year's estimate. The estimate for past month crack use among persons aged 12 or older was 0.2 percent for 2002, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2016, 2017, and 2018, but only the 2002 and 2007 estimates were significantly different from the 2019 estimate of 0.1 percent. Although the rounded estimates for 2002, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2016, 2017 and 2018 appeared to be the same, the unrounded estimates were 0.241 percent for 2002, 0.194 percent for 2004, 0.246 percent for 2007, 0.197 percent for 2009, 0.170 percent for 2012, 0.160 percent for 2016, 0.174 percent for 2017, and 0.159 percent for 2018; moreover, each of these estimates had varying standard errors that affected the testing. Note that differences in precision can also cause seemingly identical (or identical) previous years' estimates to differ in significance when compared with the current year's estimate.

Definitions of Totals

Totals are defined in different ways within the detailed tables. Totals can refer to the estimated number of persons with a specific characteristic, as shown in detailed table type A and displayed in numbers of thousands. For example, in Table 2.1, the total estimated population of youths aged 12 to 17 who used cigarettes in the past year in 2019 was approximately 1,333,000 and shown as 1,333. Totals can also be presented in the table rows or columns, either as a total of a subgroup category or listed as the "Total Population." If the estimate is a total of a subgroup category (e.g., total of gender), the estimate is the total number of both males and females combined. Instances where measures have missing data may cause the subcategories to not add up to a total and are noted in the tables. If the estimate is shown as the "Total Population" on the row, then that estimate is usually included as a reference for tables with a nonstandard denominator. This total population estimate is normally the number being used in the nonstandard denominator to allow users to easily see that estimate without having to switch tables. For example, in Table 8.33, the total population row for table type A shows the estimated number of persons who fit the criteria in the columns, which are the column denominators (i.e., 16,597,000 adults reported a perceived unmet need for mental health services in the past year for 2019), and this number is used as the denominator in all the reason estimates.

Legal-Size Multiyear Trend Tables

Starting with the 2019 NSDUH, multiyear trend tables that include estimates for any years from 2006 or earlier have been formatted for printing on legal-size paper. The multiyear trend tables were reformatted to allow the presentation of all available survey years for each trend. However, Tables 7.68 and 7.69, which present data from 1971 to 2019, were not formatted for printing on legal-size paper. To print the legal-size tables on letter-size paper, select the "shrink oversized pages" option in the print dialog window. This option will reduce the font point size, allowing the full content of the table to fit on the letter-size paper. For the best printing results, use the PDF-web version of the detailed tables.

Table Organization Summary

The detailed tables are organized by table type:

• A = Numbers in Thousands
• B = Percentages
• C = Standard Errors for "A" Tables
• D = Standard Errors for "B" Tables
• N = Survey Sample Size
• P = P Values from Tests of Differences in "B" Tables

The table types are grouped into two categories:

• PE = Prevalence Estimates and Sample Sizes - Table Types A, B, and N
• SE = Standard Errors and P Values - Table Types C, D, and P

Both categories of tables include 12 subject matter sections:

• Section 1: Illicit Drug Use/Misuse Tables - 1.1 to 1.123
• Section 2: Tobacco Product and Alcohol Use Tables - 2.1 to 2.35
• Section 3: Risk and Protective Factor Tables - 3.1 to 3.18
• Section 4: Incidence Tables - 4.1 to 4.10
• Section 5: Substance Use Disorder and Treatment Tables - 5.1 to 5.41
• Section 6: Miscellaneous Tables - 6.1 to 6.34
• Section 7: Trend Tables - 7.1 to 7.68
• Section 8: Adult Mental Health Tables - 8.1 to 8.70
• Section 9: Youth Mental Health Tables - 9.1 to 9.11
• Section 10: Adult Mental Health Trend Tables - 10.1 to 10.43
• Section 11: Youth Mental Health Trend Tables - 11.1 to 11.14
• Section 12: Sample Size and Population Tables - 12.1 to 12.9

Please refer to the Table Presentation section of the Introduction for more details about the table types, including some exceptions to the primary table types.

Measures and Terms Used in the Tables

A glossary and key to selected variables are included with the detailed tables to provide more information about the measures and terms used in the tables. The glossary (Appendix A) can be used to determine how commonly used measures and terms are defined in the 2019 detailed tables and what other related selected topics are available. Where relevant, cross-references to additional details in the 2019 NSDUH methodological summary and definitions report are provided.¹ The glossary may also be helpful when used in conjunction with the table of contents (TOC), the list of tables (LOT), and the new search feature in identifying tables that contain information for selected topics. The key to selected variables can be used to determine the categories that are displayed in the tables for a respective measure or term. The key to selected variables is designed to be used in conjunction with the TOC but may be helpful when using other reference tools as well.

For example, a user who has identified tables of interest (e.g., Tables 1.22 to 1.63), and would like more information about a topic included in those tables (e.g., race), can look up that topic (e.g., race) or the categories displayed for that topic (e.g., "NHOPI," "Two or More Races," "Hispanic or Latino") in the glossary (Appendix A) to obtain more information. Alternatively, a user interested in tables that present information about the prevalence of alcohol use measures can first review the "Alcohol Use" entry in the glossary. By looking up "Alcohol Use" in the glossary, a user will find information about how alcohol use is defined, the alcohol use questions, and related measures (i.e., "Binge Use of Alcohol," "Current Use or Misuse," "Heavy Use of Alcohol," "Lifetime Use or Misuse," "Past Month Use or Misuse," "Past Year Use or Misuse," "Recency of Use or Misuse," and "Underage Alcohol Use"). The related measures provide the time periods shown for the "Alcohol Use" measure, as well as other types of alcohol use measures. After reviewing the definitions for the various available measures, the user can determine measures of interest and use the TOC, LOT, or search feature to identify tables that contain the selected measures.

Table Navigation Examples

Using the TOC and the Key to Selected Variables

The TOC can be used to identify groups of tables in each of the 12 subject matter sections in the 2019 detailed tables. A user can click on the HTML or PDF links and be taken directly to the first table in the specified group or the first table in a corresponding group of multiyear or 2-year tables, if applicable. In addition, if the terms that define the group of tables are the first occurrence of those terms in that section of the TOC, a user can click on those terms to access the key to selected variables, which shows the categories displayed in the tables for the respective terms. If a term used to define the group of tables is not the first occurrence in that section of the TOC, the user would need to scroll up to the first occurrence in the section and click on that term to access the key to selected variables and see the categories displayed in the tables. A user can go directly to the key to selected variables by scrolling to the top of the TOC and clicking on the associated link.

For example, a user interested in information about the prevalence of illicit drug use by age can first review the TOC and see that tables pertaining to illicit drug use can be found in Section 1: Illicit Drug Use/Misuse Tables. Scanning through Section 1 of the TOC, the user can see that data on the prevalence of illicit drug use by standard age categories are provided in Tables 1.1 to 1.5. If a user would like more information concerning terms shown in these tables, then the key to selected variables is helpful. If a user clicks on the term "standard age categories" (the first occurrence of this term in Section 1 of the TOC), the link will take the user to the key to selected variables, which displays the categories 12 or Older, 12-17, 18 or Older, 18-25, and 26 or Older. However, the term "illicit drug use/misuse" is not the first occurrence of this term in Section 1 of the TOC, so this term is not linked to the corresponding term in the key to selected variables. By scrolling up in the TOC, a user can find the first occurrence of that term. Clicking on the first occurrence of the term will open the key to selected variables, displaying the "illicit drug use/misuse" categories. To access the detailed tables of interest, the user can click on "PE" under the HTML or PDF column in the TOC to open Table 1.1A, which is the first prevalence estimate table available for this table number. Clicking on "SE" under either column will open Table 1.1C, which is the first standard error and p value table available for this table number. These 2-year tables also have corresponding multiyear tables that are listed in the TOC as Tables 7.1 to 7.15. Similar to the links for the 2-year tables, the "PE" or "SE" links under the HTML or PDF column go to Table 7.1A or 7.1C, respectively.

Using the Search Feature

For the 2019 detailed tables, a robust search feature has been added to help users navigate particular tables. When a keyword or short phrase is entered in the search box, the search returns a list of the tables that contain that term, including links to those tables (by table type). This search is operational from within the TOC, the combined HTML file of the detailed tables, and individual HTML tables or table sections. The search does not include the content of table notes or footnotes.

Using the LOT

The LOT can be used to identify a specific table in the subject matter sections listed previously. For each table in a section, the LOT provides the table number, table type indicators, and a condensed version of the table title. To reduce redundancy, the portion of the actual table title that describes the table type is omitted. At the top of the LOT, the six table types are defined for easy reference. An example of a condensed table title is shown as follows.

Table 1.1 (A, B, C, D, P) Types of Illicit Drug Use in Lifetime, Past Year, and Past Month among Persons Aged 12 or Older: 2018 and 2019

A user can click on the HTML or PDF version of the LOT. For the HTML LOT, a user can then click on any of the table type indicators included in the parentheses to go to the specified part for that table number. For the PDF LOT, the table type indicators are not linked to the tables.

For example, a user interested in information about the prevalence of past month alcohol use among persons aged 12 to 20 can review the LOT in Section 2: Tobacco Product and Alcohol Use Tables and identify Table 2.32 and Table 2.34 as the tables of interest. In the HTML LOT, a user can click on the "A" in the parentheses after either of these table numbers to go to the numbers in thousands and click on the "B" to go to the percentage tables. In the PDF LOT, a user would need to move to the Section 2 PDF bookmark to locate the tables of interest or go to the TOC and click on the group of tables that includes the tables of interest.

The following key lists selected demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic and health characteristic variables along with substance use and mental health variables used throughout the Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables. This key also provides the specific categories displayed for each variable in the tables. Definitions for many of the measures listed in the key are available in Appendix A. The label assigned to each variable listed in the key maps directly to the labels used in the table of contents but may differ slightly from those used in the detailed tables. For example, in the detailed tables, age category variables are typically referred to as "age group" or "detailed age categories"; however, in this key and the table of contents, more detailed labels (e.g., adult age categories, youth age categories, college age categories) are provided for the various age breakdowns. This key can be used in conjunction with the Table of Contents and other tools described in the Reference Tools section to help navigate the detailed tables.

Demographic Characteristics

Standard Age Categories: 12 or Older, 12-17, 18 or Older, 18-25, 26 or Older

Adult Age Categories: 18 or Older, 18-25, 26 or Older, 26 to 49, 50 or Older

Youth Age Categories: 12-17, 12-13, 14-15, 16-17

Detailed Age Categories: 12 or Older, 12-20, 21 or Older, 12-17, 12-13, 14-15, 16-17, 16-25, 18 or Older, 18-25, 18-20, 21-25, 26 or Older, 26-49, 26-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45-49, 50 or Older, 50-54, 55-59, 60-64, 65 or Older

Adult Detailed Age Categories: 18 or Older, 18-25, 18-20, 21-25, 26 or Older, 26-49, 26-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45-49, 50 or Older, 50-54, 55-59, 60-64, 65 or Older

Substance Use Initiation Age Categories: 12 or Older, 12-25, 12-17, 12-13, 14-15, 16-17, 18 or Older, 18-25, 18-20, 21-25, 26 or Older

Age at Initiation Categories: Prior to Age 18, Prior to Age 21, Age 21 or Older

Underage/Legal Drinking Age Categories: 12-20, 21 or Older

Underage Age Categories: 12-20, 12-14, 15-17, 18-20

Pregnancy Age Categories: 15-44, 15-17, 18-25, 26-44

College Age Categories: 18-22, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22

Driving Age Categories: 16 or Older, 16-25, 16-20, 21-25, 26 or Older

Probation/Parole Age Categories: 18 or Older, 18-49, 18-25, 26-34, 35-49

Gender: Male, Female

Gender/Youth Age Categories: Male 12-17, Female 12-17

Gender/Adult Age Categories: Male 18 or Older, Male 18-49, Female 18 or Older, Female 18-49

Hispanic Origin and Race: Not Hispanic or Latino; Not Hispanic or Latino, White; Not Hispanic or Latino, Black or African American; Not Hispanic or Latino, AIAN (American Indian or Alaska Native); Not Hispanic or Latino, NHOPI (Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander); Not Hispanic or Latino, Asian; Not Hispanic or Latino, Two or More Races; Hispanic or Latino

Gender/Race/Hispanic Origin: Male White, Not Hispanic; Female White, Not Hispanic; Male Black, Not Hispanic; Female Black, Not Hispanic; Male Hispanic; Female Hispanic

Education: Less Than High School, High School Graduate, Some College or Associate's Degree, College Graduate (Note: This variable is defined for adults aged 18 or older.)

College Enrollment Status: Full-Time College Students, Other Persons (including not enrolled in school, enrolled in college part time, enrolled in other grades full or part time, or enrolled with no other information available)

Current Employment: Full-Time, Part-Time, Unemployed, Other (including students, persons keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled persons, or other persons not in the labor force) (Note: This variable is defined for adults aged 18 or older.)

Family Income: Less Than $20,000, $20,000-$49,999, $50,000-$74,999, $75,000 or More

Geographic Characteristics

Region: Northeast, Midwest, South, West

County Type: Large Metro; Small Metro; Nonmetro (including urbanized counties, less urbanized counties, or completely rural counties)

Socioeconomic and Health Characteristics

Poverty Level: Three categories for poverty level are defined relative to the poverty threshold: Less Than 100 Percent, 100 to 199 Percent, 200 Percent or More

Health Insurance: Private Health Insurance, Medicaid/Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), Other (including Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance), No Coverage

Overall Health: Excellent, Very Good, Good, Fair/Poor

Pregnancy Status: Pregnant, Not Pregnant

Trimester: First, Second, Third

Probation Status: On Probation, Not on Probation

Parole/Supervised Release Status: On Parole/Supervised Release, Not on Parole/Supervised Release

Substance Use Measures

Illicit Drug Use/Misuse: Use of Illicit Drugs, Marijuana, Cocaine, Crack, Heroin, Hallucinogens, LSD, PCP, Ecstasy, Inhalants, Methamphetamine, Illicit Drugs Other Than Marijuana; Misuse of Psychotherapeutics, Pain Relievers, Stimulants, Tranquilizers or Sedatives, Tranquilizers, Sedatives, Benzodiazepines, Opioids

Selected Illicit Drug Use/Misuse: All Illicit Drug Use/Misuse Excluding Use of Heroin, LSD, PCP, Ecstasy; Misuse of Psychotherapeutics

Prescription Psychotherapeutics: Psychotherapeutics, Pain Relievers, Stimulants, Tranquilizers or Sedatives, Tranquilizers, Sedatives, Benzodiazepines

Tobacco Product Use: Use of Tobacco Products, Cigarettes, Smokeless Tobacco (i.e., Snuff, Dip, Chewing Tobacco, or "Snus"), Cigars, Pipe Tobacco; Daily Cigarette Use

Selected Tobacco Product Use: All Tobacco Product Use Excluding Use of Pipe Tobacco; Daily Cigarette Use

Alcohol Use: Use of Alcohol; Binge Alcohol Use, Heavy Alcohol Use

Risk: Perceived Risk Associated with Use of Cigarettes, Marijuana, Cocaine, Heroin, LSD, Alcohol

Availability: Perceived Availability of Marijuana, Cocaine, Crack, Heroin, LSD; Approached by Someone Selling Drugs

Drugs Used with Alcohol: Marijuana, Cocaine (including Crack), Heroin, Hallucinogens, Inhalants, Methamphetamine

Use of Combined Substances: Illicit Drugs, Tobacco Products, or Alcohol; Illicit Drugs or Alcohol; Tobacco Products or Alcohol

Days Used Specific Substances: Past Year Use of Marijuana, Cocaine, Crack, Heroin, Hallucinogens, Inhalants, Methamphetamine, Alcohol; Past Month Use of Marijuana, Cocaine, Crack, Heroin, Hallucinogens, Inhalants, Methamphetamine, Cigarettes, Smokeless Tobacco, Cigars, Alcohol, Binge Alcohol; Past Month Misuse of Pain Relievers, Stimulants, Tranquilizers, Sedatives

Daily or Almost Daily Use of Specific Substances: Daily or Almost Daily Use in Past Year of Marijuana, Cocaine, Crack, Heroin, Hallucinogens, Inhalants, Methamphetamine, Alcohol; Daily or Almost Daily Use in Past Month of Marijuana, Cocaine, Crack, Heroin, Hallucinogens, Inhalants, Methamphetamine, Smokeless Tobacco, Cigars, Alcohol, Binge Alcohol; Daily or Almost Daily Misuse in Past Month of Pain Relievers, Stimulants, Tranquilizers, Sedatives; Daily Use in Past Month of Cigarettes; Smoked One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day in Past Month

Substance Use Disorder (SUD) for Specific Substances: Use of Illicit Drugs, Marijuana, Cocaine, Heroin, Hallucinogens, Inhalants, Methamphetamine, Illicit Drugs Other Than Marijuana; Misuse of Psychotherapeutics, Pain Relievers, Stimulants, Tranquilizers or Sedatives, Tranquilizers, Sedatives, Benzodiazepines, Opioids; Use of Alcohol, Illicit Drugs and Alcohol, Illicit Drugs or Alcohol, Illicit Drugs Only, Alcohol Only

SUD Status for Specific Substances: All SUD for Specific Substances, No SUD

SUD Status for Selected Substances: No SUD, Illicit Drug Use Disorder, Marijuana Use Disorder, Opioid Use Disorder, Alcohol Use Disorder, Both Illicit Drug and Alcohol Use Disorder, Illicit Drug or Alcohol Use Disorder

SUD Status: Illicit Drug Use Disorder, Alcohol Use Disorder, SUD, No SUD

Substances for Last or Current Treatment: Marijuana, Cocaine, Heroin, Hallucinogens, Inhalants, Methamphetamine, Pain Relievers, Tranquilizers, Stimulants, Sedatives, Alcohol

Substance Use Treatment at Specialty Facility Status: Received Treatment at Specialty Facility, Did Not Receive Treatment at Specialty Facility

Locations: Hospital – Inpatient, Rehabilitation Facility – Inpatient, Rehabilitation Facility – Outpatient, Mental Health Center – Outpatient, Emergency Room, Private Doctor's Office, Self-Help Group, Prison/Jail

Sources of Payment: Private Health Insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, Public Assistance Other Than Medicaid, Own Savings or Earnings, Family Members, Courts, Military-Related Health Care, Employer

Mental Health Measures

Mental Illness: Any Mental Illness, Serious Mental Illness, Any Mental Illness Excluding Serious Mental Illness

Levels of Mental Illness: Mental Illness Plus No Mental Illness

Selected Levels of Mental Illness: Any Mental Illness, Serious Mental Illness

Serious Psychological Distress (SPD) Status: SPD, No SPD

MDE Status: MDE, No MDE

MDE and MDE with Severe Impairment Status: MDE Status Plus MDE with Severe Impairment

Types of Mental Health Services: Inpatient, Outpatient, Prescription Medication

Mental Health Service Status: Received Mental Health Services, Did Not Receive Mental Health Services

Locations of Outpatient Mental Health Services: Outpatient Mental Health Clinic or Center; Office of Private Therapist, Psychologist, Psychiatrist, Social Worker, or Counselor – Not Part of a Clinic; Doctor's Office – Not Part of a Clinic; Outpatient Medical Clinic; Partial Day Hospital or Day Treatment Program; School or University Setting/Clinic/Center; Some Other Place

Sources of Payment for Outpatient Mental Health Services: Self or Family Member Living in Household, Family Member Not Living in Household, Private Health Insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, Rehabilitation Program, Employer, VA or Other Military Program, Other Public Source, Other Private Source, Free Treatment

Mental Health Service Setting: Settings for Youth: Specialty, Outpatient, Inpatient or Residential; Nonspecialty, Education, General Medicine, Juvenile Justice, Child Welfare

Suicidal Thoughts and Behavior: Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide, Made Any Suicide Plans, Attempted Suicide

Suicidal Thoughts and Behavior Status: Suicidal Thoughts and Behavior Plus No Serious Thoughts of Suicide, Did Not Make Any Suicide Plans, Did Not Attempt Suicide

Treatment for Suicide Attempt: Received Medical Attention, Stayed Overnight or Longer in a Hospital