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Table 6.1A – Any Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Sex and Detailed Age Category, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Age Category Total
(2022)		 Total
(2023)		 Male
(2022)		 Male
(2023)		 Female
(2022)		 Female
(2023)
TOTAL 59,286 58,657 24,627 23,817 34,659 34,840
18-25 12,583b 11,515 5,210a 4,718 7,373a 6,797
18-20 4,499b 3,737 2,024b 1,554 2,476 2,183
21-25 8,084 7,777 3,186 3,164 4,897 4,613
26 or Older 46,703 47,142 19,417 19,099 27,286 28,043
26-49 30,160 30,264 13,045 12,638 17,115 17,626
26-29 6,195 6,290 2,700 2,773 3,494 3,517
30-34 7,912 7,982 3,478 3,503 4,434 4,479
35-39 6,271 6,713 2,742 2,927 3,528 3,787
40-44 5,371 5,117 2,419a 1,950 2,951 3,167
45-49 4,413 4,162 1,705 1,486 2,707 2,676
50 or Older 16,543 16,879 6,372 6,461 10,171 10,418
50-54 3,770 3,713 1,201 1,552 2,569 2,161
55-59 3,235 3,220 1,551 1,195 1,685 2,026
60-64 3,587 3,485 1,582 1,608 2,005 1,877
65 or Older 5,951 6,460 2,039 2,107 3,912 4,354
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Any mental illness (AMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.1B – Any Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Sex and Detailed Age Category, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Age Category Total
(2022)		 Total
(2023)		 Male
(2022)		 Male
(2023)		 Female
(2022)		 Female
(2023)
TOTAL 23.1 22.8 19.7 19.0 26.4 26.4
18-25 36.2a 33.8 29.8 27.6 42.6 40.1
18-20 34.8b 30.8 29.5a 24.5 40.9 37.5
21-25 37.0 35.5 30.0 29.5 43.6 41.4
26 or Older 21.1 21.1 18.0 17.6 24.0 24.3
26-49 29.4 29.2 25.4 24.6 33.4 33.9
26-29 36.4 35.8 31.4 30.8 41.5 41.0
30-34 34.1 35.2 30.1 31.8 38.1 38.5
35-39 28.4 28.9 24.6 24.7 32.4 33.3
40-44 25.8 24.1 23.1a 18.7 28.6 29.4
45-49 22.6 22.1 17.9 16.2 27.1 27.6
50 or Older 13.9 14.1 11.3 11.4 16.2 16.5
50-54 19.1 19.9 13.2 17.7 24.0 21.8
55-59 16.2 15.7 15.0 12.3 17.5 18.7
60-64 15.8 15.2 14.0 13.4 17.7 17.2
65 or Older 10.5 11.1 8.0 8.0 12.6 13.8
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Any mental illness (AMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.2A – Any Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Demographic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 59,286 58,657 12,583b 11,515 46,703 47,142 30,160 30,264 16,543 16,879
SEX                    
Male 24,627 23,817 5,210a 4,718 19,417 19,099 13,045 12,638 6,372 6,461
Female 34,659 34,840 7,373a 6,797 27,286 28,043 17,115 17,626 10,171 10,418
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 49,836 49,289 9,903b 9,086 39,933 40,203 25,219 25,225 14,714 14,978
AIAN 243 259 66 * 178 218 133 * 45 71
Asian 2,587 2,908 754 670 1,833 2,238 1,291 1,436 542 802
Black or African American 6,095 6,054 1,308 1,192 4,787 4,862 3,257 3,140 1,530 1,722
NHOPI * * * * * * * * * *
White 38,875 37,780 7,285 6,646 31,590 31,134 19,655 19,466 11,935 11,668
Two or More Races 1,778 1,932 478 493 1,300 1,439 797 882 503 557
Hispanic or Latino 9,450 9,368 2,680 2,429 6,770 6,940 4,941 5,039 1,829 1,901
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 26,982 26,909 4,773 4,546 22,209 22,363 17,967 17,899 4,242 4,464
Part-Time 9,278 8,341 3,627 3,220 5,651 5,121 3,702 3,754 1,950a 1,367
Unemployed 3,689 3,583 1,169 1,057 2,519 2,527 1,921 1,961 598 566
Other1 19,337 19,823 3,013 2,692 16,324 17,132 6,570 6,649 9,754 10,482
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Any mental illness (AMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.2B – Any Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Demographic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 23.1 22.8 36.2a 33.8 21.1 21.1 29.4 29.2 13.9 14.1
SEX                    
Male 19.7 19.0 29.8 27.6 18.0 17.6 25.4 24.6 11.3 11.4
Female 26.4 26.4 42.6 40.1 24.0 24.3 33.4 33.9 16.2 16.5
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 23.5 23.2 37.3a 35.3 21.5 21.6 31.1 31.0 14.1 14.3
AIAN 19.6 23.5 31.3 * 17.2 22.6 24.1 * 9.3 13.0
Asian 16.8 18.1 33.3 30.3 13.9 16.2 17.3 18.4 9.5 13.3
Black or African American 19.7 19.4 28.0 26.1 18.2 18.3 24.3 23.0 11.9 13.3
NHOPI * * * * * * * * * *
White 24.6 24.0 39.9 37.7 22.6 22.3 34.5 34.2 14.4 14.1
Two or More Races 35.2 36.7 47.6 45.1 32.1 34.5 36.6 39.9 27.0 28.4
Hispanic or Latino 21.4 20.6 32.4 29.4 18.8 18.7 23.0 22.9 12.6 12.5
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 22.8 22.2 33.9 32.9 21.3 20.9 27.1 26.3 11.2 11.4
Part-Time 28.3 26.4 41.3 38.5 23.5 22.1 33.1 35.4 15.2a 10.9
Unemployed 33.5 31.3 36.4 31.6 32.3 31.2 38.1 34.3 21.6 23.8
Other1 20.6 21.2 34.6 31.6 19.1 20.1 32.9 34.8 14.9 15.9
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Any mental illness (AMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.3A – Any Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Geographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Geographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 59,286 58,657 12,583b 11,515 46,703 47,142 30,160 30,264 16,543 16,879
GEOGRAPHIC REGION                    
Northeast 9,805 10,192 2,004 1,961 7,802 8,231 4,986 5,060 2,816 3,171
Midwest 12,964 12,089 2,623 2,582 10,341 9,506 6,436 6,185 3,905 3,321
South 21,382 21,828 4,644b 3,990 16,738 17,837 10,701 11,337 6,037 6,500
West 15,135 14,549 3,313 2,982 11,822 11,567 8,038 7,682 3,784 3,886
COUNTY TYPE                    
Large Metro 31,197 31,113 6,817a 5,947 24,380 25,166 16,029 16,758 8,351 8,409
Small Metro 20,311 19,768 4,400 4,237 15,911 15,531 10,338 9,846 5,572 5,685
Nonmetro 7,778 7,776 1,366 1,330 6,413 6,445 3,793 3,660 2,620 2,785
Urbanized 3,317 3,343 660 697 2,657 2,646 1,602 1,638 1,055 1,008
Less Urbanized 3,798 3,755 650 563 3,148 3,192 1,941 1,785 1,207 1,407
Completely Rural 663 678 55 * 608 607 250 237 * 370
POVERTY LEVEL1                    
Less Than 100% 10,459 11,454 2,707 2,598 7,752a 8,856 4,647 4,817 3,105a 4,039
100-199% 12,663 12,374 3,064 2,835 9,600 9,539 5,757 5,753 3,842 3,786
200% or More 36,161 34,818 6,810a 6,070 29,351 28,748 19,756 19,693 9,596 9,055
EDUCATION LEVEL                    
< High School 5,214 5,131 1,208 1,025 4,006 4,107 1,863 1,818 2,144 2,289
High School Graduate 14,235 14,563 3,648 3,582 10,587 10,981 6,235 6,180 4,351 4,801
Some College/Associate’s Degree 20,777 20,382 5,575a 4,912 15,202 15,470 9,970 10,099 5,232 5,371
College Graduate 19,060 18,581 2,152 1,997 16,908 16,584 12,092 12,166 4,816 4,418
HEALTH INSURANCE2                    
Private 33,891 33,159 7,820a 6,961 26,071 26,197 17,907 18,163 8,165 8,035
Medicaid/CHIP 15,340 16,425 3,138 3,161 12,202 13,264 7,810 8,186 4,392 5,078
Other3 12,398 13,123 905 831 11,493 12,292 2,981 3,082 8,512 9,211
No Coverage 5,856a 4,958 1,366 1,162 4,490 3,796 3,431 3,038 1,059 758
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Any mental illness (AMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Respondents aged 18 to 22 who were living in a college dormitory were excluded.
2 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
3 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.3B – Any Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Geographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Geographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 23.1 22.8 36.2a 33.8 21.1 21.1 29.4 29.2 13.9 14.1
GEOGRAPHIC REGION                    
Northeast 21.8 22.7 33.9 34.1 20.0 21.0 28.7 29.1 13.0 14.6
Midwest 24.6 22.9 35.9 36.2 22.7 20.8 31.4 30.0 15.6 13.3
South 21.8 22.1 34.8b 30.4 19.8 20.8 27.3 28.5 13.3 14.1
West 25.0 23.9 40.2 37.1 22.6 21.9 31.6 30.0 14.1 14.3
COUNTY TYPE                    
Large Metro 22.1 21.8 35.7a 32.4 20.0 20.3 27.2 27.6 13.2 13.2
Small Metro 25.0 24.5 37.6 37.1 22.8 22.4 31.9 31.9 15.0 14.8
Nonmetro 23.0 22.7 34.3 31.2 21.5 21.5 33.6 30.8 14.1 15.4
Urbanized 23.3 24.0 37.5 37.0 21.3 21.9 32.8 32.3 13.9 14.4
Less Urbanized 22.3 21.5 33.0 27.0 20.9 20.7 35.1 30.8 12.7 14.7
Completely Rural 25.7 24.2 22.0 * 26.1 24.2 28.2 23.6 * 24.6
POVERTY LEVEL1                    
Less Than 100% 28.9 29.0 33.6 30.9 27.5 28.5 30.6 29.9 24.0 27.0
100-199% 25.4 25.3 36.1 36.0 23.2 23.2 29.9 31.7 17.4 16.5
200% or More 21.2 20.6 37.3a 34.2 19.3 19.0 29.0 28.5 11.4 11.0
EDUCATION LEVEL                    
< High School 21.4 21.0 33.7 28.7 19.3 19.6 23.5 22.6 16.7 17.8
High School Graduate 20.6 21.0 31.4 31.0 18.4 19.0 26.7 26.3 12.7 14.0
Some College/Associate’s Degree 26.7 26.5 40.1 37.3 23.8 24.2 33.5 33.9 15.4 15.8
College Graduate 22.4 21.5 37.8 34.7 21.3 20.5 29.2 28.9 12.7 11.4
HEALTH INSURANCE2                    
Private 21.7 21.1 39.3a 36.5 19.2 19.0 27.9 27.7 11.4 11.1
Medicaid/CHIP 31.9 33.0 33.9 33.2 31.4 32.9 35.9 36.5 25.7 28.4
Other3 16.2 17.0 32.2 29.5 15.5 16.5 32.5a 38.0 13.1 13.9
No Coverage 25.2a 22.0 29.5 25.9 24.1 21.0 26.0 23.6 19.6 14.6
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Any mental illness (AMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Respondents aged 18 to 22 who were living in a college dormitory were excluded.
2 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
3 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.4A – Serious Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Sex and Detailed Age Category, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Age Category Total
(2022)		 Total
(2023)		 Male
(2022)		 Male
(2023)		 Female
(2022)		 Female
(2023)
TOTAL 15,360 14,601 6,019 5,431 9,341 9,170
18-25 4,031a 3,519 1,493a 1,220 2,539 2,299
18-20 1,405a 1,118 538 389 867 729
21-25 2,626 2,401 955 831 1,672 1,571
26 or Older 11,329 11,082 4,526 4,212 6,803 6,870
26-49 7,809 8,202 3,290 3,163 4,519 5,040
26-29 1,580 1,938 619 758 961 1,180
30-34 2,264 2,328 964 957 1,300 1,371
35-39 1,577 1,602 746 645 831 957
40-44 1,251 1,280 568 438 683 843
45-49 1,137 1,054 393 365 744 689
50 or Older 3,520 2,880 1,236 1,049 2,284 1,831
50-54 1,068 846 276 297 792 549
55-59 834 622 472a 213 361 409
60-64 802 611 349 325 453 286
65 or Older 817 800 139 214 677 587
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Serious mental illness (SMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. SMI is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.4B – Serious Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Sex and Detailed Age Category, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Age Category Total
(2022)		 Total
(2023)		 Male
(2022)		 Male
(2023)		 Female
(2022)		 Female
(2023)
TOTAL 6.0 5.7 4.8 4.3 7.1 6.9
18-25 11.6a 10.3 8.5 7.1 14.7 13.6
18-20 10.9 9.2 7.8 6.1 14.3 12.5
21-25 12.0 11.0 9.0 7.7 14.9 14.1
26 or Older 5.1 5.0 4.2 3.9 6.0 6.0
26-49 7.6 7.9 6.4 6.1 8.8 9.7
26-29 9.3 11.0 7.2 8.4 11.4 13.7
30-34 9.8 10.3 8.4 8.7 11.2 11.8
35-39 7.2 6.9 6.7 5.5 7.6 8.4
40-44 6.0 6.0 5.4 4.2 6.6 7.8
45-49 5.8 5.6 4.1 4.0 7.4 7.1
50 or Older 3.0 2.4 2.2 1.8 3.6 2.9
50-54 5.4 4.5 3.0 3.4 7.4 5.5
55-59 4.2 3.0 4.6 2.2 3.7 3.8
60-64 3.5 2.7 3.1 2.7 4.0 2.6
65 or Older 1.4 1.4 0.5 0.8 2.2 1.9
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Serious mental illness (SMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. SMI is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.5A – Serious Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Demographic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 15,360 14,601 4,031a 3,519 11,329 11,082 7,809 8,202 3,520 2,880
SEX                    
Male 6,019 5,431 1,493a 1,220 4,526 4,212 3,290 3,163 1,236 1,049
Female 9,341 9,170 2,539 2,299 6,803 6,870 4,519 5,040 2,284 1,831
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 13,031 12,119 3,195a 2,785 9,836 9,334 6,691 6,791 3,145 2,543
AIAN 91b 37 * 20 61b 17 49b 15 11 1
Asian 626 467 324b 155 302 312 191 249 111 *
Black or African American 1,467 1,164 341 293 1,126 870 801 708 325 163
NHOPI 43 * * * 42 * * * * *
White 10,207 9,663 2,341 2,097 7,866 7,565 5,298 5,446 2,568 2,119
Two or More Races 598 737 159 206 439 530 324 334 115 *
Hispanic or Latino 2,330 2,481 837 734 1,493 1,748 1,118 1,411 375 337
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 6,390 6,825 1,558 1,392 4,832 5,433 4,051 4,479 781 954
Part-Time 2,717 2,365 1,170 1,065 1,547 1,299 1,118 1,050 429 249
Unemployed 1,149 1,043 361 318 787 725 663 649 124 75
Other1 5,105 4,368 942 743 4,163 3,625 1,977 2,024 2,186 1,601
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Serious mental illness (SMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. SMI is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.5B – Serious Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Demographic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 6.0 5.7 11.6a 10.3 5.1 5.0 7.6 7.9 3.0 2.4
SEX                    
Male 4.8 4.3 8.5 7.1 4.2 3.9 6.4 6.1 2.2 1.8
Female 7.1 6.9 14.7 13.6 6.0 6.0 8.8 9.7 3.6 2.9
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 6.1 5.7 12.0 10.8 5.3 5.0 8.3 8.3 3.0 2.4
AIAN 7.3a 3.3 * 14.0 5.9b 1.7 9.0a 3.7 2.3 0.2
Asian 4.1 2.9 14.3b 7.0 2.3 2.3 2.6 3.2 1.9 *
Black or African American 4.7 3.7 7.3 6.4 4.3 3.3 6.0 5.2 2.5 1.3
NHOPI 3.5 * * * 3.9 * * * * *
White 6.5 6.1 12.8 11.9 5.6 5.4 9.3 9.6 3.1 2.6
Two or More Races 11.8 14.0 15.8 18.9 10.9 12.7 14.9 15.1 6.1 *
Hispanic or Latino 5.3 5.5 10.1 8.9 4.1 4.7 5.2 6.4 2.6 2.2
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 5.4 5.6 11.1 10.1 4.6 5.1 6.1 6.6 2.1 2.4
Part-Time 8.3 7.5 13.3 12.8 6.4 5.6 10.0 9.9 3.3 2.0
Unemployed 10.4 9.1 11.3 9.5 10.1 8.9 13.2 11.3 4.5 3.2
Other1 5.4a 4.7 10.8 8.7 4.9 4.3 9.9 10.6 3.3 2.4
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Serious mental illness (SMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. SMI is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.6A – Serious Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Geographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Geographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 15,360 14,601 4,031a 3,519 11,329 11,082 7,809 8,202 3,520 2,880
GEOGRAPHIC REGION                    
Northeast 2,323 2,503 624 608 1,698 1,896 1,198 1,429 501 466
Midwest 3,334a 2,849 811 763 2,523a 2,086 1,746 1,678 777b 407
South 5,764 5,475 1,523a 1,216 4,240 4,258 2,841 3,057 1,399 1,202
West 3,940 3,774 1,073 932 2,867 2,843 2,024 2,038 843 805
COUNTY TYPE                    
Large Metro 7,675 7,169 2,147a 1,689 5,528 5,480 3,865 4,160 1,663 1,320
Small Metro 5,539 5,504 1,429 1,399 4,110 4,105 2,919 2,873 1,190 1,231
Nonmetro 2,147 1,928 455 431 1,692 1,497 1,025 1,169 667a 329
Urbanized 918 779 239 203 679 576 431 473 248 102
Less Urbanized 998 987 196 202 801 785 538 608 263 177
Completely Rural 231 162 * 26 211 137 55 87 * 49
POVERTY LEVEL1                    
Less Than 100% 3,085 3,017 790 806 2,295 2,211 1,493 1,584 801 627
100-199% 3,691 3,327 1,053 864 2,638 2,463 1,520 1,749 1,118 713
200% or More 8,584 8,255 2,188a 1,847 6,396 6,409 4,796 4,869 1,600 1,539
EDUCATION LEVEL                    
< High School 1,272 1,118 394 283 878 835 421 505 457 330
High School Graduate 4,110 3,739 1,313 1,110 2,796 2,629 1,712 1,856 1,084 773
Some College/Associate’s Degree 5,829 5,693 1,765 1,578 4,064 4,115 2,964 3,154 1,100 961
College Graduate 4,150 4,050 559 547 3,591 3,503 2,712 2,687 879 817
HEALTH INSURANCE2                    
Private 8,179 7,676 2,491 2,224 5,687 5,452 4,165 4,170 1,523 1,283
Medicaid/CHIP 4,942 4,403 1,035 899 3,908 3,504 2,515 2,758 1,393b 746
Other3 2,929 2,710 319 284 2,610 2,426 884 992 1,726 1,434
No Coverage 1,512 1,514 427a 312 1,084 1,202 887 961 197 241
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Serious mental illness (SMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. SMI is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Respondents aged 18 to 22 who were living in a college dormitory were excluded.
2 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
3 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.6B – Serious Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Geographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Geographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 6.0 5.7 11.6a 10.3 5.1 5.0 7.6 7.9 3.0 2.4
GEOGRAPHIC REGION                    
Northeast 5.2 5.6 10.6 10.6 4.3 4.8 6.9 8.2 2.3 2.1
Midwest 6.3a 5.4 11.1 10.7 5.6a 4.6 8.5 8.1 3.1b 1.6
South 5.9 5.5 11.4a 9.3 5.0 5.0 7.2 7.7 3.1 2.6
West 6.5 6.2 13.0 11.6 5.5 5.4 7.9 8.0 3.1 3.0
COUNTY TYPE                    
Large Metro 5.4 5.0 11.2a 9.2 4.5 4.4 6.6 6.8 2.6 2.1
Small Metro 6.8 6.8 12.2 12.2 5.9 5.9 9.0 9.3 3.2 3.2
Nonmetro 6.3 5.6 11.4 10.1 5.7 5.0 9.1 9.8 3.6a 1.8
Urbanized 6.5 5.6 13.6 10.8 5.4 4.8 8.8 9.3 3.3 1.5
Less Urbanized 5.9 5.6 10.0 9.7 5.3 5.1 9.7 10.5 2.8 1.8
Completely Rural 9.0 5.8 * 8.8 9.1 5.4 6.2 8.7 * 3.3
POVERTY LEVEL1                    
Less Than 100% 8.5 7.6 9.8 9.6 8.2 7.1 9.8 9.8 6.2 4.2
100-199% 7.4 6.8 12.4 11.0 6.4 6.0 7.9a 9.6 5.1 3.1
200% or More 5.0 4.9 12.0 10.4 4.2 4.2 7.0 7.0 1.9 1.9
EDUCATION LEVEL                    
< High School 5.2 4.6 11.0 7.9 4.2 4.0 5.3 6.3 3.6 2.6
High School Graduate 5.9 5.4 11.3 9.6 4.9 4.5 7.3 7.9 3.2 2.2
Some College/Associate’s Degree 7.5 7.4 12.7 12.0 6.4 6.4 9.9 10.6 3.2 2.8
College Graduate 4.9 4.7 9.8 9.5 4.5 4.3 6.5 6.4 2.3 2.1
HEALTH INSURANCE2                    
Private 5.2 4.9 12.5 11.7 4.2 4.0 6.5 6.4 2.1 1.8
Medicaid/CHIP 10.3a 8.8 11.2 9.4 10.1 8.7 11.6 12.3 8.1b 4.2
Other3 3.8 3.5 11.4 10.1 3.5 3.3 9.6 12.2 2.7 2.2
No Coverage 6.5 6.7 9.2 7.0 5.8 6.7 6.7 7.5 3.7 4.7
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Serious mental illness (SMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. SMI is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Respondents aged 18 to 22 who were living in a college dormitory were excluded.
2 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
3 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.7A – Levels of Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Demographic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Any
Mental
Illness
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness
(2023)		 No
Mental
Illness
(2022)		 No
Mental
Illness
(2023)
TOTAL 59,286 58,657 15,360 14,601 43,926 44,056 196,996 198,885
AGE GROUP                
18-25 12,583b 11,515 4,031a 3,519 8,551a 7,996 22,203 22,519
26 or Older 46,703 47,142 11,329 11,082 35,374 36,061 174,792 176,367
26-49 30,160 30,264 7,809 8,202 22,351 22,061 72,408 73,233
50 or Older 16,543 16,879 3,520 2,880 13,023 13,999 102,384 103,133
SEX                
Male 24,627 23,817 6,019 5,431 18,608 18,386 100,455 101,542
Female 34,659 34,840 9,341 9,170 25,318 25,671 96,541 97,343
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                
Not Hispanic or Latino 49,836 49,289 13,031 12,119 36,806 37,169 162,191 162,812
AIAN 243 259 91b 37 153 223 1,000 844
Asian 2,587 2,908 626 467 1,961 2,441 12,824 13,123
Black or African American 6,095 6,054 1,467 1,164 4,628 4,891 24,834 25,104
NHOPI * * 43 * * * * *
White 38,875 37,780 10,207 9,663 28,668 28,118 119,309 119,738
Two or More Races 1,778 1,932 598 737 1,180 1,195 3,270 3,333
Hispanic or Latino 9,450 9,368 2,330 2,481 7,120 6,887 34,805b 36,073
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                
Full-Time 26,982 26,909 6,390 6,825 20,593 20,084 91,395 94,075
Part-Time 9,278 8,341 2,717 2,365 6,561 5,977 23,552 23,206
Unemployed 3,689 3,583 1,149 1,043 2,540 2,540 7,328 7,859
Other1 19,337 19,823 5,105 4,368 14,232 15,455 74,720 73,746
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.7B – Levels of Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Demographic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Any
Mental
Illness
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness
(2023)		 No
Mental
Illness
(2022)		 No
Mental
Illness
(2023)
TOTAL 23.1 22.8 6.0 5.7 17.1 17.1 76.9 77.2
AGE GROUP                
18-25 36.2a 33.8 11.6a 10.3 24.6 23.5 63.8a 66.2
26 or Older 21.1 21.1 5.1 5.0 16.0 16.1 78.9 78.9
26-49 29.4 29.2 7.6 7.9 21.8 21.3 70.6 70.8
50 or Older 13.9 14.1 3.0 2.4 11.0 11.7 86.1 85.9
SEX                
Male 19.7 19.0 4.8 4.3 14.9 14.7 80.3 81.0
Female 26.4 26.4 7.1 6.9 19.3 19.4 73.6 73.6
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                
Not Hispanic or Latino 23.5 23.2 6.1 5.7 17.4 17.5 76.5 76.8
AIAN 19.6 23.5 7.3a 3.3 12.3a 20.2 80.4 76.5
Asian 16.8 18.1 4.1 2.9 12.7 15.2 83.2 81.9
Black or African American 19.7 19.4 4.7 3.7 15.0 15.7 80.3 80.6
NHOPI * * 3.5 * * * * *
White 24.6 24.0 6.5 6.1 18.1 17.9 75.4 76.0
Two or More Races 35.2 36.7 11.8 14.0 23.4 22.7 64.8 63.3
Hispanic or Latino 21.4 20.6 5.3 5.5 16.1 15.2 78.6 79.4
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                
Full-Time 22.8 22.2 5.4 5.6 17.4 16.6 77.2 77.8
Part-Time 28.3 26.4 8.3 7.5 20.0 18.9 71.7 73.6
Unemployed 33.5 31.3 10.4 9.1 23.1 22.2 66.5 68.7
Other1 20.6 21.2 5.4a 4.7 15.1 16.5 79.4 78.8
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.8A – Levels of Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Geographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Geographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Any
Mental
Illness
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness
(2023)		 No
Mental
Illness
(2022)		 No
Mental
Illness
(2023)
TOTAL 59,286 58,657 15,360 14,601 43,926 44,056 196,996 198,885
GEOGRAPHIC REGION                
Northeast 9,805 10,192 2,323 2,503 7,482 7,689 35,154 34,722
Midwest 12,964 12,089 3,334a 2,849 9,630 9,240 39,792a 40,728
South 21,382 21,828 5,764 5,475 15,619 16,353 76,604 77,151
West 15,135 14,549 3,940 3,774 11,195 10,775 45,446 46,285
COUNTY TYPE                
Large Metro 31,197 31,113 7,675 7,169 23,523 23,945 109,925 111,495
Small Metro 20,311 19,768 5,539 5,504 14,772 14,264 61,038 60,931
Nonmetro 7,778 7,776 2,147 1,928 5,631 5,847 26,032 26,460
Urbanized 3,317 3,343 918 779 2,399 2,564 10,914 10,605
Less Urbanized 3,798 3,755 998 987 2,800 2,768 13,206 13,729
Completely Rural 663 678 231 162 432 516 1,913 2,125
POVERTY LEVEL1                
Less Than 100% 10,459 11,454 3,085 3,017 7,374a 8,437 25,746a 28,001
100-199% 12,663 12,374 3,691 3,327 8,972 9,047 37,163 36,618
200% or More 36,161 34,818 8,584 8,255 27,577 26,562 134,082 134,256
EDUCATION LEVEL                
< High School 5,214 5,131 1,272 1,118 3,942 4,013 19,149 19,350
High School Graduate 14,235 14,563 4,110 3,739 10,125 10,824 54,909 54,913
Some College/Associate’s Degree 20,777 20,382 5,829 5,693 14,948 14,689 56,991 56,657
College Graduate 19,060 18,581 4,150 4,050 14,910 14,530 65,947b 67,965
HEALTH INSURANCE2                
Private 33,891 33,159 8,179 7,676 25,713 25,482 122,020 123,937
Medicaid/CHIP 15,340 16,425 4,942 4,403 10,398b 12,022 32,745 33,390
Other3 12,398 13,123 2,929 2,710 9,469 10,413 64,327 64,029
No Coverage 5,856a 4,958 1,512 1,514 4,345b 3,444 17,388 17,574
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Respondents aged 18 to 22 who were living in a college dormitory were excluded.
2 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
3 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.8B – Levels of Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Geographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Geographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Any
Mental
Illness
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness
(2023)		 No
Mental
Illness
(2022)		 No
Mental
Illness
(2023)
TOTAL 23.1 22.8 6.0 5.7 17.1 17.1 76.9 77.2
GEOGRAPHIC REGION                
Northeast 21.8 22.7 5.2 5.6 16.6 17.1 78.2 77.3
Midwest 24.6 22.9 6.3a 5.4 18.3 17.5 75.4 77.1
South 21.8 22.1 5.9 5.5 15.9 16.5 78.2 77.9
West 25.0 23.9 6.5 6.2 18.5 17.7 75.0 76.1
COUNTY TYPE                
Large Metro 22.1 21.8 5.4 5.0 16.7 16.8 77.9 78.2
Small Metro 25.0 24.5 6.8 6.8 18.2 17.7 75.0 75.5
Nonmetro 23.0 22.7 6.3 5.6 16.7 17.1 77.0 77.3
Urbanized 23.3 24.0 6.5 5.6 16.9 18.4 76.7 76.0
Less Urbanized 22.3 21.5 5.9 5.6 16.5 15.8 77.7 78.5
Completely Rural 25.7 24.2 9.0 5.8 16.8 18.4 74.3 75.8
POVERTY LEVEL1                
Less Than 100% 28.9 29.0 8.5 7.6 20.4 21.4 71.1 71.0
100-199% 25.4 25.3 7.4 6.8 18.0 18.5 74.6 74.7
200% or More 21.2 20.6 5.0 4.9 16.2 15.7 78.8 79.4
EDUCATION LEVEL                
< High School 21.4 21.0 5.2 4.6 16.2 16.4 78.6 79.0
High School Graduate 20.6 21.0 5.9 5.4 14.6 15.6 79.4 79.0
Some College/Associate’s Degree 26.7 26.5 7.5 7.4 19.2 19.1 73.3 73.5
College Graduate 22.4 21.5 4.9 4.7 17.5 16.8 77.6 78.5
HEALTH INSURANCE2                
Private 21.7 21.1 5.2 4.9 16.5 16.2 78.3 78.9
Medicaid/CHIP 31.9 33.0 10.3a 8.8 21.6a 24.1 68.1 67.0
Other3 16.2 17.0 3.8 3.5 12.3 13.5 83.8 83.0
No Coverage 25.2a 22.0 6.5 6.7 18.7b 15.3 74.8a 78.0
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Respondents aged 18 to 22 who were living in a college dormitory were excluded.
2 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
3 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.9A – Substance Use Disorder or Any Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Demographic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 84,236 84,489 16,982b 15,952 67,255 68,537 41,677 42,229 25,577 26,308
SEX                    
Male 40,897 41,069 7,982a 7,467 32,915 33,602 20,857 20,791 12,058 12,811
Female 43,339 43,420 9,000a 8,485 34,340 34,935 20,820 21,438 13,520 13,497
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 70,189 70,847 13,228b 12,449 56,961 58,398 34,274 34,902 22,687 23,497
AIAN 446 454 * * 345 378 219 231 * 147
Asian 3,469 3,902 886 857 2,582 3,045 1,718 1,928 865 1,117
Black or African American 9,676 9,491 1,925 1,924 7,752 7,567 5,017 4,968 2,735 2,598
NHOPI * * * * * * * * * *
White 53,805 53,871 9,675 8,912 44,129 44,958 26,067 26,330 18,063 18,628
Two or More Races 2,343 2,632 592 621 1,751 2,012 1,082 1,235 669 776
Hispanic or Latino 14,047 13,642 3,753 3,503 10,293 10,139 7,403 7,327 2,891 2,812
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 40,847 41,209 6,980 6,600 33,867 34,609 26,058 26,253 7,809 8,356
Part-Time 12,567a 11,319 4,635 4,175 7,932 7,144 4,807 4,821 3,125a 2,324
Unemployed 4,999 5,156 1,594 1,595 3,405 3,561 2,484 2,717 920 844
Other1 25,823 26,805 3,773 3,583 22,050 23,222 8,327 8,438 13,723 14,784
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
NOTE: Any mental illness (AMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.9B – Substance Use Disorder or Any Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Demographic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 32.9 32.8 48.8a 46.9 30.4 30.7 40.6 40.8 21.5 21.9
SEX                    
Male 32.7 32.8 45.6 43.7 30.6 31.0 40.7 40.4 21.4 22.5
Female 33.0 32.8 52.0 50.0 30.1 30.3 40.6 41.2 21.6 21.4
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 33.1 33.4 49.9 48.3 30.7 31.3 42.3 42.8 21.7 22.4
AIAN 35.9 41.1 * * 33.4 39.2 39.8a 54.9 * 27.1
Asian 22.5 24.3 39.1 38.7 19.6 22.0 23.0 24.7 15.2 18.6
Black or African American 31.3 30.5 41.3 42.2 29.5 28.4 37.4 36.4 21.3 20.0
NHOPI * * * * * * * * * *
White 34.0 34.2 53.0 50.5 31.5 32.1 45.8 46.2 21.8 22.5
Two or More Races 46.4 50.0 59.0 56.8 43.3 48.2 49.7 55.8 35.9 39.6
Hispanic or Latino 31.7 30.0 45.4 42.4 28.6 27.3 34.4 33.3 19.9 18.5
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 34.5 34.1 49.6 47.7 32.5 32.3 39.3 38.6 20.6 21.4
Part-Time 38.3 35.9 52.7 50.0 33.0 30.8 43.0 45.5 24.3a 18.5
Unemployed 45.4 45.1 49.7 47.7 43.6 44.0 49.3 47.5 33.3 35.5
Other1 27.5 28.6 43.3 42.1 25.8 27.3 41.7 44.2 21.0 22.4
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
NOTE: Any mental illness (AMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.10A – Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Demographic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 21,543 20,440 5,270a 4,791 16,274 15,649 11,669 11,331 4,605 4,319
SEX                    
Male 10,408 9,631 2,278 2,108 8,129 7,523 5,920 5,449 2,209 2,074
Female 11,136 10,809 2,991a 2,682 8,144 8,127 5,749 5,882 2,396 2,245
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 17,927 17,197 4,083 3,772 13,844 13,426 9,665 9,605 4,179 3,820
AIAN 121 127 43 * 78 105 63 * 14 31
Asian 593 555 164 185 428 370 322 269 106 101
Black or African American 2,430 2,415 498 538 1,932 1,877 1,405 1,411 527 466
NHOPI * * * * * * * * * *
White 14,068 13,216 3,186a 2,775 10,882 10,440 7,559 7,389 3,323 3,051
Two or More Races 630 701 187 236 443 465 284 395 159 71
Hispanic or Latino 3,617 3,243 1,187 1,019 2,430 2,224 2,004 1,725 425 498
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 9,960 9,609 2,279 2,071 7,681 7,538 6,551 6,569 1,129 969
Part-Time 3,455 3,227 1,395 1,436 2,060 1,791 1,472 1,427 588 363
Unemployed 1,760 1,733 483 479 1,276 1,254 1,059 1,018 218 236
Other1 6,369 5,871 1,112b 805 5,257 5,067 2,587 2,317 2,670 2,750
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
NOTE: Any mental illness (AMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.10B – Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Demographic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 8.4 7.9 15.1 14.1 7.3 7.0 11.4 10.9 3.9 3.6
SEX                    
Male 8.3 7.7 13.0 12.4 7.6 6.9 11.5 10.6 3.9 3.6
Female 8.5 8.2 17.3 15.8 7.2 7.1 11.2 11.3 3.8 3.6
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 8.5 8.1 15.4 14.6 7.5 7.2 11.9 11.8 4.0 3.6
AIAN 9.7 11.5 20.5 * 7.5 10.9 11.5 * 3.0 5.7
Asian 3.8 3.5 7.3 8.4 3.3 2.7 4.3 3.5 1.9 1.7
Black or African American 7.9 7.8 10.7 11.8 7.4 7.1 10.5 10.3 4.1 3.6
NHOPI * * * * * * * * * *
White 8.9 8.4 17.5 15.7 7.8 7.5 13.3 13.0 4.0 3.7
Two or More Races 12.5 13.3 18.7 21.6 11.0 11.2 13.0 17.8 8.5 3.6
Hispanic or Latino 8.2 7.1 14.4 12.3 6.7 6.0 9.3 7.8 2.9 3.3
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 8.4 7.9 16.2 15.0 7.4 7.0 9.9 9.7 3.0 2.5
Part-Time 10.5 10.2 15.9 17.2 8.6 7.7 13.2 13.5 4.6 2.9
Unemployed 16.0 15.1 15.1 14.3 16.3 15.5 21.0 17.8 7.9 9.9
Other1 6.8 6.3 12.8b 9.5 6.2 6.0 12.9 12.1 4.1 4.2
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
NOTE: Any mental illness (AMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.11A – Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Geographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Geographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 21,543 20,440 5,270a 4,791 16,274 15,649 11,669 11,331 4,605 4,319
GEOGRAPHIC REGION                    
Northeast 3,388 3,851 853 903 2,536 2,948 1,799 1,930 736 1,018
Midwest 4,866a 4,227 1,142 1,080 3,724a 3,147 2,441 2,338 1,284a 809
South 7,516 7,384 1,782 1,586 5,734 5,798 4,159 4,155 1,576 1,642
West 5,773a 4,979 1,494a 1,222 4,279 3,757 3,270 2,907 1,009 850
COUNTY TYPE                    
Large Metro 11,394 10,807 2,794a 2,375 8,600 8,432 6,174 6,412 2,425 2,020
Small Metro 7,506 7,086 1,920 1,882 5,586 5,204 3,966 3,572 1,621 1,632
Nonmetro 2,643 2,547 555 533 2,088 2,014 1,530 1,347 558 667
Urbanized 1,196 1,083 266 263 930 820 678 598 252 222
Less Urbanized 1,225 1,286 279 248 946 1,039 740 654 207 385
Completely Rural 222 177 10 * 212 155 * 95 * 60
POVERTY LEVEL1                    
Less Than 100% 4,189 4,376 1,129 1,069 3,059 3,307 2,025 1,955 1,035 1,352
100-199% 4,934 4,343 1,389 1,197 3,545 3,146 2,346 2,267 1,198 879
200% or More 12,421 11,715 2,751 2,519 9,670 9,196 7,298 7,108 2,372 2,088
EDUCATION LEVEL                    
< High School 1,783 1,876 456 422 1,327 1,454 896 794 431 660
High School Graduate 5,519 5,458 1,498 1,523 4,021 3,935 2,706 2,426 1,315 1,508
Some College/Associate’s Degree 8,187 7,441 2,399 2,134 5,788 5,307 4,267 4,125 1,521 1,183
College Graduate 6,055 5,665 917a 712 5,139 4,953 3,801 3,985 1,338 968
HEALTH INSURANCE2                    
Private 11,347 10,540 3,223a 2,763 8,124 7,777 6,060 5,997 2,065 1,780
Medicaid/CHIP 6,449 6,552 1,390 1,436 5,059 5,115 3,552 3,463 1,507 1,653
Other3 3,944 3,903 374 390 3,570 3,513 1,281 1,202 2,289 2,311
No Coverage 2,404 2,129 540 461 1,864 1,668 1,572 1,449 292 219
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
NOTE: Any mental illness (AMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Respondents aged 18 to 22 who were living in a college dormitory were excluded.
2 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
3 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.11B – Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Geographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Geographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 8.4 7.9 15.1 14.1 7.3 7.0 11.4 10.9 3.9 3.6
GEOGRAPHIC REGION                    
Northeast 7.5 8.6 14.4 15.7 6.5 7.5 10.4 11.1 3.4 4.7
Midwest 9.2a 8.0 15.6 15.1 8.2a 6.9 11.9 11.3 5.1a 3.2
South 7.7 7.5 13.4 12.1 6.8 6.8 10.6 10.4 3.5 3.6
West 9.5a 8.2 18.1 15.2 8.2 7.1 12.8 11.3 3.8 3.1
COUNTY TYPE                    
Large Metro 8.1 7.6 14.6 13.0 7.0 6.8 10.5 10.6 3.8 3.2
Small Metro 9.2 8.8 16.4 16.5 8.0 7.5 12.2 11.6 4.4 4.2
Nonmetro 7.8 7.4 13.9 12.5 7.0 6.7 13.5 11.3 3.0 3.7
Urbanized 8.4 7.8 15.1 14.0 7.5 6.8 13.9 11.8 3.3 3.2
Less Urbanized 7.2 7.4 14.2 11.9 6.3 6.7 13.4 11.3 2.2 4.0
Completely Rural 8.6 6.3 4.1 * 9.1 6.2 * 9.4 * 4.0
POVERTY LEVEL1                    
Less Than 100% 11.6 11.1 14.0 12.7 10.9 10.7 13.3 12.1 8.0 9.1
100-199% 9.9 8.9 16.4 15.2 8.6 7.7 12.2 12.5 5.4 3.8
200% or More 7.3 6.9 15.1 14.2 6.4 6.1 10.7 10.3 2.8 2.5
EDUCATION LEVEL                    
< High School 7.3 7.7 12.7 11.8 6.4 7.0 11.3 9.9 3.4 5.1
High School Graduate 8.0 7.9 12.9 13.2 7.0 6.8 11.6 10.3 3.8 4.4
Some College/Associate’s Degree 10.5 9.7 17.3 16.2 9.1 8.3 14.3 13.8 4.5 3.5
College Graduate 7.1 6.5 16.1a 12.4 6.5 6.1 9.2 9.5 3.5 2.5
HEALTH INSURANCE2                    
Private 7.3 6.7 16.2 14.5 6.0 5.6 9.4 9.2 2.9 2.5
Medicaid/CHIP 13.4 13.2 15.0 15.1 13.0 12.7 16.3 15.4 8.8 9.3
Other3 5.1 5.1 13.3 13.8 4.8 4.7 14.0 14.8 3.5 3.5
No Coverage 10.3 9.4 11.7 10.3 10.0 9.2 11.9 11.3 5.4 4.2
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
NOTE: Any mental illness (AMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Respondents aged 18 to 22 who were living in a college dormitory were excluded.
2 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
3 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.12A – Substance Use Disorder or Serious Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Demographic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 54,444 54,063 11,622a 10,919 42,822 43,145 27,168 27,435 15,655 15,709
SEX                    
Male 29,366 29,476 5,785a 5,380 23,581 24,097 15,186 15,039 8,395 9,058
Female 25,078 24,587 5,837 5,539 19,242 19,048 11,982 12,396 7,260 6,651
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 45,188 45,224 9,026a 8,463 36,163 36,761 22,198 22,741 13,964 14,020
AIAN 350 344 * * 268 276 166 * * *
Asian 1,924 1,892 564 499 1,361 1,393 873 964 487 428
Black or African American 6,633 6,377 1,299 1,375 5,333 5,003 3,485 3,615 1,848 1,387
NHOPI * * * * * * * * * *
White 34,470 34,478 6,674a 6,031 27,795 28,447 16,797 16,976 10,998 11,471
Two or More Races 1,521 1,795 365 452 1,156 1,342 757 888 399 454
Hispanic or Latino 9,256 8,840 2,596 2,456 6,660 6,384 4,970 4,695 1,690 1,689
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 27,254 27,510 5,141 4,711 22,113 22,799 16,918 17,265 5,195 5,534
Part-Time 8,107 7,422 3,024 2,880 5,083 4,542 3,121 3,041 1,962 1,501
Unemployed 3,564 3,692 1,115 1,146 2,449 2,546 1,823 1,989 627 556
Other1 15,520 15,440 2,343 2,182 13,177 13,258 5,306 5,141 7,871 8,117
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
NOTE: Serious mental illness (SMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. SMI is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.12B – Substance Use Disorder or Serious Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Demographic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 21.2 21.0 33.4 32.1 19.3 19.3 26.5 26.5 13.2 13.1
SEX                    
Male 23.5 23.5 33.1 31.5 21.9 22.3 29.6 29.2 14.9 15.9
Female 19.1 18.6 33.7 32.7 16.9 16.5 23.4 23.8 11.6 10.5
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 21.3 21.3 34.0 32.8 19.5 19.7 27.4 27.9 13.4 13.4
AIAN 28.2 31.1 * * 26.0 28.7 30.2 * * *
Asian 12.5 11.8 24.9 22.6 10.4 10.1 11.7 12.4 8.6 7.1
Black or African American 21.4 20.5 27.9 30.1 20.3 18.8 26.0 26.5 14.4a 10.7
NHOPI * * * * * * * * * *
White 21.8 21.9 36.6a 34.2 19.9 20.3 29.5 29.8 13.2 13.8
Two or More Races 30.1 34.1 36.4 41.4 28.6 32.2 34.8 40.1 21.4 23.2
Hispanic or Latino 20.9 19.5 31.4 29.7 18.5 17.2 23.1 21.3 11.7 11.1
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 23.0 22.7 36.5 34.1 21.2 21.3 25.5 25.4 13.7 14.2
Part-Time 24.7 23.5 34.4 34.5 21.1 19.6 27.9 28.7 15.3 11.9
Unemployed 32.3 32.3 34.7 34.3 31.4 31.4 36.2 34.8 22.6 23.4
Other1 16.5 16.5 26.9 25.6 15.4 15.6 26.5 26.9 12.0 12.3
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
NOTE: Serious mental illness (SMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. SMI is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.13A – Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Demographic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 7,410 6,809 2,078 1,828 5,332 4,981 3,827 4,062 1,504b 919
SEX                    
Male 3,331 2,838 759 697 2,572 2,141 1,835 1,726 737 415
Female 4,079 3,972 1,320 1,131 2,759 2,841 1,992 2,337 767 504
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 6,122 5,651 1,577 1,456 4,545 4,194 3,213 3,333 1,332a 862
AIAN 64b 14 * 8 38b 6 33b 5 5 1
Asian 176 124 57 28 120 96 67 46 * *
Black or African American 846 638 156 188 690a 450 480 332 209 118
NHOPI 30 * * * * * * * * *
White 4,734 4,490 1,243 1,107 3,492 3,383 2,470 2,724 1,021 659
Two or More Races 272 344 95 117 177 227 137 194 40 33
Hispanic or Latino 1,288 1,158 501 372 786 787 614 730 172 57
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 2,961 3,224 903 806 2,058 2,417 1,775 2,136 283 281
Part-Time 1,354 1,147 549 576 806 571 575 503 230 68
Unemployed 655 657 155 189 500 468 462 434 38 *
Other1 2,440b 1,782 472b 257 1,969a 1,525 1,015 990 954a 535
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
NOTE: Serious mental illness (SMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. SMI is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.13B – Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Demographic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 2.9 2.6 6.0 5.4 2.4 2.2 3.7 3.9 1.3b 0.8
SEX                    
Male 2.7 2.3 4.3 4.1 2.4 2.0 3.6 3.4 1.3 0.7
Female 3.1 3.0 7.6 6.7 2.4 2.5 3.9 4.5 1.2 0.8
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 2.9 2.7 5.9 5.6 2.5 2.3 4.0 4.1 1.3a 0.8
AIAN 5.2b 1.3 * 5.8 3.7b 0.6 5.9a 1.2 1.0 0.2
Asian 1.1 0.8 2.5 1.3 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.6 * *
Black or African American 2.7 2.0 3.3 4.1 2.6a 1.7 3.6 2.4 1.6 0.9
NHOPI 2.5 * * * * * * * * *
White 3.0 2.9 6.8 6.3 2.5 2.4 4.3 4.8 1.2 0.8
Two or More Races 5.4 6.5 9.5 10.7 4.4 5.4 6.3 8.8 2.2 1.7
Hispanic or Latino 2.9 2.5 6.1 4.5 2.2 2.1 2.9 3.3 1.2 0.4
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 2.5 2.7 6.4 5.8 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.1 0.7 0.7
Part-Time 4.1 3.6 6.2 6.9 3.4 2.5 5.1 4.7 1.8 0.5
Unemployed 5.9 5.7 4.8 5.6 6.4 5.8 9.2 7.6 1.4 *
Other1 2.6b 1.9 5.4b 3.0 2.3a 1.8 5.1 5.2 1.5a 0.8
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
NOTE: Serious mental illness (SMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. SMI is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.14A – Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Geographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Geographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 7,410 6,809 2,078 1,828 5,332 4,981 3,827 4,062 1,504b 919
GEOGRAPHIC REGION                    
Northeast 1,131 1,163 316 333 815 830 561 672 254 159
Midwest 1,685 1,411 423 420 1,262 991 818 827 444b 163
South 2,628 2,658 737 666 1,891 1,992 1,429 1,616 462 376
West 1,966 1,577 603a 409 1,363 1,168 1,019 948 344 220
COUNTY TYPE                    
Large Metro 3,759 3,281 1,064 836 2,695 2,445 1,903 2,095 792a 350
Small Metro 2,749 2,600 820 743 1,929 1,857 1,477 1,398 452 459
Nonmetro 902 928 195 249 707 679 447 569 260 110
Urbanized 476 390 97 115 379 275 250 228 129 47
Less Urbanized 353 467 97 123 256 344 182 290 74 54
Completely Rural 73 71 * 12 73 59 15 51 * 8
POVERTY LEVEL1                    
Less Than 100% 1,654 1,496 410 408 1,244 1,088 862 813 381 275
100-199% 1,779 1,453 566 430 1,212 1,023 733 829 479a 194
200% or More 3,978 3,859 1,102 989 2,876 2,870 2,232 2,420 644 450
EDUCATION LEVEL                    
< High School 600 555 199 148 401 407 271 322 130 85
High School Graduate 2,088 1,890 660 608 1,428 1,282 881 917 547 365
Some College/Associate’s Degree 3,083 2,754 926 829 2,156 1,925 1,642 1,678 514a 247
College Graduate 1,640 1,610 294 243 1,346 1,367 1,033 1,145 313 222
HEALTH INSURANCE2                    
Private 3,604 3,411 1,229 1,089 2,375 2,322 1,824 1,924 550 398
Medicaid/CHIP 2,579a 2,094 582 479 1,997 1,615 1,316 1,369 680b 246
Other3 1,325 1,081 162 173 1,163 907 456 505 707 403
No Coverage 772 873 217 206 555 667 486 553 69 114
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
NOTE: Serious mental illness (SMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. SMI is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Respondents aged 18 to 22 who were living in a college dormitory were excluded.
2 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
3 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.14B – Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Geographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Geographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 2.9 2.6 6.0 5.4 2.4 2.2 3.7 3.9 1.3b 0.8
GEOGRAPHIC REGION                    
Northeast 2.5 2.6 5.3 5.8 2.1 2.1 3.2 3.9 1.2 0.7
Midwest 3.2 2.7 5.8 5.9 2.8 2.2 4.0 4.0 1.8b 0.7
South 2.7 2.7 5.5 5.1 2.2 2.3 3.6 4.1 1.0 0.8
West 3.2 2.6 7.3a 5.1 2.6 2.2 4.0 3.7 1.3 0.8
COUNTY TYPE                    
Large Metro 2.7 2.3 5.6 4.6 2.2 2.0 3.2 3.4 1.3a 0.6
Small Metro 3.4 3.2 7.0 6.5 2.8 2.7 4.6 4.5 1.2 1.2
Nonmetro 2.7 2.7 4.9 5.8 2.4 2.3 4.0 4.8 1.4 0.6
Urbanized 3.3 2.8 5.5 6.1 3.0 2.3 5.1 4.5 1.7 0.7
Less Urbanized 2.1 2.7 4.9 5.9 1.7 2.2 3.3 5.0 0.8 0.6
Completely Rural 2.8 2.5 * 4.0 3.1 2.4 1.7 5.1 * 0.6
POVERTY LEVEL1                    
Less Than 100% 4.6 3.8 5.1 4.9 4.4 3.5 5.7 5.0 2.9 1.8
100-199% 3.6 3.0 6.7 5.5 2.9 2.5 3.8 4.6 2.2a 0.8
200% or More 2.3 2.3 6.0 5.6 1.9 1.9 3.3 3.5 0.8 0.5
EDUCATION LEVEL                    
< High School 2.5 2.3 5.5 4.1 1.9 1.9 3.4 4.0 1.0 0.7
High School Graduate 3.0 2.7 5.7 5.3 2.5 2.2 3.8 3.9 1.6 1.1
Some College/Associate’s Degree 4.0 3.6 6.7 6.3 3.4 3.0 5.5 5.6 1.5a 0.7
College Graduate 1.9 1.9 5.2 4.2 1.7 1.7 2.5 2.7 0.8 0.6
HEALTH INSURANCE2                    
Private 2.3 2.2 6.2 5.7 1.7 1.7 2.8 2.9 0.8 0.5
Medicaid/CHIP 5.4a 4.2 6.3 5.0 5.1a 4.0 6.1 6.1 4.0b 1.4
Other3 1.7 1.4 5.8 6.1 1.6 1.2 5.0 6.2 1.1 0.6
No Coverage 3.3 3.9 4.7 4.6 3.0 3.7 3.7 4.3 1.3 2.2
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
NOTE: Serious mental illness (SMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. SMI is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Respondents aged 18 to 22 who were living in a college dormitory were excluded.
2 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
3 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.15A – Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness Excluding Serious Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Demographic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 14,134 13,631 3,191 2,963 10,942 10,668 7,842 7,268 3,100 3,400
SEX                    
Male 7,077 6,793 1,520 1,411 5,557 5,382 4,085 3,723 1,472 1,659
Female 7,057 6,838 1,672 1,551 5,385 5,286 3,757 3,545 1,628 1,741
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 11,805 11,546 2,506 2,315 9,299 9,231 6,452 6,273 2,847 2,959
AIAN 57 113 17 * 40a 99 31 * 9 30
Asian 417 432 108 157 309 274 255 224 54 51
Black or African American 1,584 1,777 342 350 1,242 1,428 924 1,080 318 348
NHOPI * * * * * * 6 * * *
White 9,333 8,725 1,943 1,668 7,390 7,057 5,088 4,665 2,302 2,392
Two or More Races 358 358 92 119 266 239 148 201 * 37
Hispanic or Latino 2,329 2,084 686 647 1,643 1,437 1,390a 996 253 441
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 6,999 6,386 1,376 1,265 5,623 5,121 4,776 4,433 846 688
Part-Time 2,100 2,079 846 860 1,255 1,219 896 924 358 295
Unemployed 1,105 1,076 329 290 777 786 597 584 180 202
Other1 3,929 4,089 641 547 3,288 3,542 1,572 1,327 1,716 2,215
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
NOTE: Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.15B – Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness Excluding Serious Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Demographic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 5.5 5.3 9.2 8.7 4.9 4.8 7.6 7.0 2.6 2.8
SEX                    
Male 5.7 5.4 8.7 8.3 5.2 5.0 8.0 7.2 2.6 2.9
Female 5.4 5.2 9.7 9.1 4.7 4.6 7.3 6.8 2.6 2.8
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 5.6 5.4 9.4 9.0 5.0 5.0 8.0 7.7 2.7 2.8
AIAN 4.6a 10.2 7.9 * 3.9a 10.3 5.6 * 1.9 5.5
Asian 2.7 2.7 4.8 7.1 2.3 2.0 3.4 2.9 0.9 0.8
Black or African American 5.1 5.7 7.3 7.7 4.7 5.4 6.9 7.9 2.5 2.7
NHOPI * * * * * * 1.1 * * *
White 5.9 5.5 10.6 9.5 5.3 5.0 8.9 8.2 2.8 2.9
Two or More Races 7.1 6.8 9.2 10.9 6.6 5.7 6.8 9.1 * 1.9
Hispanic or Latino 5.3 4.6 8.3 7.8 4.6 3.9 6.5a 4.5 1.7 2.9
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 5.9a 5.3 9.8 9.1 5.4 4.8 7.2 6.5 2.2 1.8
Part-Time 6.4 6.6 9.6 10.3 5.2 5.3 8.0 8.7 2.8 2.3
Unemployed 10.0 9.4 10.2 8.7 9.9 9.7 11.8 10.2 6.5 8.5
Other1 4.2 4.4 7.4 6.4 3.9 4.2 7.9 6.9 2.6 3.4
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
NOTE: Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.16A – Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness Excluding Serious Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Geographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Geographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 14,134 13,631 3,191 2,963 10,942 10,668 7,842 7,268 3,100 3,400
GEOGRAPHIC REGION                    
Northeast 2,258 2,688 537 571 1,721 2,117 1,238 1,258 482a 859
Midwest 3,181 2,816 719 659 2,462 2,157 1,622 1,511 840 646
South 4,888 4,726 1,044 920 3,843 3,806 2,730 2,539 1,114 1,266
West 3,807 3,401 891 812 2,916 2,589 2,251 1,960 665 629
COUNTY TYPE                    
Large Metro 7,635 7,526 1,730 1,540 5,904 5,986 4,271 4,316 1,634 1,670
Small Metro 4,757 4,486 1,100 1,139 3,657 3,347 2,489 2,174 1,168 1,172
Nonmetro 1,741 1,619 361 284 1,381 1,335 1,083a 778 298a 558
Urbanized 719 693 168 149 551 545 428 370 123 175
Less Urbanized 873 820 182 125 691 694 558 364 133a 331
Completely Rural 150 106 10 * 139 96 * 44 * 52
POVERTY LEVEL1                    
Less Than 100% 2,535 2,880 720 661 1,816 2,219 1,162 1,142 654a 1,077
100-199% 3,155 2,890 823 767 2,332 2,123 1,613 1,438 719 685
200% or More 8,443 7,856 1,649 1,530 6,794 6,326 5,067 4,688 1,727 1,638
EDUCATION LEVEL                    
< High School 1,183 1,322 257 274 925 1,048 624 473 301a 575
High School Graduate 3,431 3,568 839 915 2,593 2,653 1,825 1,510 768 1,143
Some College/Associate’s Degree 5,104 4,687 1,473 1,305 3,632 3,382 2,624 2,446 1,007 936
College Graduate 4,416 4,055 623a 469 3,793 3,585 2,768 2,840 1,025 746
HEALTH INSURANCE2                    
Private 7,743 7,129 1,993a 1,674 5,750 5,455 4,236 4,073 1,514 1,382
Medicaid/CHIP 3,870 4,457 808 957 3,062 3,500 2,235 2,094 827a 1,407
Other3 2,619 2,823 212 217 2,407 2,606 825 697 1,583 1,908
No Coverage 1,632 1,256 323 255 1,309 1,001 1,086 896 223 105
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
NOTE: Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Respondents aged 18 to 22 who were living in a college dormitory were excluded.
2 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
3 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.16B – Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness Excluding Serious Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Age Group and Geographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Geographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
TOTAL 5.5 5.3 9.2 8.7 4.9 4.8 7.6 7.0 2.6 2.8
GEOGRAPHIC REGION                    
Northeast 5.0 6.0 9.1 9.9 4.4 5.4 7.1 7.2 2.2a 3.9
Midwest 6.0 5.3 9.8 9.2 5.4 4.7 7.9 7.3 3.4 2.6
South 5.0 4.8 7.8 7.0 4.5 4.4 7.0 6.4 2.5 2.8
West 6.3 5.6 10.8 10.1 5.6 4.9 8.8 7.6 2.5 2.3
COUNTY TYPE                    
Large Metro 5.4 5.3 9.1 8.4 4.8 4.8 7.3 7.1 2.6 2.6
Small Metro 5.8 5.6 9.4 10.0 5.2 4.8 7.7 7.0 3.1 3.1
Nonmetro 5.2 4.7 9.1a 6.7 4.6 4.5 9.6b 6.5 1.6a 3.1
Urbanized 5.1 5.0 9.6 7.9 4.4 4.5 8.8 7.3 1.6 2.5
Less Urbanized 5.1 4.7 9.2 6.0 4.6 4.5 10.1b 6.3 1.4a 3.4
Completely Rural 5.8 3.8 4.1 * 6.0 3.8 * 4.4 * 3.4
POVERTY LEVEL1                    
Less Than 100% 7.0 7.3 8.9 7.9 6.4 7.1 7.6 7.1 5.0 7.2
100-199% 6.3 5.9 9.7 9.7 5.6 5.2 8.4 7.9 3.3 3.0
200% or More 5.0 4.6 9.0 8.6 4.5 4.2 7.4 6.8 2.1 2.0
EDUCATION LEVEL                    
< High School 4.9 5.4 7.2 7.7 4.5 5.0 7.9 5.9 2.3a 4.5
High School Graduate 5.0 5.1 7.2 7.9 4.5 4.6 7.8 6.4 2.2 3.3
Some College/Associate’s Degree 6.6 6.1 10.6 9.9 5.7 5.3 8.8 8.2 3.0 2.7
College Graduate 5.2 4.7 10.9a 8.2 4.8 4.4 6.7 6.7 2.7 1.9
HEALTH INSURANCE2                    
Private 5.0 4.5 10.0 8.8 4.2 4.0 6.6 6.2 2.1 1.9
Medicaid/CHIP 8.0 8.9 8.7 10.0 7.9 8.7 10.3 9.3 4.8a 7.9
Other3 3.4 3.7 7.6 7.7 3.3 3.5 9.0 8.6 2.4 2.9
No Coverage 7.0 5.6 7.0 5.7 7.0 5.5 8.2 7.0 4.1 2.0
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
NOTE: Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Respondents aged 18 to 22 who were living in a college dormitory were excluded.
2 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
3 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.17A – Substance Use Disorder (SUD) Severity Level for Specific Substances in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Level of Mental Illness, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Substance Use Disorder Severity Level Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 No
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 No
Mental
Illness1
(2023)
TOTAL POPULATION 256,282 257,542 59,286 58,657 15,360 14,601 43,926 44,056 196,996 198,885
Substance Use Disorder 46,494 46,272 21,543 20,440 7,410 6,809 14,134 13,631 24,950 25,832
Mild SUD 25,616 25,851 9,553 9,168 2,833 2,613 6,719 6,555 16,064 16,683
Moderate SUD 10,478 10,534 5,199 5,099 1,769 1,586 3,430 3,513 5,279 5,435
Severe SUD 10,400 9,887 6,792 6,173 2,808 2,610 3,984 3,563 3,608 3,715
No SUD 209,788 211,270 37,743 38,217 7,951 7,791 29,792 30,426 172,045 173,053
Drug Use Disorder 25,417 25,373 14,504 13,565 5,587 4,935 8,916 8,630 10,913 11,808
Mild SUD 14,124 14,219 6,940 6,560 2,373 2,176 4,567 4,383 7,184 7,659
Moderate SUD 5,938 5,863 3,531 3,416 1,358 1,183 2,174 2,233 2,407 2,447
Severe SUD 5,354 5,291 4,033 3,589 1,857 1,575 2,176 2,014 1,322 1,702
No SUD 230,865 232,169 44,782 45,092 9,773 9,666 35,009 35,426 186,082 187,077
Marijuana Use Disorder 17,669 17,941 9,837 9,421 3,767 3,563 6,070 5,858 7,832 8,521
Mild SUD 9,892 10,079 4,802 4,476 1,772 1,584 3,030 2,892 5,090 5,603
Moderate SUD 4,859 4,804 2,897 2,864 1,073 1,003 1,824 1,860 1,963 1,940
Severe SUD 2,918 3,058 2,138 2,081 922 976 1,217 1,105 779 977
No SUD 238,613 239,601 49,449 49,236 11,593 11,037 37,856 38,199 189,164 190,365
Opioid Use Disorder 5,852 5,363 3,527 2,892 1,329a 917 2,198 1,975 2,325 2,471
Mild SUD 3,677 3,473 1,949 1,744 661 485 1,288 1,259 1,728 1,729
Moderate SUD 790 867 519 423 221 160 299 263 271 444
Severe SUD 1,384 1,023 1,058a 725 448a 272 610 454 326 298
No SUD 250,430b 252,180 55,759 55,765 14,031 13,684 41,728 42,081 194,671 196,414
Alcohol Use Disorder 28,788 28,103 12,145a 11,073 3,824 3,644 8,322a 7,430 16,643 17,030
Mild SUD 16,946 16,437 5,973a 5,239 1,764 1,460 4,209 3,780 10,974 11,198
Moderate SUD 5,784 6,187 2,552 2,662 691 800 1,860 1,862 3,232 3,525
Severe SUD 6,058 5,479 3,621 3,172 1,368 1,384 2,253a 1,788 2,437 2,307
No SUD 227,493a 229,439 47,141 47,584 11,537 10,957 35,604 36,627 180,353 181,856
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.17B – Substance Use Disorder (SUD) Severity Level for Specific Substances in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Level of Mental Illness, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Substance Use Disorder Severity Level Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 No
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 No
Mental
Illness1
(2023)
TOTAL POPULATION 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Substance Use Disorder 18.1 18.0 36.3 34.8 48.2 46.6 32.2 30.9 12.7 13.0
Mild SUD 10.0 10.0 16.1 15.6 18.4 17.9 15.3 14.9 8.2 8.4
Moderate SUD 4.1 4.1 8.8 8.7 11.5 10.9 7.8 8.0 2.7 2.7
Severe SUD 4.1 3.8 11.5 10.5 18.3 17.9 9.1 8.1 1.8 1.9
No SUD 81.9 82.0 63.7 65.2 51.8 53.4 67.8 69.1 87.3 87.0
Drug Use Disorder 9.9 9.9 24.5 23.1 36.4 33.8 20.3 19.6 5.5 5.9
Mild SUD 5.5 5.5 11.7 11.2 15.4 14.9 10.4 9.9 3.6 3.9
Moderate SUD 2.3 2.3 6.0 5.8 8.8 8.1 4.9 5.1 1.2 1.2
Severe SUD 2.1 2.1 6.8 6.1 12.1 10.8 5.0 4.6 0.7 0.9
No SUD 90.1 90.1 75.5 76.9 63.6 66.2 79.7 80.4 94.5 94.1
Marijuana Use Disorder 6.9 7.0 16.6 16.1 24.5 24.4 13.8 13.3 4.0 4.3
Mild SUD 3.9 3.9 8.1 7.6 11.5 10.8 6.9 6.6 2.6 2.8
Moderate SUD 1.9 1.9 4.9 4.9 7.0 6.9 4.2 4.2 1.0 1.0
Severe SUD 1.1 1.2 3.6 3.5 6.0 6.7 2.8 2.5 0.4 0.5
No SUD 93.1 93.0 83.4 83.9 75.5 75.6 86.2 86.7 96.0 95.7
Opioid Use Disorder 2.3 2.1 5.9 4.9 8.7a 6.3 5.0 4.5 1.2 1.2
Mild SUD 1.4 1.3 3.3 3.0 4.3 3.3 2.9 2.9 0.9 0.9
Moderate SUD 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.7 1.4 1.1 0.7 0.6 0.1 0.2
Severe SUD 0.5 0.4 1.8a 1.2 2.9a 1.9 1.4 1.0 0.2 0.1
No SUD 97.7 97.9 94.1 95.1 91.3a 93.7 95.0 95.5 98.8 98.8
Alcohol Use Disorder 11.2 10.9 20.5a 18.9 24.9 25.0 18.9a 16.9 8.4 8.6
Mild SUD 6.6 6.4 10.1a 8.9 11.5 10.0 9.6 8.6 5.6 5.6
Moderate SUD 2.3 2.4 4.3 4.5 4.5 5.5 4.2 4.2 1.6 1.8
Severe SUD 2.4 2.1 6.1 5.4 8.9 9.5 5.1a 4.1 1.2 1.2
No SUD 88.8 89.1 79.5a 81.1 75.1 75.0 81.1a 83.1 91.6 91.4
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.18A – Any Mental Illness and Serious Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Probation and Demographic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults
18+1
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults
18+1
(2023)		 Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults on
Probation
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults on
Probation
(2023)		 Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults Not
on Probation
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults Not
on Probation
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults
18+1
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults
18+1
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults on
Probation
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults on
Probation
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults
Not on
Probation
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults
Not on
Probation
(2023)
TOTAL 18 OR OLDER 59,286 58,657 1,271 1,450 57,218 56,240 15,360 14,601 603 421 14,634 14,116
AGE GROUP                        
18-49 42,743 41,778 1,030 1,120 41,134 40,137 11,841 11,721 428 385 11,329 11,286
18-25 12,583b 11,515 158 212 12,275a 11,189 4,031a 3,519 59 60 3,949a 3,454
26-34 14,107 14,272 363 369 13,544 13,750 3,844 4,266 136 138 3,670 4,105
35-49 16,054 15,992 509 540 15,315 15,198 3,965 3,937 233 187 3,710 3,727
SEX/AGE GROUP                        
Male 18 or Older 24,627 23,817 736 907 23,465 22,544 6,019 5,431 357 259 5,594 5,140
Male 18-49 18,255 17,356 580 693 17,390 16,435 4,783 4,382 234 242 4,499 4,119
Female 18 or Older 34,659 34,840 535 543 33,753 33,695 9,341 9,170 246 161 9,040 8,976
Female 18-49 24,488 24,422 450 427 23,744 23,702 7,058 7,339 193 143 6,830 7,166
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 The aged 18+ column includes respondents with unknown data for past year probation.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.18B – Any Mental Illness and Serious Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Probation and Demographic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults
18+1
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults
18+1
(2023)		 Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults on
Probation
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults on
Probation
(2023)		 Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults Not
on Probation
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults Not
on Probation
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults
18+1
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults
18+1
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults on
Probation
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults on
Probation
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults
Not on
Probation
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults
Not on
Probation
(2023)
TOTAL 18 OR OLDER 23.1 22.8 41.7 44.4 22.8 22.4 6.0 5.7 19.8 12.9 5.8 5.6
AGE GROUP                        
18-49 31.1 30.4 45.2 43.2 30.8 30.0 8.6 8.5 18.8 14.8 8.5 8.4
18-25 36.2a 33.8 40.9 40.6 36.0a 33.7 11.6a 10.3 15.3 11.5 11.6a 10.4
26-34 35.1 35.5 42.4 42.3 34.9 35.3 9.6 10.6 15.9 15.9 9.5 10.5
35-49 25.7 25.3 49.1 44.9 25.3 24.8 6.4 6.2 22.5 15.6 6.1 6.1
SEX/AGE GROUP                        
Male 18 or Older 19.7 19.0 34.6 39.1 19.3 18.5 4.8 4.3 16.8 11.2 4.6 4.2
Male 18-49 26.5 25.3 38.1 37.6 26.2 24.9 7.0 6.4 15.4 13.2 6.8 6.2
Female 18 or Older 26.4 26.4 58.4 57.5 26.2 26.0 7.1 6.9 26.9 17.1 7.0 6.9
Female 18-49 35.7 35.4 59.4 56.8 35.4 35.1 10.3 10.6 25.5 19.0 10.2 10.6
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 The aged 18+ column includes respondents with unknown data for past year probation.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.19A – Any Mental Illness and Serious Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Parole/Supervised Release and Demographic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults
18+1
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults
18+1
(2023)		 Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults on
Parole/
Supervised
Release
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults on
Parole/
Supervised
Release
(2023)		 Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults Not
on Parole/
Supervised
Release
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults Not
on Parole/
Supervised
Release
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults
18+1
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults
18+1
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults on
Parole/
Supervised
Release
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults on
Parole/
Supervised
Release
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults Not
on Parole/
Supervised
Release
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults Not
on Parole/
Supervised
Release
(2023)
TOTAL 18 OR OLDER 59,286 58,657 663 521 57,831 57,195 15,360 14,601 208 177 15,035 14,360
AGE GROUP                        
18-49 42,743 41,778 461 393 41,708 40,887 11,841 11,721 160 146 11,604 11,525
18-25 12,583b 11,515 * * 12,391a 11,297 4,031a 3,519 * * 3,984a 3,483
26-34 14,107 14,272 * * 13,781 14,014 3,844 4,266 * * 3,787 4,177
35-49 16,054 15,992 * * 15,536 15,575 3,965 3,937 * 50 3,832 3,864
SEX/AGE GROUP                        
Male 18 or Older 24,627 23,817 423 358 23,805 23,116 6,019 5,431 102 125 5,854 5,274
Male 18-49 18,255 17,356 265 266 17,731 16,881 4,783 4,382 77 108 4,662 4,253
Female 18 or Older 34,659 34,840 * * 34,027 34,079 9,341 9,170 * * 9,181 9,086
Female 18-49 24,488 24,422 * * 23,977 24,007 7,058 7,339 * * 6,941 7,271
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 The aged 18+ column includes respondents with unknown data for past year parole/supervised release.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.19B – Any Mental Illness and Serious Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Parole/Supervised Release and Demographic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults
18+1
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults
18+1
(2023)		 Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults on
Parole/
Supervised
Release
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults on
Parole/
Supervised
Release
(2023)		 Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults Not
on Parole/
Supervised
Release
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults Not
on Parole/
Supervised
Release
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults
18+1
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults
18+1
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults on
Parole/
Supervised
Release
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults on
Parole/
Supervised
Release
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults Not
on Parole/
Supervised
Release
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness
Among
Adults Not
on Parole/
Supervised
Release
(2023)
TOTAL 18 OR OLDER 23.1 22.8 43.1 34.7 22.9 22.6 6.0 5.7 13.5 11.7 6.0 5.7
AGE GROUP                        
18-49 31.1 30.4 41.4 34.8 31.0 30.3 8.6 8.5 14.3 13.0 8.6 8.5
18-25 36.2a 33.8 * * 36.1b 33.7 11.6a 10.3 * * 11.6a 10.4
26-34 35.1 35.5 * * 35.0 35.4 9.6 10.6 * * 9.6 10.6
35-49 25.7 25.3 * * 25.5 25.1 6.4 6.2 * 8.7 6.3 6.2
SEX/AGE GROUP                        
Male 18 or Older 19.7 19.0 35.1 31.1 19.4 18.8 4.8 4.3 8.5 10.9 4.8 4.3
Male 18-49 26.5 25.3 32.1 31.2 26.4 25.2 7.0 6.4 9.3 12.7 6.9 6.3
Female 18 or Older 26.4 26.4 * * 26.3 26.2 7.1 6.9 * * 7.1 7.0
Female 18-49 35.7 35.4 * * 35.5 35.3 10.3 10.6 * * 10.3 10.7
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 The aged 18+ column includes respondents with unknown data for past year parole/supervised release.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.20A – Types and Locations of Mental Health Treatment and Other Services in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older, by Age Group, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Type/Location of Treatment or Other Services Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT OR OTHER SERVICES1 58,089b 61,244 9,652 9,670 48,437b 51,574 26,077b 27,866 22,360 23,708
MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT 55,836b 59,175 9,283 9,329 46,553b 49,846 25,142b 27,179 21,411 22,667
Inpatient 3,384 3,012 732 703 2,652 2,309 1,370 1,250 1,283 1,059
Hospital 2,369 2,021 547 525 1,822 1,496 917 779 905 717
Residential Mental Health Treatment Center 1,352 1,173 361 327 990 846 599 567 391 279
Residential Drug or Alcohol Rehab or Treatment Center 973 760 125 143 848 617 494 416 353 201
Some Other Place as an Inpatient 708 571 92 107 616 464 321 245 295 220
Outpatient 35,067 36,435 6,188 6,119 28,879 30,315 16,442a 17,600 12,437 12,715
Mental Health Treatment Center 7,294 7,438 1,267 1,234 6,027 6,204 3,226 3,525 2,800 2,679
Drug or Alcohol Rehab or Treatment Center 1,485 1,668 115 146 1,369 1,523 831 962 538 561
Office of a Therapist, Psychologist, Psychiatrist, or Mental Health Professional 23,042 24,462 4,613 4,498 18,428a 19,964 11,700a 12,733 6,729 7,231
General Medical Clinic or Doctor’s Office 18,329 18,568 2,599 2,810 15,730 15,758 7,993 8,608 7,737 7,149
Hospital 3,058 3,099 348a 506 2,710 2,592 1,062 1,219 1,648 1,373
School’s Health or Counseling Center 1,678 1,872 1,162 1,232 516 640 367 526 149 114
Some Other Place as an Outpatient 967 1,343 135 137 832 1,205 324b 618 508 587
Outpatient, Other Than General Medical Clinic or Doctor’s Office 27,371 28,705 5,391 5,358 21,980 23,347 13,242a 14,397 8,737 8,950
Prescription Medication 38,865b 41,920 6,085 5,891 32,780b 36,029 17,605b 19,148 15,174a 16,880
Telehealth Treatment2 31,013 31,274 5,981 5,773 25,032 25,501 15,798 16,698 9,234 8,803
Prison, Jail, or Juvenile Detention Center 2,228 2,545 285 264 1,943 2,281 969 1,029 974 1,251
OTHER SERVICES1                    
Support Services                    
Support Group 8,534 8,802 1,513 1,348 7,021 7,454 3,838 4,381 3,183 3,073
Peer Support Specialist or Recovery Coach 3,655 3,749 667 562 2,989 3,187 1,587 1,852 1,401 1,335
Emergency Room/Department 2,820 2,542 783 651 2,037 1,891 1,167 994 870 897
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
NOTE: Respondents could indicate multiple types/locations for receiving mental health treatment or other services; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other services includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through support group services; peer support specialist or recovery coach services; or treatment received in an emergency room/department.
2 Respondents who reported that they received telehealth treatment (i.e., over the phone or through video) were not asked for the type or location of providers for the telehealth treatment they received.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.20B – Types and Locations of Mental Health Treatment and Other Services in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older, by Age Group, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Type/Location of Treatment or Other Services Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Aged 26-49
(2022)		 Aged 26-49
(2023)		 Aged 50+
(2022)		 Aged 50+
(2023)
MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT OR OTHER SERVICES1 22.7a 23.8 27.7 28.4 21.9a 23.1 25.4a 26.9 18.8 19.8
MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT 21.8b 23.0 26.7 27.4 21.0a 22.3 24.5b 26.3 18.0 18.9
Inpatient 1.3 1.2 2.1 2.1 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.9
Hospital 0.9 0.8 1.6 1.5 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.6
Residential Mental Health Treatment Center 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2
Residential Drug or Alcohol Rehab or Treatment Center 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
Some Other Place as an Inpatient 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2
Outpatient 13.7 14.1 17.8 18.0 13.0 13.6 16.0 17.0 10.5 10.6
Mental Health Treatment Center 2.8 2.9 3.6 3.6 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.4 2.4 2.2
Drug or Alcohol Rehab or Treatment Center 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.5
Office of a Therapist, Psychologist, Psychiatrist, or Mental Health Professional 9.0 9.5 13.3 13.2 8.3 8.9 11.4 12.3 5.7 6.0
General Medical Clinic or Doctor’s Office 7.2 7.2 7.5 8.3 7.1 7.1 7.8 8.3 6.5 6.0
Hospital 1.2 1.2 1.0b 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.1
School’s Health or Counseling Center 0.7 0.7 3.3 3.6 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.1
Some Other Place as an Outpatient 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.3b 0.6 0.4 0.5
Outpatient, Other Than General Medical Clinic or Doctor’s Office 10.7 11.1 15.5 15.7 9.9 10.4 12.9a 13.9 7.3 7.5
Prescription Medication 15.2b 16.3 17.5 17.3 14.8b 16.1 17.2a 18.5 12.8a 14.1
Telehealth Treatment2 12.1 12.1 17.2 17.0 11.3 11.4 15.4 16.1 7.8 7.3
Prison, Jail, or Juvenile Detention Center 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.0
OTHER SERVICES1                    
Support Services                    
Support Group 3.3 3.4 4.3 4.0 3.2 3.3 3.7 4.2 2.7 2.6
Peer Support Specialist or Recovery Coach 1.4 1.5 1.9 1.7 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.8 1.2 1.1
Emergency Room/Department 1.1 1.0 2.3 1.9 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.7
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
NOTE: Respondents could indicate multiple types/locations for receiving mental health treatment or other services; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other services includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through support group services; peer support specialist or recovery coach services; or treatment received in an emergency room/department.
2 Respondents who reported that they received telehealth treatment (i.e., over the phone or through video) were not asked for the type or location of providers for the telehealth treatment they received.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.21A – Received Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Level of Mental Illness and Demographic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2022)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2023)
TOTAL 55,836b 59,175 29,970 31,593 10,241 10,381 19,729 21,211 25,865 27,582
AGE GROUP                    
18-25 9,283 9,329 6,176 5,871 2,474 2,287 3,702 3,584 3,106 3,458
26 or Older 46,553b 49,846 23,794a 25,722 7,767 8,095 16,027a 17,627 22,759 24,125
26-49 25,142b 27,179 15,071b 16,828 5,267b 6,168 9,804 10,660 10,071 10,351
50 or Older 21,411 22,667 8,723 8,894 2,500 1,927 6,223 6,967 12,688 13,774
SEX                    
Male 20,399 21,448 10,239 10,921 3,568 3,437 6,671 7,485 10,161 10,527
Female 35,437b 37,727 19,732 20,671 6,673 6,945 13,059 13,727 15,705 17,055
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 49,384 51,429 26,233 27,148 8,880 8,778 17,352 18,370 23,151 24,280
AIAN 145a 281 * * * * * * 55a 176
Asian 1,890 2,167 935 1,008 * * 599 715 955 1,158
Black or African American 4,729 4,712 2,310 2,653 767 657 1,543 1,997 2,419 2,059
NHOPI * * * * * * * * * 24
White 40,937 42,520 21,805 22,192 7,285 7,238 14,520 14,953 19,132 20,328
Two or More Races 1,443 1,623 995 1,088 442 * 553 567 448 535
Hispanic or Latino 6,452b 7,746 3,738a 4,445 1,361 1,604 2,377 2,841 2,714 3,302
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 24,545b 27,257 13,077 14,029 4,195 4,716 8,882 9,313 11,467b 13,228
Part-Time 8,593 9,021 5,126 4,927 1,811 1,697 3,316 3,230 3,467 4,094
Unemployed 2,403 2,443 1,535 1,708 602 694 932 1,014 868 735
Other3 20,295 20,454 10,232 10,928 3,633 3,274 6,599a 7,655 10,063 9,526
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
2 Respondents with no mental illness may still have received mental health treatment for a past disorder that is in partial or full remission or treatment for a disorder that was not included in the definition of mental illness or for other reasons.
3 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.21B – Received Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Level of Mental Illness and Demographic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2022)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2023)
TOTAL 21.8b 23.0 50.6b 53.9 66.7a 71.1 44.9b 48.1 13.1 13.9
AGE GROUP                    
18-25 26.7 27.4 49.1 51.0 61.4 65.0 43.3 44.8 14.0 15.4
26 or Older 21.0a 22.3 50.9b 54.6 68.6 73.0 45.3a 48.9 13.0 13.7
26-49 24.5b 26.3 50.0b 55.6 67.4b 75.2 43.9b 48.3 13.9 14.1
50 or Older 18.0 18.9 52.7 52.7 71.0 66.9 47.8 49.8 12.4 13.4
SEX                    
Male 16.3 17.1 41.6a 45.9 59.3 63.3 35.8a 40.7 10.1 10.4
Female 27.0a 28.5 56.9 59.3 71.4 75.7 51.6 53.5 16.3 17.5
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 23.3 24.2 52.6a 55.1 68.1a 72.4 47.1 49.4 14.3 14.9
AIAN 11.6b 25.5 * * * * * * 5.5b 20.8
Asian 12.3 13.5 36.1 34.7 * * 30.5 29.3 7.4 8.8
Black or African American 15.3 15.1 37.9 43.8 52.3 56.4 33.3 40.8 9.7 8.2
NHOPI * * * * * * * * * 3.6
White 25.9 27.0 56.1a 58.7 71.4 74.9 50.6 53.2 16.0 17.0
Two or More Races 28.6 30.8 56.0 56.3 73.9 * 46.9 47.5 13.7 16.1
Hispanic or Latino 14.6a 17.0 39.6b 47.4 58.4 64.6 33.4b 41.3 7.8 9.2
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 20.7b 22.5 48.5a 52.1 65.7 69.1 43.1a 46.4 12.5b 14.1
Part-Time 26.2 28.6 55.3 59.1 66.6 71.8 50.5 54.0 14.7a 17.6
Unemployed 21.8 21.3 41.6 47.7 52.4a 66.6 36.7 39.9 11.9 9.3
Other3 21.6 21.9 52.9 55.1 71.2 74.9 46.4 49.5 13.5 12.9
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
2 Respondents with no mental illness may still have received mental health treatment for a past disorder that is in partial or full remission or treatment for a disorder that was not included in the definition of mental illness or for other reasons.
3 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.22A – Received Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Level of Mental Illness and Geographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Geographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2022)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2023)
TOTAL 55,836b 59,175 29,970 31,593 10,241 10,381 19,729 21,211 25,865 27,582
GEOGRAPHIC REGION                    
Northeast 10,113 10,822 5,210 5,762 1,582 1,777 3,627 3,985 4,903 5,060
Midwest 13,543 13,117 7,230 6,791 2,421 2,085 4,809 4,706 6,313 6,325
South 19,362b 21,579 10,301 11,412 3,718 3,887 6,583 7,526 9,061 10,167
West 12,819 13,657 7,230 7,627 2,520 2,633 4,710 4,994 5,589 6,030
COUNTY TYPE                    
Large Metro 29,294 31,113 15,387 16,051 5,020 4,962 10,368 11,089 13,907 15,062
Small Metro 18,856 20,167 10,366 11,268 3,713 3,959 6,654 7,309 8,490 8,899
Nonmetro 7,685 7,895 4,217 4,274 1,509 1,460 2,708 2,814 3,468 3,621
Urbanized 3,303 3,210 1,829 1,943 597 605 1,232 1,337 1,474 1,268
Less Urbanized 3,821 4,066 2,036 2,030 699 722 1,337 1,307 1,785 2,036
Completely Rural 561 619 * * * * * * 210 317
POVERTY LEVEL3                    
Less Than 100% 8,653 9,225 5,156 5,812 2,164 2,104 2,992a 3,708 3,497 3,413
100-199% 10,636 10,607 6,005 6,574 2,267 2,321 3,738 4,254 4,631 4,032
200% or More 36,545a 39,327 18,808 19,197 5,810 5,956 12,998 13,241 17,737b 20,131
EDUCATION LEVEL                    
< High School 3,776 4,008 2,089 2,400 784 * 1,305 1,724 1,687 1,608
High School Graduate 12,082 12,474 6,458 6,873 2,535 2,377 3,924 4,495 5,624 5,601
Some College/Associate’s Degree 18,611 19,238 10,482 11,200 3,848 4,112 6,635 7,088 8,129 8,038
College Graduate 21,366b 23,455 10,941 11,120 3,075 3,215 7,866 7,905 10,425b 12,334
HEALTH INSURANCE4                    
Private 34,845 36,352 18,121 18,098 5,735 5,565 12,386 12,533 16,724a 18,254
Medicaid/CHIP 13,734 14,550 8,445a 9,711 3,493 3,486 4,952b 6,225 5,289 4,839
Other5 15,186 16,168 6,627 7,264 2,197 1,895 4,430a 5,370 8,559 8,904
No Coverage 2,791 2,802 1,721 1,692 621 820 1,100 872 1,071 1,110
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
2 Respondents with no mental illness may still have received mental health treatment for a past disorder that is in partial or full remission or treatment for a disorder that was not included in the definition of mental illness or for other reasons.
3 Respondents aged 18 to 22 who were living in a college dormitory were excluded.
4 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
5 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.22B – Received Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Level of Mental Illness and Geographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Geographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2022)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2023)
TOTAL 21.8b 23.0 50.6b 53.9 66.7a 71.1 44.9b 48.1 13.1 13.9
GEOGRAPHIC REGION                    
Northeast 22.5 24.1 53.1 56.5 68.1 71.0 48.5 51.8 13.9 14.6
Midwest 25.7 24.8 55.8 56.2 72.6 73.2 49.9 50.9 15.9 15.5
South 19.8b 21.8 48.2a 52.3 64.5a 71.0 42.2 46.0 11.8a 13.2
West 21.2 22.4 47.8 52.4 64.0 69.8 42.1 46.3 12.3 13.0
COUNTY TYPE                    
Large Metro 20.8 21.8 49.3 51.6 65.4 69.2 44.1 46.3 12.7 13.5
Small Metro 23.2a 25.0 51.0b 57.0 67.0 71.9 45.0b 51.2 13.9 14.6
Nonmetro 22.7 23.1 54.2 55.0 70.3 75.7 48.1 48.1 13.3 13.7
Urbanized 23.2 23.0 55.1 58.1 65.1a 77.7 51.3 52.2 13.5 12.0
Less Urbanized 22.5 23.3 53.6 54.0 70.0 73.2 47.8 47.2 13.5 14.8
Completely Rural 21.8 22.1 * * * * * * 11.0 14.9
POVERTY LEVEL3                    
Less Than 100% 23.9 23.4 49.3 50.7 70.2 69.7 40.6 43.9 13.6 12.2
100-199% 21.3 21.6 47.4a 53.1 61.4 69.8 41.7 47.0 12.5 11.0
200% or More 21.5b 23.3 52.0a 55.1 67.7 72.1 47.1 49.9 13.2b 15.0
EDUCATION LEVEL                    
< High School 15.5 16.4 40.1 46.8 61.7 * 33.1a 43.0 8.8 8.3
High School Graduate 17.5 18.0 45.4 47.2 61.7 63.6 38.8 41.5 10.2 10.2
Some College/Associate’s Degree 23.9 25.0 50.5b 55.0 66.0a 72.2 44.4 48.3 14.3 14.2
College Graduate 25.1a 27.1 57.4 59.8 74.1 79.4 52.8 54.4 15.8b 18.1
HEALTH INSURANCE4                    
Private 22.3 23.1 53.5 54.6 70.1 72.5 48.2 49.2 13.7 14.7
Medicaid/CHIP 28.6 29.2 55.1a 59.1 70.7b 79.2 47.6 51.8 16.2 14.5
Other5 19.8 21.0 53.4 55.4 75.0 69.9 46.8 51.6 13.3 13.9
No Coverage 12.0 12.4 29.4 34.1 41.1a 54.2 25.3 25.3 6.2 6.3
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
2 Respondents with no mental illness may still have received mental health treatment for a past disorder that is in partial or full remission or treatment for a disorder that was not included in the definition of mental illness or for other reasons.
3 Respondents aged 18 to 22 who were living in a college dormitory were excluded.
4 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
5 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.23A – Received Mental Health Treatment as an Inpatient in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Level of Mental Illness and Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2022)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2023)
TOTAL 3,384 3,012 2,155 2,087 1,127 1,004 1,029 1,083 1,229 926
AGE GROUP                    
18-25 732 703 519 498 300 284 218 215 213 205
26 or Older 2,652 2,309 1,637 1,588 826 720 810 869 1,016 721
26-49 1,370 1,250 981 953 495 559 486 395 389 297
50 or Older 1,283 1,059 656 635 331 161 325 474 627 424
SEX                    
Male 1,960 1,534 1,200 996 588 375 612 621 759 538
Female 1,424 1,478 955 1,090 538 629 417 462 470 387
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 2,813 2,359 1,816 1,580 954 802 862 778 997 779
AIAN 12 50 * 13 * * * 9 2 *
Asian 98 146 60 65 * * 28 38 38 80
Black or African American 729a 460 349 325 152 114 197 211 380b 135
NHOPI * * * * * * * * * 2
White 1,871 1,617 1,352 1,103 739 604 613 499 519 515
Two or More Races 65 67 38 57 23 51 16 6 27 11
Hispanic or Latino 571 653 340 507 172 202 167 305 232 147
HEALTH INSURANCE3                    
Private 1,218 992 756 657 471 342 285 315 462 334
Medicaid/CHIP 1,706 1,564 1,110 1,166 547 537 563 629 596 398
Other4 1,160 1,086 643 687 300 212 344 475 516 399
No Coverage 304 266 174 153 61 62 113 92 130 112
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 939a 650 593 426 317 270 275 156 347 224
Part-Time 520 585 441 344 209 208 231 136 79 241
Unemployed 388 349 217 242 111 111 106 131 171 108
Other5 1,537 1,427 904 1,074 488 415 416 659 632a 353
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
2 Respondents with no mental illness may still have received mental health treatment for a past disorder that is in partial or full remission or treatment for a disorder that was not included in the definition of mental illness or for other reasons.
3 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
4 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
5 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.23B – Received Mental Health Treatment as an Inpatient in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Level of Mental Illness and Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2022)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2023)
TOTAL 1.3 1.2 3.6 3.6 7.3 6.9 2.3 2.5 0.6 0.5
AGE GROUP                    
18-25 2.1 2.1 4.1 4.3 7.5 8.1 2.6 2.7 1.0 0.9
26 or Older 1.2 1.0 3.5 3.4 7.3 6.5 2.3 2.4 0.6 0.4
26-49 1.3 1.2 3.3 3.2 6.3 6.8 2.2 1.8 0.5 0.4
50 or Older 1.1 0.9 4.0 3.8 9.4 5.6 2.5 3.4 0.6 0.4
SEX                    
Male 1.6 1.2 4.9 4.2 9.8 6.9 3.3 3.4 0.8 0.5
Female 1.1 1.1 2.8 3.1 5.8 6.9 1.6 1.8 0.5 0.4
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 1.3 1.1 3.6 3.2 7.3 6.6 2.3 2.1 0.6 0.5
AIAN 1.0 4.5 * 5.1 * * * 3.8 0.2 *
Asian 0.6 0.9 2.3 2.2 * * 1.4 1.5 0.3 0.6
Black or African American 2.4a 1.5 5.7 5.4 10.4 9.8 4.3 4.3 1.5b 0.5
NHOPI * * * * * * * * * 0.3
White 1.2 1.0 3.5 2.9 7.2 6.2 2.1 1.8 0.4 0.4
Two or More Races 1.3 1.3 2.2 2.9 3.8 6.9 1.3 0.5 0.8 0.3
Hispanic or Latino 1.3 1.4 3.6 5.4 7.4 8.1 2.3 4.4 0.7 0.4
HEALTH INSURANCE3                    
Private 0.8 0.6 2.2 2.0 5.8 4.5 1.1 1.2 0.4 0.3
Medicaid/CHIP 3.5 3.1 7.2 7.1 11.1 12.2 5.4 5.2 1.8 1.2
Other4 1.5 1.4 5.2 5.2 10.2 7.8 3.6 4.6 0.8 0.6
No Coverage 1.3 1.2 3.0 3.1 4.0 4.1 2.6 2.7 0.7 0.6
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 0.8a 0.5 2.2 1.6 5.0 4.0 1.3 0.8 0.4 0.2
Part-Time 1.6 1.9 4.8 4.1 7.7 8.8 3.5 2.3 0.3 1.0
Unemployed 3.5 3.1 5.9 6.7 9.7 10.6 4.2 5.2 2.3 1.4
Other5 1.6 1.5 4.7 5.4 9.6 9.5 2.9 4.3 0.8a 0.5
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
2 Respondents with no mental illness may still have received mental health treatment for a past disorder that is in partial or full remission or treatment for a disorder that was not included in the definition of mental illness or for other reasons.
3 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
4 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
5 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.24A – Received Mental Health Treatment as an Outpatient in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Level of Mental Illness and Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2022)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2023)
TOTAL 35,067 36,435 20,996 22,039 7,839 8,030 13,156 14,010 14,072 14,395
AGE GROUP                    
18-25 6,188 6,119 4,407 4,241 1,831 1,814 2,576 2,427 1,781 1,878
26 or Older 28,879 30,315 16,588 17,798 6,008 6,215 10,580 11,583 12,291 12,518
26-49 16,442a 17,600 10,918 11,875 4,099a 4,738 6,819 7,137 5,524 5,725
50 or Older 12,437 12,715 5,670 5,923 1,909 1,477 3,761 4,446 6,767 6,793
SEX                    
Male 12,667 12,982 6,995 7,376 2,683 2,539 4,312 4,837 5,672 5,606
Female 22,400 23,453 14,000 14,663 5,156 5,491 8,844 9,173 8,400 8,789
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 30,717 31,589 18,336 18,992 6,785 6,844 11,551 12,148 12,381 12,597
AIAN 78b 219 55 * * * * * 23 *
Asian 1,262 1,487 686 780 * * 413 526 576 707
Black or African American 2,992 3,039 1,475 1,833 493 513 982 1,320 1,517 1,206
NHOPI * * * * * * * * * 14
White 25,269 25,626 15,355 15,386 5,629 5,597 9,727 9,789 9,914 10,240
Two or More Races 1,001 1,140 715 849 * * 353 432 287 291
Hispanic or Latino 4,350 4,846 2,659 3,047 1,054 1,186 1,605 1,862 1,691 1,799
HEALTH INSURANCE3                    
Private 21,343 21,971 12,742 12,568 4,411 4,198 8,331 8,370 8,602 9,403
Medicaid/CHIP 9,164 9,769 5,878a 6,966 2,689 2,772 3,189b 4,193 3,286 2,804
Other4 9,141 9,205 4,485 4,792 1,607 1,417 2,878 3,375 4,656 4,412
No Coverage 1,731 1,591 1,136 1,072 474 591 662 480 595 519
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 15,159a 16,516 8,937 9,653 3,178 3,549 5,759 6,104 6,223 6,863
Part-Time 5,904 5,799 3,837 3,549 1,463 1,260 2,374 2,288 2,066 2,250
Unemployed 1,532 1,537 1,000 1,124 465 489 535 634 532 413
Other5 12,472 12,583 7,221 7,714 2,733 2,731 4,488 4,983 5,251 4,869
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
2 Respondents with no mental illness may still have received mental health treatment for a past disorder that is in partial or full remission or treatment for a disorder that was not included in the definition of mental illness or for other reasons.
3 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
4 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
5 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.24B – Received Mental Health Treatment as an Outpatient in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Level of Mental Illness and Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2022)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2023)
TOTAL 13.7 14.1 35.4a 37.6 51.0a 55.0 30.0 31.8 7.1 7.2
AGE GROUP                    
18-25 17.8 18.0 35.0 36.8 45.4a 51.6 30.1 30.4 8.0 8.3
26 or Older 13.0 13.6 35.5 37.8 53.0 56.1 29.9 32.1 7.0 7.1
26-49 16.0 17.0 36.2a 39.2 52.5a 57.8 30.5 32.4 7.6 7.8
50 or Older 10.5 10.6 34.3 35.1 54.2 51.3 28.9 31.8 6.6 6.6
SEX                    
Male 10.1 10.4 28.4 31.0 44.6 46.7 23.2 26.3 5.6 5.5
Female 17.1 17.7 40.4 42.1 55.2 59.9 34.9 35.7 8.7 9.0
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 14.5 14.9 36.8 38.5 52.1a 56.5 31.4 32.7 7.6 7.7
AIAN 6.3b 19.8 22.8 * * * * * 2.3 *
Asian 8.2 9.3 26.5 26.8 * * 21.0 21.5 4.5 5.4
Black or African American 9.7 9.8 24.2a 30.3 33.6 44.1 21.2 27.0 6.1 4.8
NHOPI * * * * * * * * * 2.1
White 16.0 16.3 39.5 40.7 55.1 57.9 33.9 34.8 8.3 8.6
Two or More Races 19.8 21.6 40.2 43.9 * * 30.0 36.1 8.8 8.7
Hispanic or Latino 9.8 10.7 28.1 32.5 45.3 47.8 22.5 27.0 4.9 5.0
HEALTH INSURANCE3                    
Private 13.7 14.0 37.6 37.9 53.9 54.7 32.4 32.8 7.0 7.6
Medicaid/CHIP 19.1 19.6 38.3a 42.4 54.4a 63.0 30.7 34.9 10.0 8.4
Other4 11.9 11.9 36.2 36.5 54.9 52.3 30.4 32.4 7.2 6.9
No Coverage 7.4 7.1 19.4 21.6 31.3 39.1 15.2 13.9 3.4 3.0
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 12.8 13.7 33.1a 35.9 49.7 52.0 28.0 30.4 6.8 7.3
Part-Time 18.0 18.4 41.4 42.5 53.9 53.3 36.2 38.3 8.8 9.7
Unemployed 13.9 13.4 27.1 31.4 40.5 46.9 21.1 25.0 7.3 5.3
Other5 13.3 13.4 37.3 38.9 53.5a 62.5 31.5 32.2 7.0 6.6
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
2 Respondents with no mental illness may still have received mental health treatment for a past disorder that is in partial or full remission or treatment for a disorder that was not included in the definition of mental illness or for other reasons.
3 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
4 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
5 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.25A – Received Mental Health Treatment through Prescription Medication in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Level of Mental Illness and Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2022)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2023)
TOTAL 38,865b 41,920 22,817 23,721 8,266 8,736 14,551 14,985 16,048b 18,199
AGE GROUP                    
18-25 6,085 5,891 4,278 3,974 1,856 1,755 2,422 2,218 1,808 1,917
26 or Older 32,780b 36,029 18,539 19,747 6,410 6,981 12,129 12,766 14,240b 16,282
26-49 17,605b 19,148 11,345b 12,694 4,297b 5,254 7,048 7,440 6,260 6,454
50 or Older 15,174a 16,880 7,194 7,053 2,113 1,727 5,081 5,326 7,980b 9,828
SEX                    
Male 13,374 14,091 7,591 7,682 2,794 2,798 4,797 4,884 5,784 6,409
Female 25,491b 27,829 15,226 16,039 5,472 5,939 9,754 10,101 10,264b 11,790
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 35,161a 37,248 20,347 20,775 7,264 7,450 13,083 13,325 14,814a 16,473
AIAN 101 168 64 * * * * * 37 92
Asian 921 1,047 557 572 * * 344 345 364 475
Black or African American 2,376 2,392 1,479 1,505 607 459 872 1,046 897 887
NHOPI * * * * * * * * * 13
White 30,822 32,436 17,578 17,746 6,099 6,305 11,479 11,442 13,244a 14,689
Two or More Races 832 1,134 619 817 * * 319 415 213 317
Hispanic or Latino 3,704b 4,672 2,470 2,946 1,002 1,287 1,468 1,659 1,234a 1,726
HEALTH INSURANCE3                    
Private 24,314 25,698 13,592 13,558 4,609 4,660 8,983 8,898 10,722a 12,140
Medicaid/CHIP 9,826 10,248 6,645 7,288 2,952 2,976 3,693 4,312 3,181 2,960
Other4 10,561a 12,008 5,338 5,641 1,777 1,657 3,561 3,983 5,223a 6,367
No Coverage 1,817 1,740 1,301 1,236 498 644 803 592 516 505
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 16,853b 18,945 9,779 10,408 3,385 3,885 6,394 6,524 7,074b 8,537
Part-Time 5,960 6,085 3,813 3,601 1,413 1,445 2,400 2,155 2,147 2,485
Unemployed 1,653 1,639 1,178 1,164 464 559 714 605 475 475
Other5 14,398 15,251 8,046 8,548 3,004 2,847 5,042 5,701 6,352 6,703
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
2 Respondents with no mental illness may still have received mental health treatment for a past disorder that is in partial or full remission or treatment for a disorder that was not included in the definition of mental illness or for other reasons.
3 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
4 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
5 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.25B – Received Mental Health Treatment through Prescription Medication in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Level of Mental Illness and Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2022)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2023)
TOTAL 15.2b 16.3 38.5 40.4 53.8b 59.8 33.1 34.0 8.1b 9.2
AGE GROUP                    
18-25 17.5 17.3 34.0 34.5 46.0 49.9 28.3 27.7 8.1 8.5
26 or Older 14.8b 16.1 39.7 41.9 56.6b 63.0 34.3 35.4 8.1b 9.2
26-49 17.2a 18.5 37.6b 41.9 55.0b 64.1 31.5 33.7 8.6 8.8
50 or Older 12.8a 14.1 43.5 41.8 60.0 60.0 39.0 38.0 7.8b 9.5
SEX                    
Male 10.7 11.2 30.8 32.3 46.4 51.5 25.8 26.6 5.8 6.3
Female 19.4b 21.1 43.9 46.0 58.6a 64.8 38.5 39.3 10.6b 12.1
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 16.6a 17.6 40.8 42.1 55.7b 61.5 35.5 35.8 9.1a 10.1
AIAN 8.2a 15.3 26.4 * * * * * 3.7 10.9
Asian 6.0 6.5 21.5 19.7 * * 17.5 14.1 2.8 3.6
Black or African American 7.7 7.7 24.3 24.9 41.4 39.4 18.8 21.4 3.6 3.5
NHOPI * * * * * * * * * 1.9
White 19.5a 20.6 45.2 47.0 59.7a 65.2 40.0 40.7 11.1a 12.3
Two or More Races 16.5 21.5 34.8 42.3 * * 27.0 34.7 6.5 9.5
Hispanic or Latino 8.4a 10.3 26.1a 31.4 43.0 51.9 20.6 24.1 3.5 4.8
HEALTH INSURANCE3                    
Private 15.6 16.4 40.1 40.9 56.3 60.7 34.9 34.9 8.8a 9.8
Medicaid/CHIP 20.4 20.6 43.3 44.4 59.7a 67.6 35.5 35.9 9.7 8.9
Other4 13.8a 15.6 43.1 43.0 60.7 61.2 37.6 38.3 8.1a 9.9
No Coverage 7.8 7.7 22.2 24.9 32.9 42.5 18.5 17.2 3.0 2.9
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 14.2b 15.7 36.2 38.7 53.0 56.9 31.0 32.5 7.7b 9.1
Part-Time 18.2 19.3 41.1 43.2 52.0 61.1 36.6 36.1 9.1 10.7
Unemployed 15.0 14.3 31.9 32.5 40.4a 53.6 28.1 23.8 6.5 6.0
Other5 15.3 16.3 41.6 43.1 58.8 65.2 35.4 36.9 8.5 9.1
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
2 Respondents with no mental illness may still have received mental health treatment for a past disorder that is in partial or full remission or treatment for a disorder that was not included in the definition of mental illness or for other reasons.
3 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
4 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
5 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.26A – Received Mental Health Treatment through Telehealth in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Level of Mental Illness and Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2022)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2023)
TOTAL 31,013 31,274 19,628 19,741 7,527 7,213 12,101 12,528 11,385 11,533
AGE GROUP                    
18-25 5,981 5,773 4,283 3,914 1,891a 1,584 2,392 2,329 1,698 1,860
26 or Older 25,032 25,501 15,345 15,827 5,636 5,629 9,709 10,199 9,687 9,674
26-49 15,798 16,698 10,260a 11,485 3,915 4,482 6,345 7,003 5,538 5,213
50 or Older 9,234 8,803 5,085 4,342 1,721a 1,146 3,364 3,196 4,149 4,461
SEX                    
Male 10,812 10,953 6,607 6,718 2,566 2,452 4,041 4,267 4,205 4,234
Female 20,201 20,321 13,021 13,023 4,962 4,761 8,060 8,262 7,179 7,299
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 26,833 26,910 16,869 16,797 6,451 6,061 10,418 10,735 9,964 10,113
AIAN 82 92 50 53 * * 18 * 32 39
Asian 1,239 1,098 738 623 * * 440 441 501 475
Black or African American 2,342 2,684 1,491 1,785 547 466 944 1,319 851 900
NHOPI * * * * * * * * * 4
White 22,174 22,026 13,825 13,579 5,187 5,001 8,638 8,578 8,348 8,446
Two or More Races 902 945 714 695 * * 332 310 188 250
Hispanic or Latino 4,180 4,364 2,760 2,944 1,076 1,151 1,683 1,793 1,421 1,420
HEALTH INSURANCE3                    
Private 19,835 19,662 12,074 11,758 4,284 3,976 7,790 7,782 7,761 7,904
Medicaid/CHIP 7,925 7,984 5,515 5,874 2,458 2,306 3,057 3,568 2,410 2,110
Other4 6,692 6,906 3,900 3,790 1,543 1,154 2,358 2,636 2,791 3,116
No Coverage 1,370 1,347 967 944 443 497 524 446 403 403
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 14,661 15,098 8,850 9,206 3,143 3,195 5,706 6,011 5,811 5,892
Part-Time 5,098 5,155 3,375 3,364 1,459 1,293 1,916 2,071 1,723 1,791
Unemployed 1,448 1,378 1,016 993 465 487 551 506 432 385
Other5 9,806 9,643 6,388 6,178 2,460 2,237 3,928 3,940 3,418 3,466
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Respondents who reported that they received telehealth treatment (i.e., over the phone or through video) were not asked for the type or location of providers for the telehealth treatment they received.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
2 Respondents with no mental illness may still have received mental health treatment for a past disorder that is in partial or full remission or treatment for a disorder that was not included in the definition of mental illness or for other reasons.
3 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
4 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
5 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.26B – Received Mental Health Treatment through Telehealth in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Level of Mental Illness and Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious
Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2022)		 No
Mental
Illness1,2
(2023)
TOTAL 12.1 12.1 33.1 33.7 49.0 49.4 27.5 28.4 5.8 5.8
AGE GROUP                    
18-25 17.2 17.0 34.0 34.0 46.9 45.0 28.0 29.1 7.6 8.3
26 or Older 11.3 11.4 32.9 33.6 49.8 50.8 27.4 28.3 5.5 5.5
26-49 15.4 16.1 34.0b 38.0 50.1 54.6 28.4a 31.7 7.6 7.1
50 or Older 7.8 7.3 30.7a 25.7 48.9 39.8 25.8 22.8 4.1 4.3
SEX                    
Male 8.6 8.7 26.8 28.2 42.6 45.1 21.7 23.2 4.2 4.2
Female 15.4 15.4 37.6 37.4 53.1 51.9 31.8 32.2 7.4 7.5
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                    
Not Hispanic or Latino 12.7 12.7 33.8 34.1 49.5 50.0 28.3 28.9 6.1 6.2
AIAN 6.6 8.3 20.6 20.5 * * 11.9 * 3.2 4.6
Asian 8.0 6.8 28.5 21.4 * * 22.4 18.1 3.9 3.6
Black or African American 7.6 8.6 24.5 29.5 37.3 40.0 20.4 27.0 3.4 3.6
NHOPI * * * * * * * * * 0.6
White 14.0 14.0 35.6 35.9 50.8 51.8 30.1 30.5 7.0 7.1
Two or More Races 17.9 18.0 40.1 36.0 * * 28.2 26.0 5.8 7.5
Hispanic or Latino 9.4 9.6 29.2 31.4 46.2 46.4 23.6 26.0 4.1 3.9
HEALTH INSURANCE3                    
Private 12.7 12.5 35.6 35.5 52.4 51.8 30.3 30.5 6.4 6.4
Medicaid/CHIP 16.5 16.0 36.0 35.8 49.7 52.4 29.4 29.7 7.4 6.3
Other4 8.7 9.0 31.5 28.9 52.7 42.6 24.9 25.3 4.3 4.9
No Coverage 5.9 6.0 16.5 19.0 29.3 32.9 12.1 13.0 2.3 2.3
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                    
Full-Time 12.4 12.5 32.8 34.2 49.2 46.8 27.7 29.9 6.4 6.3
Part-Time 15.5 16.3 36.4 40.3 53.7 54.7 29.2a 34.7 7.3 7.7
Unemployed 13.1 12.0 27.5 27.7 40.5 46.7 21.7 19.9 5.9 4.9
Other5 10.4 10.3 33.0 31.2 48.2 51.2 27.6 25.5 4.6 4.7
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Respondents who reported that they received telehealth treatment (i.e., over the phone or through video) were not asked for the type or location of providers for the telehealth treatment they received.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
2 Respondents with no mental illness may still have received mental health treatment for a past disorder that is in partial or full remission or treatment for a disorder that was not included in the definition of mental illness or for other reasons.
3 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
4 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
5 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.27A – Received Substance Use Treatment and/or Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Level of Mental Illness and Age Group, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and
Level of Mental Illness/Age Group		 Received
Substance Use
Treatment
(SU Tx)
OR
Mental Health
Treatment
(MH Tx)
(2022)		 Received
Substance Use
Treatment
(SU Tx)
OR
Mental Health
Treatment
(MH Tx)
(2023)		 Received
SU Tx
BUT NOT
MH Tx
(2022)		 Received
SU Tx
BUT NOT
MH Tx
(2023)		 Received
MH Tx
BUT NOT
SU Tx
(2022)		 Received
MH Tx
BUT NOT
SU Tx
(2023)		 Received
SU Tx
AND
MH Tx
(2022)		 Received
SU Tx
AND
MH Tx
(2023)		 Received
NEITHER
SU Tx
NOR
MH Tx
(2022)		 Received
NEITHER
SU Tx
NOR
MH Tx
(2023)
Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness 12,725 12,757 910 743 8,157 8,222 3,657 3,793 8,818a 7,683
18-25 3,076 2,691 154 134 2,212 1,893 710 664 2,193 2,099
26 or Older 9,649 10,065 757 609 5,945 6,329 2,947 3,128 6,625a 5,584
26-49 6,616 7,153 569 403 4,143 4,582 1,904 2,168 5,053b 4,177
50 or Older 3,033 2,912 188 205 1,802 1,746 1,043 960 1,572 1,407
Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness 5,273 5,109 173 160 3,329 3,217 1,771 1,731 2,137a 1,700
18-25 1,393 1,225 22 35 1,066 873 304 318 686 603
26 or Older 3,880 3,884 150 126 2,263 2,345 1,467 1,414 1,451a 1,097
26-49 2,609a 3,181 96 101 1,577a 1,940 936 1,140 1,218a 882
50 or Older 1,271 * 54 * * * * * 233 *
Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness Excluding Serious Mental Illness 7,452 7,648 738 582 4,828 5,004 1,887 2,061 6,682 5,983
18-25 1,684 1,467 131 99 1,146 1,020 406 347 1,508 1,496
26 or Older 5,768 6,181 606 483 3,682 3,984 1,480 1,715 5,174 4,487
26-49 4,007 3,973 473 302 2,566 2,643 968 1,028 3,835 3,296
50 or Older 1,762 2,209 134 181 1,116 1,341 512 687 1,339 1,191
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime.
NOTE: The substance use treatment measures have added uncertainty because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for substance use treatment. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
NOTE: Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.27B – Received Substance Use Treatment and/or Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Level of Mental Illness and Age Group, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and
Level of Mental Illness/Age Group		 Received
Substance Use
Treatment
(SU Tx)
OR
Mental Health
Treatment
(MH Tx)
(2022)		 Received
Substance Use
Treatment
(SU Tx)
OR
Mental Health
Treatment
(MH Tx)
(2023)		 Received
SU Tx
BUT NOT
MH Tx
(2022)		 Received
SU Tx
BUT NOT
MH Tx
(2023)		 Received
MH Tx
BUT NOT
SU Tx
(2022)		 Received
MH Tx
BUT NOT
SU Tx
(2023)		 Received
SU Tx
AND
MH Tx
(2022)		 Received
SU Tx
AND
MH Tx
(2023)		 Received
NEITHER
SU Tx
NOR
MH Tx
(2022)		 Received
NEITHER
SU Tx
NOR
MH Tx
(2023)
Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness 59.1a 62.4 4.2 3.6 37.9 40.2 17.0 18.6 40.9a 37.6
18-25 58.4 56.2 2.9 2.8 42.0 39.5 13.5 13.9 41.6 43.8
26 or Older 59.3a 64.3 4.6 3.9 36.5 40.4 18.1 20.0 40.7a 35.7
26-49 56.7b 63.1 4.9 3.6 35.5a 40.4 16.3 19.1 43.3b 36.9
50 or Older 65.9 67.4 4.1 4.8 39.1 40.4 22.7 22.2 34.1 32.6
Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness 71.2 75.0 2.3 2.4 44.9 47.3 23.9 25.4 28.8 25.0
18-25 67.0 67.0 1.1 1.9 51.3 47.7 14.6 17.4 33.0 33.0
26 or Older 72.8 78.0 2.8 2.5 42.4 47.1 27.5 28.4 27.2 22.0
26-49 68.2b 78.3 2.5 2.5 41.2 47.7 24.4 28.1 31.8b 21.7
50 or Older 84.5 * 3.6 * * * * * 15.5 *
Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness Excluding Serious Mental Illness 52.7 56.1 5.2 4.3 34.2 36.7 13.3 15.1 47.3 43.9
18-25 52.8 49.5 4.1 3.4 35.9 34.4 12.7 11.7 47.2 50.5
26 or Older 52.7a 57.9 5.5 4.5 33.6 37.3 13.5 16.1 47.3a 42.1
26-49 51.1 54.7 6.0 4.2 32.7 36.4 12.3 14.1 48.9 45.3
50 or Older 56.8 65.0 4.3 5.3 36.0 39.4 16.5 20.2 43.2 35.0
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime.
NOTE: The substance use treatment measures have added uncertainty because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for substance use treatment. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
NOTE: Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.28A – Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year; by Demographic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Among People Aged 18 or Older Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year
Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2022)		 Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2023)		 Sought
Treatment
(2022)		 Sought
Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2023)
TOTAL 12,082b 10,085 1,876a 1,491 10,190b 8,588 184,591 184,638
AGE GROUP                
18-25 4,026b 3,016 606 526 3,409b 2,485 21,072 21,385
26 or Older 8,057a 7,068 1,270 965 6,781 6,103 163,519 163,253
26-49 6,268b 5,175 1,017 785 5,246a 4,390 69,585 69,758
50 or Older 1,789 1,893 253 181 1,536 1,713 93,934 93,495
SEX                
Male 5,380a 4,516 773 669 4,597a 3,842 97,111 97,755
Female 6,702b 5,568 1,103a 822 5,593a 4,746 87,480 86,883
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                
Not Hispanic or Latino 10,083b 8,286 1,548a 1,212 8,523b 7,070 149,687 149,491
AIAN 65a 18 5 2 50a 16 1,013 788
Asian 884b 472 130 91 754b 381 12,400 12,887
Black or African American 1,211 1,021 251 183 959 838 24,404 24,911
NHOPI * 7 10 * * 7 * 878
White 7,609b 6,452 1,115 854 6,493a 5,594 107,702 106,732
Two or More Races 288 316 37 82 252 234 3,232 3,295
Hispanic or Latino 2,000 1,798 328 279 1,667 1,518 34,904 35,147
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                
Full-Time 6,551a 5,687 1,007 898 5,543a 4,789 85,788 86,322
Part-Time 2,394b 1,802 342 321 2,038b 1,482 21,442 20,375
Unemployed 695 564 85 82 610 479 7,765 8,293
Other1 2,442 2,031 442b 191 1,999 1,839 69,597 69,648
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
NOTE: Respondents were classified as having a perceived unmet need for mental health treatment (MH Tx) if they did not receive MH Tx in the past year and sought or thought they should get treatment. Respondents with unknown information for perceptions of need for MH Tx were excluded.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.28B – Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year; by Demographic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Among People Aged 18 or Older Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year
Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2022)		 Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2023)		 Sought
Treatment
(2022)		 Sought
Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2023)
TOTAL 6.1b 5.2 1.0a 0.8 5.2b 4.4 93.9b 94.8
AGE GROUP                
18-25 16.0b 12.4 2.4 2.2 13.6b 10.2 84.0b 87.6
26 or Older 4.7a 4.1 0.7 0.6 4.0 3.6 95.3a 95.9
26-49 8.3b 6.9 1.3 1.0 6.9a 5.9 91.7b 93.1
50 or Older 1.9 2.0 0.3 0.2 1.6 1.8 98.1 98.0
SEX                
Male 5.2a 4.4 0.8 0.7 4.5a 3.8 94.8a 95.6
Female 7.1b 6.0 1.2a 0.9 5.9a 5.1 92.9b 94.0
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                
Not Hispanic or Latino 6.3b 5.3 1.0 0.8 5.3b 4.5 93.7b 94.7
AIAN 6.0a 2.3 0.5 0.3 4.7 2.0 94.0a 97.7
Asian 6.7b 3.5 1.0 0.7 5.7b 2.8 93.3b 96.5
Black or African American 4.7 3.9 1.0 0.7 3.7 3.2 95.3 96.1
NHOPI * 0.8 1.0 * * 0.8 * 99.2
White 6.6b 5.7 1.0 0.8 5.6a 4.9 93.4b 94.3
Two or More Races 8.2 8.8 1.0 2.3 7.1 6.5 91.8 91.2
Hispanic or Latino 5.4 4.9 0.9 0.8 4.5 4.1 94.6 95.1
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                
Full-Time 7.1a 6.2 1.1 1.0 6.0a 5.2 92.9a 93.8
Part-Time 10.0a 8.1 1.4 1.4 8.6a 6.7 90.0a 91.9
Unemployed 8.2 6.4 1.0 0.9 7.2 5.4 91.8 93.6
Other1 3.4 2.8 0.6b 0.3 2.8 2.6 96.6 97.2
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
NOTE: Respondents were classified as having a perceived unmet need for mental health treatment (MH Tx) if they did not receive MH Tx in the past year and sought or thought they should get treatment. Respondents with unknown information for perceptions of need for MH Tx were excluded.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.29A – Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year; by Geographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Geographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Among People Aged 18 or Older Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year
Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2022)		 Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2023)		 Sought
Treatment
(2022)		 Sought
Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2023)
TOTAL 12,082b 10,085 1,876a 1,491 10,190b 8,588 184,591 184,638
GEOGRAPHIC REGION                
Northeast 2,127 1,778 435 267 1,691 1,512 32,018 31,632
Midwest 2,393 1,994 302 245 2,091 1,749 36,214 37,211
South 4,020 3,661 607 516 3,401 3,139 73,138 72,287
West 3,543b 2,652 531 464 3,007b 2,188 43,221 43,509
COUNTY TYPE                
Large Metro 7,143b 5,940 1,146 904 5,991a 5,030 102,862 103,331
Small Metro 3,857a 3,207 572 485 3,275a 2,723 57,219 56,348
Nonmetro 1,082 937 158 102 924 835 24,510 24,959
Urbanized 587 428 69 62 518 366 10,116 10,130
Less Urbanized 448 465 82 35 366 430 12,466 12,777
Completely Rural 47 45 7 5 40 39 1,928 2,052
POVERTY LEVEL1                
Less Than 100% 1,371 1,346 232 211 1,134 1,135 25,491a 28,278
100-199% 2,099a 1,648 317 235 1,781 1,409 36,144 36,029
200% or More 8,610b 7,089 1,324 1,046 7,275b 6,042 122,953 120,327
EDUCATION LEVEL                
< High School 450 458 99 105 350 352 19,511 19,334
High School Graduate 2,391 2,077 354 288 2,027 1,784 53,310 53,887
Some College/Associate’s Degree 4,224b 3,149 607 483 3,612b 2,666 53,965 53,652
College Graduate 5,018 4,401 816 615 4,201 3,786 57,805 57,765
HEALTH INSURANCE2                
Private 7,990a 6,950 1,148 993 6,830a 5,952 111,206 111,788
Medicaid/CHIP 2,136b 1,557 457a 273 1,679a 1,284 31,326 32,924
Other3 1,400 1,171 231 174 1,166 997 58,792 58,623
No Coverage 1,308 1,056 220 178 1,088 878 18,707 18,287
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
NOTE: Respondents were classified as having a perceived unmet need for mental health treatment (MH Tx) if they did not receive MH Tx in the past year and sought or thought they should get treatment. Respondents with unknown information for perceptions of need for MH Tx were excluded.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Respondents aged 18 to 22 who were living in a college dormitory were excluded.
2 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
3 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.29B – Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year; by Geographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Geographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Among People Aged 18 or Older Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year
Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2022)		 Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2023)		 Sought
Treatment
(2022)		 Sought
Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2023)
TOTAL 6.1b 5.2 1.0a 0.8 5.2b 4.4 93.9b 94.8
GEOGRAPHIC REGION                
Northeast 6.2 5.3 1.3 0.8 5.0 4.5 93.8 94.7
Midwest 6.2a 5.1 0.8 0.6 5.4a 4.5 93.8a 94.9
South 5.2 4.8 0.8 0.7 4.4 4.1 94.8 95.2
West 7.6b 5.7 1.1 1.0 6.4b 4.7 92.4b 94.3
COUNTY TYPE                
Large Metro 6.5b 5.4 1.0 0.8 5.4a 4.6 93.5b 94.6
Small Metro 6.3a 5.4 0.9 0.8 5.4a 4.6 93.7a 94.6
Nonmetro 4.2 3.6 0.6 0.4 3.6 3.2 95.8 96.4
Urbanized 5.5 4.1 0.6 0.6 4.8 3.5 94.5 95.9
Less Urbanized 3.5 3.5 0.6 0.3 2.8 3.2 96.5 96.5
Completely Rural 2.4 2.1 0.3 0.3 2.0 1.9 97.6 97.9
POVERTY LEVEL1                
Less Than 100% 5.1 4.5 0.9 0.7 4.2 3.8 94.9 95.5
100-199% 5.5a 4.4 0.8 0.6 4.7 3.7 94.5a 95.6
200% or More 6.5b 5.6 1.0 0.8 5.5a 4.7 93.5b 94.4
EDUCATION LEVEL                
< High School 2.3 2.3 0.5 0.5 1.8 1.8 97.7 97.7
High School Graduate 4.3 3.7 0.6 0.5 3.6 3.2 95.7 96.3
Some College/Associate’s Degree 7.3b 5.5 1.0 0.9 6.2b 4.7 92.7b 94.5
College Graduate 8.0 7.1 1.3 1.0 6.7 6.1 92.0 92.9
HEALTH INSURANCE2                
Private 6.7a 5.9 1.0 0.8 5.7a 5.0 93.3a 94.1
Medicaid/CHIP 6.4b 4.5 1.4a 0.8 5.0b 3.7 93.6b 95.5
Other3 2.3 2.0 0.4 0.3 1.9 1.7 97.7 98.0
No Coverage 6.5 5.5 1.1 0.9 5.4 4.5 93.5 94.5
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
NOTE: Respondents were classified as having a perceived unmet need for mental health treatment (MH Tx) if they did not receive MH Tx in the past year and sought or thought they should get treatment. Respondents with unknown information for perceptions of need for MH Tx were excluded.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Respondents aged 18 to 22 who were living in a college dormitory were excluded.
2 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
3 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.30A – Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Any Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year; by Demographic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Any Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year
Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2022)		 Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2023)		 Sought
Treatment
(2022)		 Sought
Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2023)
TOTAL 7,585b 6,194 1,181a 889 6,398b 5,305 20,943 19,886
AGE GROUP                
18-25 2,672b 2,025 469 410 2,203b 1,615 3,591 3,489
26 or Older 4,913a 4,169 713a 479 4,196 3,690 17,353 16,397
26-49 4,170b 3,305 610 414 3,556a 2,891 10,457 9,719
50 or Older 743 864 103 65 640 799 6,895 6,677
SEX                
Male 3,447a 2,860 428 369 3,019 2,491 10,504 9,621
Female 4,138b 3,334 753a 520 3,380a 2,814 10,440 10,264
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                
Not Hispanic or Latino 6,243b 5,057 967 737 5,275b 4,320 16,780 16,260
AIAN * * * * * * * *
Asian 486a 273 60 67 426a 206 1,146 1,494
Black or African American 715 619 163 128 551 491 2,971 2,676
NHOPI * * * * * * * *
White 4,777b 3,936 707a 485 4,069a 3,451 11,875 11,094
Two or More Races 199 208 22 55 177 153 551 625
Hispanic or Latino 1,342 1,137 214 152 1,123 985 4,164 3,626
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                
Full-Time 3,938 3,503 646 496 3,293 3,006 9,574 8,983
Part-Time 1,534a 1,171 178 231 1,352b 940 2,545 2,198
Unemployed 504 362 47 55 457 307 1,609 1,466
Other1 1,608b 1,158 310b 107 1,297 1,052 7,215 7,239
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
NOTE: Respondents were classified as having a perceived unmet need for mental health treatment (MH Tx) if they did not receive MH Tx in the past year and sought or thought they should get treatment. Respondents with unknown information for perceptions of need for MH Tx were excluded.
NOTE: Any mental illness (AMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.30B – Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Any Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year; by Demographic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Any Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year
Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2022)		 Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2023)		 Sought
Treatment
(2022)		 Sought
Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2023)
TOTAL 26.6a 23.8 4.1 3.4 22.4 20.3 73.4a 76.2
AGE GROUP                
18-25 42.7b 36.7 7.5 7.4 35.2b 29.3 57.3b 63.3
26 or Older 22.1 20.3 3.2 2.3 18.8 17.9 77.9 79.7
26-49 28.5 25.4 4.2 3.2 24.3 22.2 71.5 74.6
50 or Older 9.7 11.5 1.3 0.9 8.4 10.6 90.3 88.5
SEX                
Male 24.7 22.9 3.1 3.0 21.6 19.9 75.3 77.1
Female 28.4a 24.5 5.2 3.8 23.2 20.7 71.6a 75.5
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                
Not Hispanic or Latino 27.1a 23.7 4.2 3.5 22.9 20.3 72.9a 76.3
AIAN * * * * * * * *
Asian 29.8b 15.5 3.7 3.8 26.1b 11.7 70.2b 84.5
Black or African American 19.4 18.8 4.4 3.9 15.0 14.9 80.6 81.2
NHOPI * * * * * * * *
White 28.7 26.2 4.2 3.2 24.4 22.9 71.3 73.8
Two or More Races 26.5 25.0 2.9 6.6 23.6 18.4 73.5 75.0
Hispanic or Latino 24.4 23.9 3.9 3.2 20.4 20.7 75.6 76.1
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                
Full-Time 29.1 28.1 4.8 4.0 24.4 24.1 70.9 71.9
Part-Time 37.6 34.8 4.4 6.8 33.2 27.9 62.4 65.2
Unemployed 23.9 19.8 2.2 3.0 21.6 16.8 76.1 80.2
Other1 18.2a 13.8 3.5b 1.3 14.7 12.5 81.8a 86.2
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
NOTE: Respondents were classified as having a perceived unmet need for mental health treatment (MH Tx) if they did not receive MH Tx in the past year and sought or thought they should get treatment. Respondents with unknown information for perceptions of need for MH Tx were excluded.
NOTE: Any mental illness (AMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.31A – Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Any Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year; by Geographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Geographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Any Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year
Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2022)		 Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2023)		 Sought
Treatment
(2022)		 Sought
Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2023)
TOTAL 7,585b 6,194 1,181a 889 6,398b 5,305 20,943 19,886
GEOGRAPHIC REGION                
Northeast 1,266 1,033 312b 122 954 911 3,228 3,191
Midwest 1,419 1,304 198 177 1,221 1,127 4,168 3,876
South 2,621 2,211 414 364 2,206 1,847 8,104 7,758
West 2,279a 1,647 257 226 2,017a 1,421 5,444 5,061
COUNTY TYPE                
Large Metro 4,158 3,605 678 505 3,476 3,100 11,308 10,964
Small Metro 2,606b 2,001 388 310 2,217b 1,691 7,080 6,215
Nonmetro 821a 588 116 74 705 514 2,556 2,706
Urbanized 450 293 46 49 405 244 974 1,003
Less Urbanized 343 265 65 24 278 240 1,322 1,371
Completely Rural * * * * * * * *
POVERTY LEVEL1                
Less Than 100% 993 943 167 140 822 802 4,111 4,503
100-199% 1,538a 1,147 245 171 1,292a 976 4,945 4,406
200% or More 5,054b 4,103 769 577 4,284a 3,526 11,886 10,977
EDUCATION LEVEL                
< High School 346 330 84 60 261 270 2,638 2,275
High School Graduate 1,749 1,411 269 200 1,480 1,211 5,756 5,922
Some College/Associate’s Degree 2,868b 2,169 413 354 2,451b 1,815 7,207 6,686
College Graduate 2,622 2,285 415 275 2,207 2,009 5,341 5,003
HEALTH INSURANCE2                
Private 4,649a 3,958 696a 505 3,953 3,452 10,753 10,565
Medicaid/CHIP 1,523a 1,133 298 226 1,225a 907 5,108 5,375
Other3 809 695 171 135 633 560 4,839 4,833
No Coverage 985 749 105 126 880a 623 3,033a 2,405
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
NOTE: Respondents were classified as having a perceived unmet need for mental health treatment (MH Tx) if they did not receive MH Tx in the past year and sought or thought they should get treatment. Respondents with unknown information for perceptions of need for MH Tx were excluded.
NOTE: Any mental illness (AMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Respondents aged 18 to 22 who were living in a college dormitory were excluded.
2 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
3 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.31B – Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Any Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year; by Geographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Geographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Any Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year
Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2022)		 Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2023)		 Sought
Treatment
(2022)		 Sought
Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2023)
TOTAL 26.6a 23.8 4.1 3.4 22.4 20.3 73.4a 76.2
GEOGRAPHIC REGION                
Northeast 28.2 24.4 6.9b 2.9 21.2 21.5 71.8 75.6
Midwest 25.4 25.2 3.5 3.4 21.9 21.8 74.6 74.8
South 24.4 22.2 3.8 3.6 20.6 18.5 75.6 77.8
West 29.5 24.5 3.3 3.4 26.1 21.2 70.5 75.5
COUNTY TYPE                
Large Metro 26.9 24.7 4.4 3.5 22.5 21.3 73.1 75.3
Small Metro 26.9 24.4 4.0 3.8 22.9 20.6 73.1 75.6
Nonmetro 24.3a 17.8 3.4 2.3 20.9 15.6 75.7a 82.2
Urbanized 31.6 22.6 3.2 3.8 28.4a 18.8 68.4 77.4
Less Urbanized 20.6 16.2 3.9 1.5 16.7 14.7 79.4 83.8
Completely Rural * * * * * * * *
POVERTY LEVEL1                
Less Than 100% 19.5 17.3 3.3 2.6 16.1 14.7 80.5 82.7
100-199% 23.7 20.7 3.8 3.1 19.9 17.6 76.3 79.3
200% or More 29.8 27.2 4.5 3.8 25.3 23.4 70.2 72.8
EDUCATION LEVEL                
< High School 11.6 12.7 2.8 2.3 8.7 10.3 88.4 87.3
High School Graduate 23.3 19.2 3.6 2.7 19.7 16.5 76.7 80.8
Some College/Associate’s Degree 28.5 24.5 4.1 4.0 24.3 20.5 71.5 75.5
College Graduate 32.9 31.4 5.2 3.8 27.7 27.6 67.1 68.6
HEALTH INSURANCE2                
Private 30.2 27.3 4.5 3.5 25.7 23.8 69.8 72.7
Medicaid/CHIP 23.0a 17.4 4.5 3.5 18.5a 13.9 77.0a 82.6
Other3 14.3 12.6 3.0 2.4 11.2 10.1 85.7 87.4
No Coverage 24.5 23.7 2.6 4.0 21.9 19.7 75.5 76.3
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
NOTE: Respondents were classified as having a perceived unmet need for mental health treatment (MH Tx) if they did not receive MH Tx in the past year and sought or thought they should get treatment. Respondents with unknown information for perceptions of need for MH Tx were excluded.
NOTE: Any mental illness (AMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Respondents aged 18 to 22 who were living in a college dormitory were excluded.
2 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
3 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.32A – Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Serious Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year; by Demographic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Serious Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year
Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2022)		 Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2023)		 Sought
Treatment
(2022)		 Sought
Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2023)
TOTAL 2,520b 1,890 408 323 2,112a 1,567 2,549 2,294
AGE GROUP                
18-25 987a 724 180 179 806b 545 548 504
26 or Older 1,534 1,166 228 144 1,306 1,022 2,001 1,790
26-49 1,312b 900 184 134 1,127a 765 1,203 1,129
50 or Older * * * * * * * *
SEX                
Male 1,141 868 137 132 1,005 736 1,277 1,099
Female 1,379a 1,022 272 191 1,108 831 1,272 1,195
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                
Not Hispanic or Latino 2,095b 1,482 325 280 1,770b 1,202 2,022 1,824
AIAN * * * * * * * *
Asian * * * * * * * *
Black or African American * * * * * * * *
NHOPI * * * * * * * *
White 1,496a 1,109 200 162 1,296a 947 1,403 1,297
Two or More Races * * * * * * * *
Hispanic or Latino 426 * 83 43 342 * 527 *
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                
Full-Time 1,120 1,000 209 167 911 833 1,048 1,080
Part-Time 572 * 56 78 516a 296 332 *
Unemployed * * 29 * * * * *
Other1 541 402 114 47 426 355 917 686
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
NOTE: Respondents were classified as having a perceived unmet need for mental health treatment (MH Tx) if they did not receive MH Tx in the past year and sought or thought they should get treatment. Respondents with unknown information for perceptions of need for MH Tx were excluded.
NOTE: Serious mental illness (SMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. SMI is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.32B – Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Serious Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year; by Demographic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Serious Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year
Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2022)		 Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2023)		 Sought
Treatment
(2022)		 Sought
Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2023)
TOTAL 49.7 45.2 8.0 7.7 41.7 37.5 50.3 54.8
AGE GROUP                
18-25 64.3 58.9 11.7 14.5 52.5 44.4 35.7 41.1
26 or Older 43.4 39.4 6.4 4.9 36.9 34.6 56.6 60.6
26-49 52.2 44.4 7.3 6.6 44.8 37.7 47.8 55.6
50 or Older * * * * * * * *
SEX                
Male 47.2 44.1 5.6 6.7 41.5 37.4 52.8 55.9
Female 52.0 46.1 10.2 8.6 41.8 37.5 48.0 53.9
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                
Not Hispanic or Latino 50.9 44.8 7.9 8.5 43.0 36.4 49.1 55.2
AIAN * * * * * * * *
Asian * * * * * * * *
Black or African American * * * * * * * *
NHOPI * * * * * * * *
White 51.6 46.1 6.9 6.7 44.7 39.4 48.4 53.9
Two or More Races * * * * * * * *
Hispanic or Latino 44.7 * 8.7 4.9 35.9 * 55.3 *
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                
Full-Time 51.7 48.1 9.6 8.0 42.0 40.1 48.3 51.9
Part-Time 63.3 * 6.2 11.7 57.1 44.3 36.7 *
Unemployed * * 5.3 * * * * *
Other1 37.1 37.0 7.8 4.3 29.2 32.6 62.9 63.0
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
NOTE: Respondents were classified as having a perceived unmet need for mental health treatment (MH Tx) if they did not receive MH Tx in the past year and sought or thought they should get treatment. Respondents with unknown information for perceptions of need for MH Tx were excluded.
NOTE: Serious mental illness (SMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. SMI is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.33A – Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Serious Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year; by Geographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Geographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Serious Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year
Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2022)		 Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2023)		 Sought
Treatment
(2022)		 Sought
Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2023)
TOTAL 2,520b 1,890 408 323 2,112a 1,567 2,549 2,294
GEOGRAPHIC REGION                
Northeast * 257 * 45 * 211 * 470
Midwest 439 372 81 33 358 340 467 378
South 940a 682 168 170 772a 511 1,081 886
West 753 * 54 74 700 * 662 *
COUNTY TYPE                
Large Metro 1,286 1,092 207 184 1,079 908 1,337 1,084
Small Metro 882b 582 152 108 729b 474 938 958
Nonmetro * * 49 31 * * * *
Urbanized * * * * * * * *
Less Urbanized * * * * * * * *
Completely Rural * * * * * * * *
POVERTY LEVEL1                
Less Than 100% 442 * 79 47 363 * 463 *
100-199% 594 410 81 85 513a 326 818 594
200% or More 1,484a 1,086 248 191 1,236a 895 1,268 1,183
EDUCATION LEVEL                
< High School * * 25 24 * * * *
High School Graduate 779 576 104 84 675 491 765 754
Some College/Associate’s Degree 1,039a 744 170 130 870 614 929 834
College Graduate 553 443 110 85 443 358 517 392
HEALTH INSURANCE2                
Private 1,196 1,075 209 155 987 920 1,233 1,006
Medicaid/CHIP 718b 355 150a 61 568b 294 705 561
Other3 * * 59 * * * * *
No Coverage 448 * 42 * 406 * 433 *
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
NOTE: Respondents were classified as having a perceived unmet need for mental health treatment (MH Tx) if they did not receive MH Tx in the past year and sought or thought they should get treatment. Respondents with unknown information for perceptions of need for MH Tx were excluded.
NOTE: Serious mental illness (SMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. SMI is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Respondents aged 18 to 22 who were living in a college dormitory were excluded.
2 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
3 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.33B – Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Serious Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year; by Geographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Geographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Serious Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year
Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2022)		 Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2023)		 Sought
Treatment
(2022)		 Sought
Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Perceive
Need for Mental
Health
Treatment
(2023)
TOTAL 49.7 45.2 8.0 7.7 41.7 37.5 50.3 54.8
GEOGRAPHIC REGION                
Northeast * 35.3 * 6.2 * 29.1 * 64.7
Midwest 48.4 49.6 8.9 4.4 39.5 45.3 51.6 50.4
South 46.5 43.5 8.3 10.9 38.2 32.6 53.5 56.5
West 53.2 * 3.8 6.5 49.4 * 46.8 *
COUNTY TYPE                
Large Metro 49.0 50.2 7.9 8.4 41.1 41.7 51.0 49.8
Small Metro 48.5 37.8 8.4 7.0 40.1 30.8 51.5 62.2
Nonmetro * * 7.8 6.6 * * * *
Urbanized * * * * * * * *
Less Urbanized * * * * * * * *
Completely Rural * * * * * * * *
POVERTY LEVEL1                
Less Than 100% 48.8 * 8.8 5.2 40.1 * 51.2 *
100-199% 42.1 40.8 5.7 8.4 36.3 32.4 57.9 59.2
200% or More 53.9 47.9 9.0 8.4 44.9 39.5 46.1 52.1
EDUCATION LEVEL                
< High School * * 5.1 5.4 * * * *
High School Graduate 50.5 43.3 6.7 6.3 43.7 36.9 49.5 56.7
Some College/Associate’s Degree 52.8 47.1 8.6 8.2 44.2 38.9 47.2 52.9
College Graduate 51.7 53.0 10.3 10.2 41.4 42.9 48.3 47.0
HEALTH INSURANCE2                
Private 49.2 51.7 8.6 7.5 40.6 44.2 50.8 48.3
Medicaid/CHIP 50.4 38.7 10.5 6.6 39.9 32.1 49.6 61.3
Other3 * * 8.1 * * * * *
No Coverage 50.9 * 4.8 * 46.1 * 49.1 *
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
NOTE: Respondents were classified as having a perceived unmet need for mental health treatment (MH Tx) if they did not receive MH Tx in the past year and sought or thought they should get treatment. Respondents with unknown information for perceptions of need for MH Tx were excluded.
NOTE: Serious mental illness (SMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. SMI is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Respondents aged 18 to 22 who were living in a college dormitory were excluded.
2 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
3 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.34A – Detailed Reasons for Not Receiving Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment and Had a Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year; by Past Year Treatment-Seeking Behavior, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Reason Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment Among People Aged 18 or Older Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year and Had a Perceived
Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year
Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2022)		 Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2023)		 Sought
Treatment
(2022)		 Sought
Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2023)
Thought It Would Cost Too Much 6,178a 5,406 867 758 5,305 4,648
Did Not Have Health Insurance Coverage for Mental Health Treatment 3,369 2,899 554 461 2,814 2,438
Health Insurance Would Not Pay Enough of Costs for Treatment 3,890a 3,230 603 467 3,287 2,762
Did Not Know How or Where to Get Treatment 5,475b 4,406 723 570 4,749b 3,836
Could Not Find Treatment Program or Healthcare Professional They Wanted to Go to 4,798b 3,732 872a 643 3,926b 3,088
No Openings in Treatment Program or with Healthcare Professional They Wanted to Go to 1,955 1,561 577 415 1,378 1,146
Had Problems with Things Like Transportation, Childcare, or Getting Appointments at Times That Worked for Them 2,862b 1,909 426a 267 2,436b 1,643
Did Not Have Enough Time for Treatment 5,288b 4,284 489 452 4,798b 3,827
Worried That Information Would Not Be Kept Private 2,317 1,944 251 214 2,065 1,726
Worried about What People Would Think or Say if They Got Treatment 3,152b 2,372 262 200 2,889b 2,167
Thought That if People Knew They Were in Treatment, Bad Things Would Happen, Like Losing Their Job, Home, or Children 1,256 1,009 181 117 1,075 887
Not Ready to Start Treatment 5,820a 5,005 488 492 5,331a 4,513
Thought They Should Have Been Able to Handle Their Mental Health, Emotions, or Behavior on Their Own 8,316b 6,788 937 840 7,373b 5,943
Thought Their Family, Friends, or Religious Group Would Not Like It if They Got Treatment 1,554b 1,068 161 111 1,388b 953
Afraid of Being Committed to Hospital or Forced into Treatment against Their Will 1,978b 1,473 315 291 1,658b 1,178
Thought They Would Be Told They Needed to Take Medication 3,488a 2,866 440 420 3,043a 2,441
Did Not Think Treatment Would Help Them 3,437b 2,726 479b 266 2,953a 2,455
Thought No One Would Care if They Got Better 1,628a 1,284 176 153 1,448a 1,131
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
NOTE: Respondents could indicate multiple reasons for not receiving mental health treatment; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive. Respondents with unknown reason for not receiving treatment data were excluded.
NOTE: Respondents were classified as having a perceived unmet need for mental health treatment (MH Tx) if they did not receive MH Tx in the past year and sought or thought they should get treatment. Respondents with unknown information for perceptions of need for MH Tx were excluded.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.34B – Detailed Reasons for Not Receiving Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment and Had a Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year; by Past Year Treatment-Seeking Behavior, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Reason Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment Among People Aged 18 or Older Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment in Past Year and Had a Perceived
Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year
Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2022)		 Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2023)		 Sought
Treatment
(2022)		 Sought
Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2023)
Thought It Would Cost Too Much 51.4 53.9 46.4 51.1 52.4 54.5
Did Not Have Health Insurance Coverage for Mental Health Treatment 29.4 30.4 30.1 32.4 29.3 30.1
Health Insurance Would Not Pay Enough of Costs for Treatment 34.9 35.8 32.8 35.6 35.4 35.9
Did Not Know How or Where to Get Treatment 45.5 43.8 38.6 38.4 46.7 44.8
Could Not Find Treatment Program or Healthcare Professional They Wanted to Go to 40.7 38.4 46.6 45.1 39.7 37.2
No Openings in Treatment Program or with Healthcare Professional They Wanted to Go to 17.0 16.3 31.5 29.2 14.3 14.1
Had Problems with Things Like Transportation, Childcare, or Getting Appointments at Times That Worked for Them 24.1a 19.2 23.0 18.6 24.3a 19.3
Did Not Have Enough Time for Treatment 44.2 43.3 26.2 31.2 47.6 45.4
Worried That Information Would Not Be Kept Private 19.4 19.5 13.4 14.8 20.5 20.2
Worried about What People Would Think or Say if They Got Treatment 26.2 23.6 14.1 13.5 28.4 25.3
Thought That if People Knew They Were in Treatment, Bad Things Would Happen, Like Losing Their Job, Home, or Children 10.5 10.1 9.7 7.9 10.6 10.4
Not Ready to Start Treatment 49.1 50.9 26.4 33.3 53.3 54.0
Thought They Should Have Been Able to Handle Their Mental Health, Emotions, or Behavior on Their Own 69.6 68.4 50.1 56.9 73.2 70.4
Thought Their Family, Friends, or Religious Group Would Not Like It if They Got Treatment 13.0 10.7 8.7 7.5 13.7 11.2
Afraid of Being Committed to Hospital or Forced into Treatment against Their Will 16.5 14.8 16.9 19.6 16.4 13.9
Thought They Would Be Told They Needed to Take Medication 29.2 28.8 23.5 28.6 30.2 28.8
Did Not Think Treatment Would Help Them 29.1 28.0 25.9 18.0 29.7 29.8
Thought No One Would Care if They Got Better 13.6 12.9 9.5 10.4 14.3 13.4
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
NOTE: Respondents could indicate multiple reasons for not receiving mental health treatment; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive. Respondents with unknown reason for not receiving treatment data were excluded.
NOTE: Respondents were classified as having a perceived unmet need for mental health treatment (MH Tx) if they did not receive MH Tx in the past year and sought or thought they should get treatment. Respondents with unknown information for perceptions of need for MH Tx were excluded.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.35A – Detailed Reasons for Not Receiving Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Any Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment and Had a Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year; by Past Year Treatment-Seeking Behavior, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Reason Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Any Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment
in Past Year and Had a Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year
Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2022)		 Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2023)		 Sought
Treatment
(2022)		 Sought
Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2023)
Thought It Would Cost Too Much 4,447a 3,698 663 553 3,779a 3,145
Did Not Have Health Insurance Coverage for Mental Health Treatment 2,568a 2,092 435 326 2,132 1,766
Health Insurance Would Not Pay Enough of Costs for Treatment 2,867a 2,254 453 357 2,414a 1,898
Did Not Know How or Where to Get Treatment 3,863b 3,004 548 443 3,315b 2,561
Could Not Find Treatment Program or Healthcare Professional They Wanted to Go to 3,477b 2,465 664a 446 2,813b 2,020
No Openings in Treatment Program or with Healthcare Professional They Wanted to Go to 1,448b 977 437a 261 1,011 716
Had Problems with Things Like Transportation, Childcare, or Getting Appointments at Times That Worked for Them 2,181b 1,382 320 227 1,861b 1,155
Did Not Have Enough Time for Treatment 3,677b 2,892 418 320 3,259a 2,572
Worried That Information Would Not Be Kept Private 1,914b 1,385 226 181 1,687b 1,205
Worried about What People Would Think or Say if They Got Treatment 2,216b 1,655 241 171 1,974a 1,484
Thought That if People Knew They Were in Treatment, Bad Things Would Happen, Like Losing Their Job, Home, or Children 1,110a 816 172 109 937 707
Not Ready to Start Treatment 3,853b 3,071 381 328 3,473b 2,743
Thought They Should Have Been Able to Handle Their Mental Health, Emotions, or Behavior on Their Own 5,590b 4,331 720 546 4,865b 3,784
Thought Their Family, Friends, or Religious Group Would Not Like It if They Got Treatment 1,192b 755 151 93 1,036b 662
Afraid of Being Committed to Hospital or Forced into Treatment against Their Will 1,760b 1,242 313 272 1,442b 970
Thought They Would Be Told They Needed to Take Medication 2,815b 2,219 403 330 2,407a 1,889
Did Not Think Treatment Would Help Them 2,494a 1,976 332a 212 2,158a 1,765
Thought No One Would Care if They Got Better 1,481 1,182 175 146 1,301 1,035
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
NOTE: Respondents could indicate multiple reasons for not receiving mental health treatment; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive. Respondents with unknown reason for not receiving treatment data were excluded.
NOTE: Any mental illness (AMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
NOTE: Respondents were classified as having a perceived unmet need for mental health treatment (MH Tx) if they did not receive MH Tx in the past year and sought or thought they should get treatment. Respondents with unknown information for perceptions of need for MH Tx were excluded.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.35B – Detailed Reasons for Not Receiving Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Any Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment and Had a Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year; by Past Year Treatment-Seeking Behavior, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Reason Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Any Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment
in Past Year and Had a Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year
Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2022)		 Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2023)		 Sought
Treatment
(2022)		 Sought
Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2023)
Thought It Would Cost Too Much 58.9 59.8 56.2 62.3 59.4 59.4
Did Not Have Health Insurance Coverage for Mental Health Treatment 35.7 35.7 37.3 38.2 35.4 35.3
Health Insurance Would Not Pay Enough of Costs for Treatment 40.8 39.8 39.0 42.8 41.2 39.3
Did Not Know How or Where to Get Treatment 51.1 48.6 46.5 49.9 52.0 48.4
Could Not Find Treatment Program or Healthcare Professional They Wanted to Go to 46.8a 40.7 56.4 50.9 45.0 39.0
No Openings in Treatment Program or with Healthcare Professional They Wanted to Go to 20.1 16.5 37.7 30.0 16.7 14.2
Had Problems with Things Like Transportation, Childcare, or Getting Appointments at Times That Worked for Them 29.2b 22.6 27.4 25.6 29.6b 22.0
Did Not Have Enough Time for Treatment 48.9 47.0 35.4 36.0 51.5 48.9
Worried That Information Would Not Be Kept Private 25.5 22.5 19.2 20.4 26.7 22.9
Worried about What People Would Think or Say if They Got Treatment 29.3 26.7 20.7 19.3 30.9 28.0
Thought That if People Knew They Were in Treatment, Bad Things Would Happen, Like Losing Their Job, Home, or Children 14.7 13.2 14.6 12.3 14.7 13.4
Not Ready to Start Treatment 51.6 50.6 32.3 37.5 55.2 52.8
Thought They Should Have Been Able to Handle Their Mental Health, Emotions, or Behavior on Their Own 74.2 70.5 61.0 62.0 76.7 71.9
Thought Their Family, Friends, or Religious Group Would Not Like It if They Got Treatment 15.9a 12.3 13.0 10.5 16.3a 12.6
Afraid of Being Committed to Hospital or Forced into Treatment against Their Will 23.4 20.3 26.5 30.7 22.7 18.5
Thought They Would Be Told They Needed to Take Medication 37.4 36.2 34.1 37.6 37.9 36.0
Did Not Think Treatment Would Help Them 33.5 32.7 28.7 24.1 34.4 34.1
Thought No One Would Care if They Got Better 19.7 19.4 15.1 16.7 20.5 19.9
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
NOTE: Respondents could indicate multiple reasons for not receiving mental health treatment; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive. Respondents with unknown reason for not receiving treatment data were excluded.
NOTE: Any mental illness (AMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
NOTE: Respondents were classified as having a perceived unmet need for mental health treatment (MH Tx) if they did not receive MH Tx in the past year and sought or thought they should get treatment. Respondents with unknown information for perceptions of need for MH Tx were excluded.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.36A – Detailed Reasons for Not Receiving Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Serious Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment and Had a Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year; by Past Year Treatment-Seeking Behavior, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Reason Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Serious Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health
Treatment in Past Year and Had a Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year
Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2022)		 Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2023)		 Sought
Treatment
(2022)		 Sought
Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2023)
Thought It Would Cost Too Much 1,660b 1,203 * * 1,422b 980
Did Not Have Health Insurance Coverage for Mental Health Treatment 1,119b 693 * * 931b 557
Health Insurance Would Not Pay Enough of Costs for Treatment 1,054b 714 * * 916b 583
Did Not Know How or Where to Get Treatment 1,426b 942 * * 1,211b 765
Could Not Find Treatment Program or Healthcare Professional They Wanted to Go to 1,249b 769 * * 1,004b 609
No Openings in Treatment Program or with Healthcare Professional They Wanted to Go to 535a 297 * * 364a 187
Had Problems with Things Like Transportation, Childcare, or Getting Appointments at Times That Worked for Them 879b 473 * * 767b 386
Did Not Have Enough Time for Treatment 1,262b 848 * * 1,090a 729
Worried That Information Would Not Be Kept Private 921b 495 * * 800b 417
Worried about What People Would Think or Say if They Got Treatment 853a 552 * 46 739a 506
Thought That if People Knew They Were in Treatment, Bad Things Would Happen, Like Losing Their Job, Home, or Children 554a 327 * 24 470 302
Not Ready to Start Treatment 1,221 1,013 * * 1,038 906
Thought They Should Have Been Able to Handle Their Mental Health, Emotions, or Behavior on Their Own 2,063b 1,459 * * 1,770b 1,265
Thought Their Family, Friends, or Religious Group Would Not Like It if They Got Treatment 546a 312 * 29 490a 283
Afraid of Being Committed to Hospital or Forced into Treatment against Their Will 911b 585 * * 725a 481
Thought They Would Be Told They Needed to Take Medication 1,173a 818 * * 975a 682
Did Not Think Treatment Would Help Them 939 809 * * 799 741
Thought No One Would Care if They Got Better 785 668 * * 716 563
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
NOTE: Respondents could indicate multiple reasons for not receiving mental health treatment; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive. Respondents with unknown reason for not receiving treatment data were excluded.
NOTE: Serious mental illness (SMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. SMI is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
NOTE: Respondents were classified as having a perceived unmet need for mental health treatment (MH Tx) if they did not receive MH Tx in the past year and sought or thought they should get treatment. Respondents with unknown information for perceptions of need for MH Tx were excluded.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.36B – Detailed Reasons for Not Receiving Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Serious Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment and Had a Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year; by Past Year Treatment-Seeking Behavior, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Reason Did Not Receive Mental Health Treatment Among People Aged 18 or Older with Past Year Serious Mental Illness Who Did Not Receive Mental Health
Treatment in Past Year and Had a Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment in Past Year
Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2022)		 Any Perceived
Unmet Need
(2023)		 Sought
Treatment
(2022)		 Sought
Treatment
(2023)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2022)		 Did Not Seek
Treatment but
Thought Should
Get Treatment
(2023)
Thought It Would Cost Too Much 66.3 63.7 * * 67.8 62.6
Did Not Have Health Insurance Coverage for Mental Health Treatment 46.1 39.1 * * 46.0 37.9
Health Insurance Would Not Pay Enough of Costs for Treatment 43.5 41.8 * * 45.3 41.6
Did Not Know How or Where to Get Treatment 56.7 50.0 * * 57.5 49.0
Could Not Find Treatment Program or Healthcare Professional They Wanted to Go to 50.4 41.7 * * 48.5 39.8
No Openings in Treatment Program or with Healthcare Professional They Wanted to Go to 21.9 16.6 * * 17.7 12.6
Had Problems with Things Like Transportation, Childcare, or Getting Appointments at Times That Worked for Them 35.1a 25.2 * * 36.5a 24.8
Did Not Have Enough Time for Treatment 50.3 45.3 * * 51.8 47.1
Worried That Information Would Not Be Kept Private 36.7a 26.3 * * 38.0a 26.8
Worried about What People Would Think or Say if They Got Treatment 34.1 29.2 * 14.2 35.1 32.4
Thought That if People Knew They Were in Treatment, Bad Things Would Happen, Like Losing Their Job, Home, or Children 22.0 17.4 * 7.6 22.3 19.4
Not Ready to Start Treatment 48.7 54.6 * * 49.4 58.9
Thought They Should Have Been Able to Handle Their Mental Health, Emotions, or Behavior on Their Own 82.0 77.3 * * 83.9 80.9
Thought Their Family, Friends, or Religious Group Would Not Like It if They Got Treatment 21.8 16.6 * 8.9 23.3 18.2
Afraid of Being Committed to Hospital or Forced into Treatment against Their Will 36.5 31.6 * * 34.7 31.4
Thought They Would Be Told They Needed to Take Medication 46.8 43.9 * * 46.5 44.1
Did Not Think Treatment Would Help Them 37.9 44.2 * * 38.3a 49.0
Thought No One Would Care if They Got Better 31.4 36.2 * * 34.0 36.7
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
NOTE: Respondents could indicate multiple reasons for not receiving mental health treatment; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive. Respondents with unknown reason for not receiving treatment data were excluded.
NOTE: Serious mental illness (SMI) aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. SMI is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
NOTE: Respondents were classified as having a perceived unmet need for mental health treatment (MH Tx) if they did not receive MH Tx in the past year and sought or thought they should get treatment. Respondents with unknown information for perceptions of need for MH Tx were excluded.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.37A – Major Depressive Episode in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Sex and Detailed Age Category, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Age Category Total
(2022)		 Total
(2023)		 Male
(2022)		 Male
(2023)		 Female
(2022)		 Female
(2023)
TOTAL 22,475 21,899 8,780 7,956 13,695 13,943
18-25 6,990b 5,953 2,633b 2,179 4,357b 3,774
18-20 2,627b 1,923 1,026b 708 1,601b 1,216
21-25 4,363 4,030 1,608 1,471 2,755 2,559
26 or Older 15,485 15,946 6,147 5,777 9,338 10,169
26-49 9,975 10,567 4,227 4,135 5,748a 6,432
26-29 2,170 2,587 918 1,044 1,252 1,543
30-34 2,698 2,752 1,220 1,144 1,479 1,608
35-39 1,961 2,124 891 881 1,070 1,243
40-44 1,584 1,721 660 597 924 1,123
45-49 1,562 1,383 538 468 1,024 915
50 or Older 5,510 5,379 1,919 1,642 3,590 3,737
50-54 1,348 1,339 361 380 987 959
55-59 1,427a 934 758b 302 669 632
60-64 1,206 1,380 523 566 683 814
65 or Older 1,528 1,727 277 394 1,251 1,332
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.37B – Major Depressive Episode in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Sex and Detailed Age Category, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Age Category Total
(2022)		 Total
(2023)		 Male
(2022)		 Male
(2023)		 Female
(2022)		 Female
(2023)
TOTAL 8.8 8.5 7.0 6.3 10.4 10.5
18-25 20.1b 17.5 15.1a 12.8 25.2b 22.2
18-20 20.3b 15.8 14.9a 11.2 26.4b 20.9
21-25 20.0 18.4 15.1 13.7 24.5 23.0
26 or Older 7.0 7.1 5.7 5.3 8.2 8.8
26-49 9.7 10.2 8.2 8.0 11.2 12.4
26-29 12.7 14.7 10.7 11.6 14.9 18.0
30-34 11.6 12.1 10.6 10.4 12.7 13.8
35-39 8.9 9.2 8.0 7.4 9.8 10.9
40-44 7.6 8.1 6.3 5.7 8.9 10.4
45-49 8.0 7.3 5.7 5.1 10.2 9.4
50 or Older 4.6 4.5 3.4 2.9 5.7 5.9
50-54 6.8 7.2 4.0 4.3 9.2 9.7
55-59 7.1a 4.5 7.3b 3.1 6.9 5.8
60-64 5.3 6.0 4.6 4.7 6.0 7.5
65 or Older 2.7 3.0 1.1 1.5 4.0 4.2
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.38A – Major Depressive Episode with Severe Impairment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Sex and Detailed Age Category, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Age Category Total
(2022)		 Total
(2023)		 Male
(2022)		 Male
(2023)		 Female
(2022)		 Female
(2023)
TOTAL 15,873 15,294 6,246 5,564 9,627 9,730
18-25 5,109b 4,381 1,910 1,612 3,199a 2,769
18-20 1,934b 1,437 741a 524 1,192b 913
21-25 3,175 2,944 1,169 1,088 2,007 1,856
26 or Older 10,764 10,913 4,336 3,952 6,428 6,961
26-49 7,068 7,649 2,972 2,939 4,096a 4,710
26-29 1,658 1,941 722 756 936 1,186
30-34 1,864 1,986 820 819 1,045 1,167
35-39 1,462 1,573 697 645 765 928
40-44 1,062 1,241 458 394 604a 847
45-49 1,022 907 276 325 746 582
50 or Older 3,695 3,264 1,364 1,013 2,331 2,252
50-54 894 922 256 221 639 702
55-59 986a 529 585b 189 402 340
60-64 838 936 367 372 471 564
65 or Older 977 877 156 231 820 647
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
NOTE: Major depressive episode (MDE) with severe impairment is a subset of MDE. Impairment is based on the Sheehan Disability Scale role domains, which measure the impact of a disorder on a person’s life. Ratings greater than or equal to 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 in any of the role domains indicate severe impairment.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.38B – Major Depressive Episode with Severe Impairment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Sex and Detailed Age Category, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Age Category Total
(2022)		 Total
(2023)		 Male
(2022)		 Male
(2023)		 Female
(2022)		 Female
(2023)
TOTAL 6.2 5.9 5.0 4.4 7.3 7.4
18-25 14.7b 12.9 10.9 9.4 18.5a 16.3
18-20 15.0b 11.8 10.8 8.3 19.7a 15.7
21-25 14.5 13.5 11.0 10.1 17.9 16.6
26 or Older 4.9 4.9 4.0 3.6 5.6 6.0
26-49 6.9 7.4 5.8 5.7 8.0a 9.0
26-29 9.7 11.0 8.4 8.4 11.1 13.8
30-34 8.0 8.8 7.1 7.4 9.0 10.0
35-39 6.6 6.8 6.2 5.5 7.0 8.2
40-44 5.1 5.9 4.4 3.8 5.8a 7.8
45-49 5.2 4.8 2.9 3.5 7.5 6.0
50 or Older 3.1 2.7 2.4 1.8 3.7 3.6
50-54 4.5 4.9 2.8 2.5 6.0 7.1
55-59 4.9b 2.6 5.6b 1.9 4.2 3.1
60-64 3.7 4.1 3.2 3.1 4.2 5.2
65 or Older 1.7 1.5 0.6 0.9 2.7 2.0
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
NOTE: Major depressive episode (MDE) with severe impairment is a subset of MDE. Impairment is based on the Sheehan Disability Scale role domains, which measure the impact of a disorder on a person’s life. Ratings greater than or equal to 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 in any of the role domains indicate severe impairment.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.39A – Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and MDE with Severe Impairment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Demographic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Had MDE
(2022)		 Had MDE
(2023)		 Had MDE with Severe
Impairment
(2022)		 Had MDE with Severe
Impairment
(2023)
TOTAL 22,475 21,899 15,873 15,294
SEX        
Male 8,780 7,956 6,246 5,564
Female 13,695 13,943 9,627 9,730
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE        
Not Hispanic or Latino 18,573 18,142 13,151 12,705
AIAN 94a 46 65a 28
Asian 963 777 781 603
Black or African American 2,038 2,021 1,507 1,371
NHOPI * * 34 *
White 14,574 14,335 10,090 9,914
Two or More Races 825 892 674 734
Hispanic or Latino 3,902 3,757 2,722 2,589
EMPLOYMENT STATUS        
Full-Time 9,608 9,741 6,415 6,588
Part-Time 3,967 3,764 2,772 2,572
Unemployed 1,574 1,541 1,147 1,162
Other1 7,326 6,853 5,538 4,971
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
NOTE: Major depressive episode (MDE) with severe impairment is a subset of MDE. Impairment is based on the Sheehan Disability Scale role domains, which measure the impact of a disorder on a person’s life. Ratings greater than or equal to 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 in any of the role domains indicate severe impairment.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.39B – Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and MDE with Severe Impairment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Demographic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Had MDE
(2022)		 Had MDE
(2023)		 Had MDE with Severe
Impairment
(2022)		 Had MDE with Severe
Impairment
(2023)
TOTAL 8.8 8.5 6.2 5.9
SEX        
Male 7.0 6.3 5.0 4.4
Female 10.4 10.5 7.3 7.4
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE        
Not Hispanic or Latino 8.8 8.6 6.2 6.0
AIAN 7.6a 4.2 5.2 2.5
Asian 6.3 4.8 5.1 3.8
Black or African American 6.6 6.5 4.9 4.4
NHOPI * * 2.8 *
White 9.2 9.1 6.4 6.3
Two or More Races 16.4 16.9 13.4 13.9
Hispanic or Latino 8.8 8.3 6.2 5.7
EMPLOYMENT STATUS        
Full-Time 8.1 8.1 5.4 5.4
Part-Time 12.1 11.9 8.4 8.2
Unemployed 14.3 13.5 10.4 10.2
Other1 7.8 7.3 5.9 5.3
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
NOTE: Major depressive episode (MDE) with severe impairment is a subset of MDE. Impairment is based on the Sheehan Disability Scale role domains, which measure the impact of a disorder on a person’s life. Ratings greater than or equal to 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 in any of the role domains indicate severe impairment.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.40A – Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and MDE with Severe Impairment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Geographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Geographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Had MDE
(2022)		 Had MDE
(2023)		 Had MDE with Severe
Impairment
(2022)		 Had MDE with Severe
Impairment
(2023)
TOTAL 22,475 21,899 15,873 15,294
GEOGRAPHIC REGION        
Northeast 3,495 3,851 2,465 2,618
Midwest 4,879a 4,249 3,390 2,985
South 8,393 8,191 6,044 5,509
West 5,708 5,608 3,974 4,182
COUNTY TYPE        
Large Metro 11,568 11,017 8,293 7,629
Small Metro 7,882 7,943 5,457 5,788
Nonmetro 3,024 2,939 2,122 1,876
POVERTY LEVEL1        
Less Than 100% 4,059 4,582 2,984 3,393
100-199% 5,509a 4,731 4,067 3,452
200% or More 12,906 12,580 8,821 8,446
EDUCATION LEVEL        
< High School 1,742 1,597 1,217 1,123
High School Graduate 5,507 5,568 4,123 4,015
Some College/Associate’s Degree 8,666 8,188 6,347 5,752
College Graduate 6,560 6,546 4,186 4,403
HEALTH INSURANCE2        
Private 12,551 11,825 8,394 7,889
Medicaid/CHIP 6,432 6,534 4,973 4,838
Other3 4,399 4,614 3,185 3,020
No Coverage 2,196 1,969 1,563 1,505
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
NOTE: Major depressive episode (MDE) with severe impairment is a subset of MDE. Impairment is based on the Sheehan Disability Scale role domains, which measure the impact of a disorder on a person’s life. Ratings greater than or equal to 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 in any of the role domains indicate severe impairment.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Respondents aged 18 to 22 who were living in a college dormitory were excluded.
2 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
3 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.40B – Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and MDE with Severe Impairment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Geographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Geographic/Socioeconomic Characteristic Had MDE
(2022)		 Had MDE
(2023)		 Had MDE with Severe
Impairment
(2022)		 Had MDE with Severe
Impairment
(2023)
TOTAL 8.8 8.5 6.2 5.9
GEOGRAPHIC REGION        
Northeast 7.8 8.6 5.5 5.8
Midwest 9.2a 8.0 6.4 5.7
South 8.6 8.3 6.2 5.6
West 9.4 9.2 6.6 6.9
COUNTY TYPE        
Large Metro 8.2 7.7 5.9 5.3
Small Metro 9.7 9.8 6.7 7.2
Nonmetro 8.9 8.6 6.3 5.5
POVERTY LEVEL1        
Less Than 100% 11.2 11.6 8.2 8.6
100-199% 11.1 9.7 8.2 7.0
200% or More 7.6 7.4 5.2 5.0
EDUCATION LEVEL        
< High School 7.1 6.5 5.0 4.6
High School Graduate 8.0 8.0 6.0 5.8
Some College/Associate’s Degree 11.1 10.6 8.2 7.5
College Graduate 7.7 7.6 4.9 5.1
HEALTH INSURANCE2        
Private 8.0 7.5 5.4 5.0
Medicaid/CHIP 13.4 13.1 10.3 9.7
Other3 5.7 6.0 4.2 3.9
No Coverage 9.4 8.7 6.7 6.7
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
NOTE: Major depressive episode (MDE) with severe impairment is a subset of MDE. Impairment is based on the Sheehan Disability Scale role domains, which measure the impact of a disorder on a person’s life. Ratings greater than or equal to 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 in any of the role domains indicate severe impairment.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Respondents aged 18 to 22 who were living in a college dormitory were excluded.
2 Respondents could indicate multiple types of health insurance; thus, these response categories are not mutually exclusive.
3 Other health insurance is defined as having Medicare, military-related health care, or any other type of health insurance.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.41A – Received Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and MDE with Severe Impairment and Demographic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Had MDE1
(2022)		 Had MDE1
(2023)		 Had MDE
with Severe
Impairment1,2
(2022)		 Had MDE
with Severe
Impairment1,2
(2023)		 No MDE1
(2022)		 No MDE1
(2023)
TOTAL 55,836b 59,175 13,819 14,609 10,369 10,718 42,016a 44,566
AGE GROUP                
18-25 9,283 9,329 3,962 3,503 3,139a 2,733 5,321 5,826
26 or Older 46,553b 49,846 9,858a 11,106 7,230 7,986 36,695 38,740
26-49 25,142b 27,179 6,201b 7,394 4,656b 5,623 18,941 19,784
50 or Older 21,411 22,667 3,657 3,712 2,575 2,363 17,755 18,956
SEX                
Male 20,399 21,448 4,732 4,731 3,639 3,437 15,668 16,717
Female 35,437b 37,727 9,088 9,879 6,731 7,281 26,349 27,848
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                
Not Hispanic or Latino 49,384 51,429 11,879 12,400 8,925 9,096 37,505 39,028
AIAN 145a 281 * * * * 101b 246
Asian 1,890 2,167 * * * * 1,421 1,806
Black or African American 4,729 4,712 1,043 1,179 819 808 3,686 3,533
NHOPI * * * * * * * *
White 40,937 42,520 9,708 10,192 7,227 7,429 31,229 32,328
Two or More Races 1,443 1,623 566 599 * 521 877 1,024
Hispanic or Latino 6,452b 7,746 1,940 2,209 1,444 1,622 4,512a 5,537
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                
Full-Time 24,545b 27,257 5,557 6,101 3,908 4,319 18,988b 21,156
Part-Time 8,593 9,021 2,477 2,558 1,893 1,880 6,116 6,463
Unemployed 2,403 2,443 797 937 650 779 1,606 1,506
Other3 20,295 20,454 4,988 5,013 3,918 3,741 15,307 15,441
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
2 Major depressive episode (MDE) with severe impairment is a subset of MDE. Impairment is based on the Sheehan Disability Scale role domains, which measure the impact of a disorder on a person’s life. Ratings greater than or equal to 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 in any of the role domains indicate severe impairment.
3 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.41B – Received Mental Health Treatment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and MDE with Severe Impairment and Demographic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Had MDE1
(2022)		 Had MDE1
(2023)		 Had MDE
with Severe
Impairment1,2
(2022)		 Had MDE
with Severe
Impairment1,2
(2023)		 No MDE1
(2022)		 No MDE1
(2023)
TOTAL 21.8b 23.0 61.5b 66.7 65.3b 70.1 18.0a 18.9
AGE GROUP                
18-25 26.7 27.4 56.7 58.8 61.4 62.4 19.1a 20.7
26 or Older 21.0a 22.3 63.7b 69.7 67.2b 73.2 17.8 18.7
26-49 24.5b 26.3 62.2b 70.0 65.9b 73.5 20.5 21.3
50 or Older 18.0 18.9 66.4 69.0 69.7 72.4 15.7 16.5
SEX                
Male 16.3 17.1 53.9a 59.5 58.3 61.8 13.5 14.2
Female 27.0a 28.5 66.4a 70.8 69.9a 74.8 22.4 23.6
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                
Not Hispanic or Latino 23.3 24.2 64.0b 68.3 67.9 71.6 19.4 20.1
AIAN 11.6b 25.5 * * * * 8.8b 23.2
Asian 12.3 13.5 * * * * 9.8 11.8
Black or African American 15.3 15.1 51.2 58.4 54.4 59.0 12.8 12.1
NHOPI * * * * * * * *
White 25.9 27.0 66.6a 71.1 71.6 74.9 21.7 22.6
Two or More Races 28.6 30.8 68.6 67.1 * 70.9 20.8 23.4
Hispanic or Latino 14.6a 17.0 49.7a 58.8 53.1 62.7 11.2a 13.3
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                
Full-Time 20.7b 22.5 57.8a 62.6 60.9 65.5 17.5b 19.0
Part-Time 26.2 28.6 62.4 68.0 68.3 73.1 21.2 23.3
Unemployed 21.8 21.3 50.7 60.8 56.7 67.0 17.0 15.2
Other3 21.6 21.9 68.1 73.2 70.7 75.3 17.6 17.8
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
2 Major depressive episode (MDE) with severe impairment is a subset of MDE. Impairment is based on the Sheehan Disability Scale role domains, which measure the impact of a disorder on a person’s life. Ratings greater than or equal to 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 in any of the role domains indicate severe impairment.
3 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.42A – Received Mental Health Treatment as an Inpatient in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and MDE with Severe Impairment and Demographic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Had MDE1
(2022)		 Had MDE1
(2023)		 Had MDE
with Severe
Impairment1,2
(2022)		 Had MDE
with Severe
Impairment1,2
(2023)		 No MDE1
(2022)		 No MDE1
(2023)
TOTAL 3,384 3,012 1,154 1,218 1,007 990 2,230 1,794
AGE GROUP                
18-25 732 703 350 341 320 301 381 362
26 or Older 2,652 2,309 803 878 688 689 1,849 1,431
26-49 1,370 1,250 498 618 423 482 872 632
50 or Older 1,283 1,059 305 260 264 207 977 799
SEX                
Male 1,960 1,534 606 479 530 370 1,353 1,055
Female 1,424 1,478 547 739 477 620 877 739
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                
Not Hispanic or Latino 2,813 2,359 1,011 912 879 745 1,801 1,447
AIAN 12 50 * * * * 8 46
Asian 98 146 45 16 * 7 53 130
Black or African American 729a 460 167 172 139 153 562b 287
NHOPI * * * * * * * *
White 1,871 1,617 770 668 671 532 1,101 950
Two or More Races 65 67 21 51 18 49 44 16
Hispanic or Latino 571 653 142a 307 128 245 429 347
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                
Full-Time 939a 650 309 292 267 248 631a 358
Part-Time 520 585 172 288 168 251 348 297
Unemployed 388 349 137 124 111 108 251 225
Other3 1,537 1,427 537 515 460 383 1,000 913
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
2 Major depressive episode (MDE) with severe impairment is a subset of MDE. Impairment is based on the Sheehan Disability Scale role domains, which measure the impact of a disorder on a person’s life. Ratings greater than or equal to 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 in any of the role domains indicate severe impairment.
3 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.42B – Received Mental Health Treatment as an Inpatient in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and MDE with Severe Impairment and Demographic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Had MDE1
(2022)		 Had MDE1
(2023)		 Had MDE
with Severe
Impairment1,2
(2022)		 Had MDE
with Severe
Impairment1,2
(2023)		 No MDE1
(2022)		 No MDE1
(2023)
TOTAL 1.3 1.2 5.1 5.6 6.3 6.5 1.0 0.8
AGE GROUP                
18-25 2.1 2.1 5.0 5.7 6.3 6.9 1.4 1.3
26 or Older 1.2 1.0 5.2 5.5 6.4 6.3 0.9 0.7
26-49 1.3 1.2 5.0 5.8 6.0 6.3 0.9 0.7
50 or Older 1.1 0.9 5.5 4.8 7.1 6.3 0.9 0.7
SEX                
Male 1.6 1.2 6.9 6.0 8.5 6.7 1.2 0.9
Female 1.1 1.1 4.0 5.3 5.0 6.4 0.7 0.6
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                
Not Hispanic or Latino 1.3 1.1 5.4 5.0 6.7 5.9 0.9 0.7
AIAN 1.0 4.5 * * * * 0.7 4.4
Asian 0.6 0.9 4.7 2.0 * 1.1 0.4 0.9
Black or African American 2.4a 1.5 8.2 8.5 9.2 11.2 1.9b 1.0
NHOPI * * * * * * * *
White 1.2 1.0 5.3 4.7 6.6 5.4 0.8 0.7
Two or More Races 1.3 1.3 2.6 5.7 2.7 6.7 1.0 0.4
Hispanic or Latino 1.3 1.4 3.6a 8.2 4.7 9.5 1.1 0.8
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                
Full-Time 0.8a 0.5 3.2 3.0 4.2 3.8 0.6a 0.3
Part-Time 1.6 1.9 4.3 7.7 6.1 9.8 1.2 1.1
Unemployed 3.5 3.1 8.7 8.0 9.7 9.3 2.7 2.3
Other3 1.6 1.5 7.3 7.5 8.3 7.7 1.2 1.1
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
2 Major depressive episode (MDE) with severe impairment is a subset of MDE. Impairment is based on the Sheehan Disability Scale role domains, which measure the impact of a disorder on a person’s life. Ratings greater than or equal to 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 in any of the role domains indicate severe impairment.
3 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.43A – Received Mental Health Treatment as an Outpatient in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and MDE with Severe Impairment and Demographic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Had MDE1
(2022)		 Had MDE1
(2023)		 Had MDE
with Severe
Impairment1,2
(2022)		 Had MDE
with Severe
Impairment1,2
(2023)		 No MDE1
(2022)		 No MDE1
(2023)
TOTAL 35,067 36,435 10,367 11,092 7,836 8,366 24,700 25,343
AGE GROUP                
18-25 6,188 6,119 2,988 2,720 2,356 2,197 3,201 3,400
26 or Older 28,879 30,315 7,380a 8,372 5,481 6,169 21,500 21,943
26-49 16,442a 17,600 4,779b 5,652 3,617b 4,412 11,663 11,948
50 or Older 12,437 12,715 2,600 2,720 1,864 1,758 9,837 9,995
SEX                
Male 12,667 12,982 3,499 3,477 2,679 2,608 9,168 9,505
Female 22,400 23,453 6,868 7,615 5,157 5,758 15,532 15,838
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                
Not Hispanic or Latino 30,717 31,589 8,960 9,483 6,784 7,152 21,758 22,106
AIAN 78b 219 * * * * 51b 191
Asian 1,262 1,487 * * * * 903 1,184
Black or African American 2,992 3,039 688 840 533 551 2,304 2,198
NHOPI * * * * * * * 46
White 25,269 25,626 7,415 7,795 5,560 5,870 17,854 17,831
Two or More Races 1,001 1,140 422 485 * 441 579 655
Hispanic or Latino 4,350 4,846 1,408 1,608 1,052 1,214 2,942 3,237
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                
Full-Time 15,159a 16,516 4,121 4,592 2,876 3,319 11,038 11,924
Part-Time 5,904 5,799 1,982 1,889 1,580 1,454 3,922 3,910
Unemployed 1,532 1,537 591 654 505 542 941 883
Other3 12,472 12,583 3,673 3,957 2,875 3,051 8,799 8,627
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
2 Major depressive episode (MDE) with severe impairment is a subset of MDE. Impairment is based on the Sheehan Disability Scale role domains, which measure the impact of a disorder on a person’s life. Ratings greater than or equal to 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 in any of the role domains indicate severe impairment.
3 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.43B – Received Mental Health Treatment as an Outpatient in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and MDE with Severe Impairment and Demographic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Had MDE1
(2022)		 Had MDE1
(2023)		 Had MDE
with Severe
Impairment1,2
(2022)		 Had MDE
with Severe
Impairment1,2
(2023)		 No MDE1
(2022)		 No MDE1
(2023)
TOTAL 13.7 14.1 46.1b 50.6 49.4b 54.7 10.6 10.8
AGE GROUP                
18-25 17.8 18.0 42.7 45.7 46.1 50.2 11.5 12.1
26 or Older 13.0 13.6 47.7a 52.5 50.9a 56.5 10.4 10.6
26-49 16.0 17.0 47.9b 53.5 51.2b 57.7 12.6 12.9
50 or Older 10.5 10.6 47.2 50.6 50.4 53.8 8.7 8.7
SEX                
Male 10.1 10.4 39.8 43.7 42.9 46.9 7.9 8.1
Female 17.1 17.7 50.2a 54.6 53.6a 59.2 13.2 13.4
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                
Not Hispanic or Latino 14.5 14.9 48.2a 52.3 51.6a 56.3 11.2 11.4
AIAN 6.3b 19.8 * * * * 4.5b 18.1
Asian 8.2 9.3 * * * * 6.3 7.8
Black or African American 9.7 9.8 33.8 41.6 35.3 40.2 8.0 7.5
NHOPI * * * * * * * 4.8
White 16.0 16.3 50.9 54.4 55.1 59.2 12.4 12.5
Two or More Races 19.8 21.6 51.1 54.3 * 60.1 13.7 15.0
Hispanic or Latino 9.8 10.7 36.1 42.8 38.7 46.9 7.3 7.8
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                
Full-Time 12.8 13.7 42.9 47.1 44.8a 50.4 10.1 10.7
Part-Time 18.0 18.4 50.0 50.2 57.0 56.5 13.6 14.1
Unemployed 13.9 13.4 37.6 42.4 44.0 46.6 10.0 8.9
Other3 13.3 13.4 50.1a 57.7 51.9a 61.4 10.1 9.9
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
2 Major depressive episode (MDE) with severe impairment is a subset of MDE. Impairment is based on the Sheehan Disability Scale role domains, which measure the impact of a disorder on a person’s life. Ratings greater than or equal to 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 in any of the role domains indicate severe impairment.
3 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.44A – Received Mental Health Treatment through Prescription Medication in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and MDE with Severe Impairment and Demographic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Had MDE1
(2022)		 Had MDE1
(2023)		 Had MDE
with Severe
Impairment1,2
(2022)		 Had MDE
with Severe
Impairment1,2
(2023)		 No MDE1
(2022)		 No MDE1
(2023)
TOTAL 38,865b 41,920 10,644 11,494 8,163 8,599 28,221a 30,426
AGE GROUP                
18-25 6,085 5,891 2,759 2,478 2,227 1,981 3,326 3,413
26 or Older 32,780b 36,029 7,885a 9,015 5,936 6,619 24,894a 27,013
26-49 17,605b 19,148 4,820b 5,899 3,713b 4,572 12,786 13,250
50 or Older 15,174a 16,880 3,066 3,117 2,223 2,046 12,108a 13,763
SEX                
Male 13,374 14,091 3,549 3,580 2,797 2,625 9,825 10,510
Female 25,491b 27,829 7,095 7,913 5,366 5,974 18,396a 19,916
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                
Not Hispanic or Latino 35,161a 37,248 9,366 9,895 7,209 7,408 25,795 27,353
AIAN 101 168 * * * * 70 144
Asian 921 1,047 * * * * 636 811
Black or African American 2,376 2,392 768 727 669 460 1,608 1,666
NHOPI * * * * * * * 38
White 30,822 32,436 7,879 8,421 5,961 6,302 22,943 24,015
Two or More Races 832 1,134 * 453 * 399 477 680
Hispanic or Latino 3,704b 4,672 1,279 1,599 954 1,191 2,425a 3,074
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                
Full-Time 16,853b 18,945 4,256 4,621 3,047 3,394 12,597b 14,324
Part-Time 5,960 6,085 1,779 1,946 1,431 1,472 4,181 4,139
Unemployed 1,653 1,639 625 705 505 570 1,028 933
Other3 14,398 15,251 3,984 4,222 3,180 3,163 10,414 11,029
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
2 Major depressive episode (MDE) with severe impairment is a subset of MDE. Impairment is based on the Sheehan Disability Scale role domains, which measure the impact of a disorder on a person’s life. Ratings greater than or equal to 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 in any of the role domains indicate severe impairment.
3 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
240528
Table 6.44B – Received Mental Health Treatment through Prescription Medication in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and MDE with Severe Impairment and Demographic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Had MDE1
(2022)		 Had MDE1
(2023)		 Had MDE
with Severe
Impairment1,2
(2022)		 Had MDE
with Severe
Impairment1,2
(2023)		 No MDE1
(2022)		 No MDE1
(2023)
TOTAL 15.2b 16.3 47.4b 52.5 51.4b 56.2 12.1a 12.9
AGE GROUP                
18-25 17.5 17.3 39.5 41.6 43.6 45.2 12.0 12.2
26 or Older 14.8b 16.1 50.9b 56.5 55.1a 60.6 12.1a 13.0
26-49 17.2a 18.5 48.3b 55.8 52.5b 59.8 13.8 14.3
50 or Older 12.8a 14.1 55.6 57.9 60.2 62.7 10.7a 12.0
SEX                
Male 10.7 11.2 40.4 45.0 44.8 47.2 8.4 9.0
Female 19.4b 21.1 51.8a 56.8 55.7a 61.4 15.7a 16.8
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                
Not Hispanic or Latino 16.6a 17.6 50.4a 54.5 54.8 58.3 13.3 14.1
AIAN 8.2a 15.3 * * * * 6.1a 13.6
Asian 6.0 6.5 * * * * 4.4 5.3
Black or African American 7.7 7.7 37.7 35.9 44.4 33.5 5.6 5.7
NHOPI * * * * * * * 3.9
White 19.5a 20.6 54.1a 58.7 59.1a 63.6 16.0 16.8
Two or More Races 16.5 21.5 * 50.8 * 54.4 11.3 15.6
Hispanic or Latino 8.4a 10.3 32.8a 42.6 35.0a 46.0 6.0a 7.4
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                
Full-Time 14.2b 15.7 44.3 47.4 47.5 51.5 11.6a 12.9
Part-Time 18.2 19.3 44.8 51.7 51.6 57.2 14.5 14.9
Unemployed 15.0 14.3 39.7 45.8 44.0 49.0 10.9 9.4
Other3 15.3 16.3 54.4a 61.6 57.4 63.6 12.0 12.7
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
2 Major depressive episode (MDE) with severe impairment is a subset of MDE. Impairment is based on the Sheehan Disability Scale role domains, which measure the impact of a disorder on a person’s life. Ratings greater than or equal to 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 in any of the role domains indicate severe impairment.
3 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.45A – Received Mental Health Treatment through Telehealth in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and MDE with Severe Impairment and Demographic Characteristics, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Had MDE1
(2022)		 Had MDE1
(2023)		 Had MDE
with Severe
Impairment1,2
(2022)		 Had MDE
with Severe
Impairment1,2
(2023)		 No MDE1
(2022)		 No MDE1
(2023)
TOTAL 31,013 31,274 9,805 9,844 7,391 7,294 21,208 21,430
AGE GROUP                
18-25 5,981 5,773 2,902a 2,432 2,324a 1,879 3,079 3,341
26 or Older 25,032 25,501 6,903 7,412 5,067 5,415 18,129 18,089
26-49 15,798 16,698 4,609a 5,256 3,440a 3,999 11,189 11,442
50 or Older 9,234 8,803 2,294 2,156 1,627 1,415 6,939 6,647
SEX                
Male 10,812 10,953 3,309 3,146 2,506 2,375 7,504 7,807
Female 20,201 20,321 6,497 6,699 4,886 4,919 13,704 13,623
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                
Not Hispanic or Latino 26,833 26,910 8,354 8,199 6,325 6,096 18,478 18,711
AIAN 82 92 * * * * 57 69
Asian 1,239 1,098 * 201 * * 829 897
Black or African American 2,342 2,684 769 796 605 522 1,573 1,889
NHOPI * * * * * * * *
White 22,174 22,026 6,613 6,744 4,980 5,029 15,561 15,281
Two or More Races 902 945 489 433 * 394 413 512
Hispanic or Latino 4,180 4,364 1,451 1,645 1,066 1,198 2,729 2,719
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                
Full-Time 14,661 15,098 4,120 4,081 2,912 2,870 10,541 11,017
Part-Time 5,098 5,155 1,838 1,838 1,415 1,390 3,261 3,317
Unemployed 1,448 1,378 598 588 516 477 849 790
Other3 9,806 9,643 3,250 3,337 2,548 2,557 6,556 6,306
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Respondents who reported that they received telehealth treatment (i.e., over the phone or through video) were not asked for the type or location of providers for the telehealth treatment they received.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
2 Major depressive episode (MDE) with severe impairment is a subset of MDE. Impairment is based on the Sheehan Disability Scale role domains, which measure the impact of a disorder on a person’s life. Ratings greater than or equal to 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 in any of the role domains indicate severe impairment.
3 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.45B – Received Mental Health Treatment through Telehealth in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and MDE with Severe Impairment and Demographic Characteristics, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Demographic Characteristic Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Had MDE1
(2022)		 Had MDE1
(2023)		 Had MDE
with Severe
Impairment1,2
(2022)		 Had MDE
with Severe
Impairment1,2
(2023)		 No MDE1
(2022)		 No MDE1
(2023)
TOTAL 12.1 12.1 43.6 45.0 46.6 47.7 9.1 9.1
AGE GROUP                
18-25 17.2 17.0 41.5 40.9 45.5 42.9 11.1 11.9
26 or Older 11.3 11.4 44.6 46.5 47.1 49.6 8.8 8.7
26-49 15.4 16.1 46.2 49.7 48.7 52.3 12.1 12.3
50 or Older 7.8 7.3 41.6 40.1 44.0 43.4 6.1 5.8
SEX                
Male 8.6 8.7 37.7 39.5 40.1 42.7 6.5 6.6
Female 15.4 15.4 47.4 48.0 50.7 50.6 11.7 11.5
HISPANIC ORIGIN AND RACE                
Not Hispanic or Latino 12.7 12.7 45.0 45.2 48.1 48.0 9.6 9.6
AIAN 6.6 8.3 * * * * 5.0 6.5
Asian 8.0 6.8 * 25.8 * * 5.7 5.9
Black or African American 7.6 8.6 37.7 39.4 40.2 38.1 5.4 6.5
NHOPI * * * * * * * *
White 14.0 14.0 45.4 47.0 49.4 50.7 10.8 10.7
Two or More Races 17.9 18.0 59.3 48.5 * 53.7 9.8 11.7
Hispanic or Latino 9.4 9.6 37.2 43.8 39.2 46.3 6.8 6.5
EMPLOYMENT STATUS                
Full-Time 12.4 12.5 42.9 41.9 45.4 43.6 9.7 9.9
Part-Time 15.5 16.3 46.3 48.8 51.1 54.0 11.3 11.9
Unemployed 13.1 12.0 38.0 38.2 45.0 41.0 9.0 8.0
Other3 10.4 10.3 44.4 48.7 46.0 51.4 7.6 7.3
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Respondents who reported that they received telehealth treatment (i.e., over the phone or through video) were not asked for the type or location of providers for the telehealth treatment they received.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
2 Major depressive episode (MDE) with severe impairment is a subset of MDE. Impairment is based on the Sheehan Disability Scale role domains, which measure the impact of a disorder on a person’s life. Ratings greater than or equal to 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 in any of the role domains indicate severe impairment.
3 Other employment includes students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.46A – Levels of Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Substance Use Disorder for Specific Substances, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Substance Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Serious Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Serious Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 No Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 No Mental
Illness1
(2023)
TOTAL POPULATION 256,282 257,542 59,286 58,657 15,360 14,601 43,926 44,056 196,996 198,885
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER 46,494 46,272 21,543 20,440 7,410 6,809 14,134 13,631 24,950 25,832
DRUGS 25,417 25,373 14,504 13,565 5,587 4,935 8,916 8,630 10,913 11,808
Marijuana 17,669 17,941 9,837 9,421 3,767 3,563 6,070 5,858 7,832 8,521
Cocaine 1,429 1,212 918 746 386 248 532 498 511 466
Heroin 898a 587 * * 247b 72 360 * * *
Hallucinogens 514 369 437 * * * * * 77 *
Inhalants * * * * * * * * * *
Methamphetamine 1,818 1,761 1,151 1,171 511 458 640 713 667 590
Prescription Psychotherapeutics 7,687 7,292 4,864 4,305 2,022a 1,592 2,842 2,713 2,822 2,987
Pain Relievers 5,312 5,027 3,192 2,720 1,197 900 1,996 1,821 2,119 2,307
Stimulants 1,569 1,474 1,192 1,073 538 465 654 608 377 400
Tranquilizers or Sedatives 2,221 2,116 1,600 1,578 768 721 832 857 621 538
Tranquilizers 1,730 1,659 1,216 1,258 590 587 626 671 515 400
Sedatives 769 797 610 * * * * * 160 *
Opioids 5,852 5,363 3,527 2,892 1,329a 917 2,198 1,975 2,325 2,471
Central Nervous System Stimulants 4,247 4,053 2,873 2,718 1,225 997 1,648 1,721 1,374 1,336
ALCOHOL 28,788 28,103 12,145a 11,073 3,824 3,644 8,322a 7,430 16,643 17,030
BOTH DRUGS AND ALCOHOL 7,712 7,204 5,106b 4,198 2,001 1,769 3,105a 2,429 2,606 3,006
DRUGS ONLY (NO ALCOHOL USE DISORDER) 17,706 18,169 9,398 9,367 3,586 3,165 5,812 6,201 8,307 8,802
ALCOHOL ONLY (NO DRUG USE DISORDER) 21,077 20,899 7,040 6,875 1,823 1,874 5,217 5,001 14,037 14,024
NO SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER 209,788 211,270 37,743 38,217 7,951 7,791 29,792 30,426 172,045 173,053
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.46B – Levels of Mental Illness in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Substance Use Disorder for Specific Substances, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Substance Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Serious Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Serious Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness
Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 No Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 No Mental
Illness1
(2023)
TOTAL POPULATION 100.0 100.0 23.1 22.8 6.0 5.7 17.1 17.1 76.9 77.2
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER 100.0 100.0 46.3 44.2 15.9 14.7 30.4 29.5 53.7 55.8
DRUGS 100.0 100.0 57.1a 53.5 22.0a 19.4 35.1 34.0 42.9a 46.5
Marijuana 100.0 100.0 55.7 52.5 21.3 19.9 34.4 32.6 44.3 47.5
Cocaine 100.0 100.0 64.2 61.5 27.0 20.4 37.3 41.1 35.8 38.5
Heroin 100.0 100.0 * * 27.5a 12.2 40.1 * * *
Hallucinogens 100.0 100.0 85.0 * * * * * 15.0 *
Inhalants * * * * * * * * * *
Methamphetamine 100.0 100.0 63.3 66.5 28.1 26.0 35.2 40.5 36.7 33.5
Prescription Psychotherapeutics 100.0 100.0 63.3 59.0 26.3 21.8 37.0 37.2 36.7 41.0
Pain Relievers 100.0 100.0 60.1 54.1 22.5 17.9 37.6 36.2 39.9 45.9
Stimulants 100.0 100.0 76.0 72.8 34.3 31.6 41.7 41.3 24.0 27.2
Tranquilizers or Sedatives 100.0 100.0 72.0 74.6 34.6 34.1 37.5 40.5 28.0 25.4
Tranquilizers 100.0 100.0 70.3 75.9 34.1 35.4 36.2 40.5 29.7 24.1
Sedatives 100.0 100.0 79.3 * * * * * 20.7 *
Opioids 100.0 100.0 60.3 53.9 22.7a 17.1 37.6 36.8 39.7 46.1
Central Nervous System Stimulants 100.0 100.0 67.6 67.0 28.8 24.6 38.8 42.5 32.4 33.0
ALCOHOL 100.0 100.0 42.2 39.4 13.3 13.0 28.9 26.4 57.8 60.6
BOTH DRUGS AND ALCOHOL 100.0 100.0 66.2b 58.3 25.9 24.6 40.3a 33.7 33.8b 41.7
DRUGS ONLY (NO ALCOHOL USE DISORDER) 100.0 100.0 53.1 51.6 20.3 17.4 32.8 34.1 46.9 48.4
ALCOHOL ONLY (NO DRUG USE DISORDER) 100.0 100.0 33.4 32.9 8.6 9.0 24.8 23.9 66.6 67.1
NO SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER 100.0 100.0 18.0 18.1 3.8 3.7 14.2 14.4 82.0 81.9
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.47A – Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and MDE with Severe Impairment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Substance Use Disorder for Specific Substances, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Substance Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Had MDE1
(2022)		 Had MDE1
(2023)		 Had MDE with
Severe Impairment1,2
(2022)		 Had MDE with
Severe Impairment1,2
(2023)		 No MDE1
(2022)		 No MDE1
(2023)
TOTAL POPULATION 256,282 257,542 22,475 21,899 15,873 15,294 233,807a 235,643
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER 46,494 46,272 9,337 8,877 7,175 6,574 37,156 37,395
DRUGS 25,417 25,373 6,713 6,094 5,385a 4,636 18,704 19,279
Marijuana 17,669 17,941 4,641 4,301 3,681 3,190 13,028 13,640
Cocaine 1,429 1,212 396 317 295 200 1,033 895
Heroin 898a 587 216b 60 186b 58 682 527
Hallucinogens 514 369 * 127 * 94 * 241
Inhalants * * * * * * * *
Methamphetamine 1,818 1,761 485 505 427 385 1,333 1,256
Prescription Psychotherapeutics 7,687 7,292 2,146 1,979 1,805 1,610 5,541 5,313
Pain Relievers 5,312 5,027 1,263 1,233 1,088 957 4,049 3,794
Stimulants 1,569 1,474 539 501 471 395 1,030 973
Tranquilizers or Sedatives 2,221 2,116 772 877 573 684 1,449 1,239
Tranquilizers 1,730 1,659 569 699 455 549 1,161 959
Sedatives 769 797 * * 192 * * *
Opioids 5,852 5,363 1,403 1,251 1,205 974 4,448 4,111
Central Nervous System Stimulants 4,247 4,053 1,283 1,146 1,070 835 2,964 2,908
ALCOHOL 28,788 28,103 5,087 4,760 3,760 3,447 23,701 23,343
BOTH DRUGS AND ALCOHOL 7,712 7,204 2,463a 1,977 1,970a 1,509 5,249 5,227
DRUGS ONLY (NO ALCOHOL USE DISORDER) 17,706 18,169 4,250 4,117 3,415 3,126 13,455 14,052
ALCOHOL ONLY (NO DRUG USE DISORDER) 21,077 20,899 2,624 2,783 1,790 1,938 18,452 18,115
NO SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER 209,788 211,270 13,137 13,022 8,698 8,720 196,651 198,249
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
2 Major depressive episode (MDE) with severe impairment is a subset of MDE. Impairment is based on the Sheehan Disability Scale role domains, which measure the impact of a disorder on a person’s life. Ratings greater than or equal to 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 in any of the role domains indicate severe impairment.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.47B – Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and MDE with Severe Impairment in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Substance Use Disorder for Specific Substances, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Substance Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Had MDE1
(2022)		 Had MDE1
(2023)		 Had MDE with
Severe Impairment1,2
(2022)		 Had MDE with
Severe Impairment1,2
(2023)		 No MDE1
(2022)		 No MDE1
(2023)
TOTAL POPULATION 100.0 100.0 8.8 8.5 6.2 5.9 91.2 91.5
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER 100.0 100.0 20.1 19.2 15.4 14.2 79.9 80.8
DRUGS 100.0 100.0 26.4 24.0 21.2a 18.3 73.6 76.0
Marijuana 100.0 100.0 26.3 24.0 20.8a 17.8 73.7 76.0
Cocaine 100.0 100.0 27.7 26.1 20.6 16.5 72.3 73.9
Heroin 100.0 100.0 24.1a 10.2 20.7a 9.8 75.9a 89.8
Hallucinogens 100.0 100.0 * 34.5 * 25.4 * 65.5
Inhalants * * * * * * * *
Methamphetamine 100.0 100.0 26.7 28.7 23.5 21.9 73.3 71.3
Prescription Psychotherapeutics 100.0 100.0 27.9 27.1 23.5 22.1 72.1 72.9
Pain Relievers 100.0 100.0 23.8 24.5 20.5 19.0 76.2 75.5
Stimulants 100.0 100.0 34.4 34.0 30.0 26.8 65.6 66.0
Tranquilizers or Sedatives 100.0 100.0 34.8 41.4 25.8 32.4 65.2 58.6
Tranquilizers 100.0 100.0 32.9 42.2 26.3 33.1 67.1 57.8
Sedatives 100.0 100.0 * * 24.9 * * *
Opioids 100.0 100.0 24.0 23.3 20.6 18.2 76.0 76.7
Central Nervous System Stimulants 100.0 100.0 30.2 28.3 25.2 20.6 69.8 71.7
ALCOHOL 100.0 100.0 17.7 16.9 13.1 12.3 82.3 83.1
BOTH DRUGS AND ALCOHOL 100.0 100.0 31.9 27.4 25.5 21.0 68.1 72.6
DRUGS ONLY (NO ALCOHOL USE DISORDER) 100.0 100.0 24.0 22.7 19.3 17.2 76.0 77.3
ALCOHOL ONLY (NO DRUG USE DISORDER) 100.0 100.0 12.5 13.3 8.5 9.3 87.5 86.7
NO SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER 100.0 100.0 6.3 6.2 4.1 4.1 93.7 93.8
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
NOTE: Substance use disorder is based on DSM-5 criteria. See the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on substance use disorder.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
2 Major depressive episode (MDE) with severe impairment is a subset of MDE. Impairment is based on the Sheehan Disability Scale role domains, which measure the impact of a disorder on a person’s life. Ratings greater than or equal to 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 in any of the role domains indicate severe impairment.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.48A – Substance Use in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Level of Mental Illness, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Substance Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Serious Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Serious Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 No Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 No Mental
Illness1
(2023)
ILLICIT DRUGS2 66,650 66,721 26,052 24,856 8,129 7,584 17,923 17,272 40,598 41,865
Marijuana 58,955 58,922 23,028 21,940 7,227 6,876 15,801 15,064 35,927 36,982
Cocaine 5,235 4,949 2,604 2,441 925 840 1,680 1,602 2,630 2,508
Crack 917 993 543 546 287 143 256 403 374 448
Heroin 1,046b 656 685b 317 272b 77 414a 241 361 339
Hallucinogens 8,151 8,408 4,165 4,212 1,492 1,577 2,674 2,635 3,986 4,196
LSD 2,154b 1,554 1,147a 875 472 349 676 526 1,006a 679
PCP 190 113 148 35 55 29 93 6 42 78
Ecstasy 2,046 2,078 1,045 1,080 281 384 764 696 1,000 998
Inhalants 1,700 2,038 998 1,016 320 326 678 690 702a 1,022
Methamphetamine 2,687 2,582 1,575 1,436 589 564 985 872 1,113 1,146
Misuse of Prescription Psychotherapeutics 13,564 13,651 6,815 6,441 2,344 2,094 4,471 4,346 6,748 7,210
Pain Relievers 8,051 8,008 3,918 3,452 1,307 1,148 2,611 2,304 4,133 4,556
Stimulants 4,072 3,692 2,301 2,134 767 763 1,534 1,371 1,771 1,558
Tranquilizers or Sedatives 4,711 4,549 2,789 2,609 1,119 915 1,670 1,695 1,922 1,939
Tranquilizers 4,038 3,874 2,320 2,351 910 869 1,411 1,482 1,718 1,523
Sedatives 931 995 660 496 304b 100 356 395 272 500
Benzodiazepines 3,569 3,585 2,071 2,111 782 781 1,289 1,330 1,497 1,474
Opioids2 8,513 8,328 4,163a 3,570 1,403 1,161 2,760 2,410 4,350 4,758
Central Nervous System Stimulants 9,916 9,374 5,158 4,860 1,804 1,637 3,354 3,224 4,758 4,514
Illicit Drugs Other Than Marijuana2,3 23,348 23,361 11,291 10,705 3,971 3,546 7,321 7,159 12,057 12,655
TOBACCO PRODUCT USE OR NICOTINE VAPING4 74,431 75,452 23,767 22,910 7,230 6,686 16,537 16,224 50,664 52,542
Tobacco Products4 62,311 62,248 19,023 18,214 5,657 5,372 13,366 12,841 43,288 44,035
Cigarettes 49,253 47,642 16,065 15,039 4,901 4,635 11,164 10,404 33,188 32,603
Daily Cigarettes -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Smokeless Tobacco 8,102a 9,246 2,211 2,154 636 644 1,576 1,510 5,891b 7,092
Cigars 18,762 19,496 5,771 5,673 1,649 1,788 4,121 3,885 12,992 13,823
Pipe Tobacco4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Nicotine Vaping 31,542b 34,528 12,628 13,590 4,130 4,516 8,498 9,074 18,914a 20,938
ALCOHOL 172,675 172,890 43,102 41,561 11,420 11,093 31,681 30,469 129,573 131,329
Binge Alcohol Use -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Heavy Alcohol Use -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
OPIOIDS INCLUDING ILLEGALLY MADE FENTANYL 8,642 8,487 4,245 3,681 1,405 1,217 2,840 2,464 4,397 4,806
Illegally Made Fentanyl 666 591 455 385 166 167 290 219 210 206
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
2 Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF).
3 Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs.
4 Information about past year use of pipe tobacco was not collected. Tobacco product use (as well as tobacco product use or nicotine vaping) in the past year exclude past year pipe tobacco use, but include past month pipe tobacco use.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.48B – Substance Use in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Level of Mental Illness, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Substance Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Serious Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Serious Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 No Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 No Mental
Illness1
(2023)
ILLICIT DRUGS2 26.0 25.9 43.9 42.4 52.9 51.9 40.8 39.2 20.6 21.0
Marijuana 23.0 22.9 38.8 37.4 47.1 47.1 36.0 34.2 18.2 18.6
Cocaine 2.0 1.9 4.4 4.2 6.0 5.8 3.8 3.6 1.3 1.3
Crack 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.9 1.9 1.0 0.6 0.9 0.2 0.2
Heroin 0.4b 0.3 1.2b 0.5 1.8b 0.5 0.9a 0.5 0.2 0.2
Hallucinogens 3.2 3.3 7.0 7.2 9.7 10.8 6.1 6.0 2.0 2.1
LSD 0.8b 0.6 1.9 1.5 3.1 2.4 1.5 1.2 0.5a 0.3
PCP 0.1 <0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
Ecstasy 0.8 0.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.6 1.7 1.6 0.5 0.5
Inhalants 0.7 0.8 1.7 1.7 2.1 2.2 1.5 1.6 0.4a 0.5
Methamphetamine 1.0 1.0 2.7 2.4 3.8 3.9 2.2 2.0 0.6 0.6
Misuse of Prescription Psychotherapeutics 5.3 5.3 11.5 11.0 15.3 14.3 10.2 9.9 3.4 3.6
Pain Relievers 3.1 3.1 6.6 5.9 8.5 7.9 5.9 5.2 2.1 2.3
Stimulants 1.6 1.4 3.9 3.6 5.0 5.2 3.5 3.1 0.9 0.8
Tranquilizers or Sedatives 1.8 1.8 4.7 4.4 7.3 6.3 3.8 3.8 1.0 1.0
Tranquilizers 1.6 1.5 3.9 4.0 5.9 6.0 3.2 3.4 0.9 0.8
Sedatives 0.4 0.4 1.1 0.8 2.0b 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.1 0.3
Benzodiazepines 1.4 1.4 3.5 3.6 5.1 5.3 2.9 3.0 0.8 0.7
Opioids2 3.3 3.2 7.0 6.1 9.1 7.9 6.3 5.5 2.2 2.4
Central Nervous System Stimulants 3.9 3.6 8.7 8.3 11.7 11.2 7.6 7.3 2.4 2.3
Illicit Drugs Other Than Marijuana2,3 9.1 9.1 19.0 18.3 25.9 24.3 16.7 16.3 6.1 6.4
TOBACCO PRODUCT USE OR NICOTINE VAPING4 29.0 29.3 40.1 39.1 47.1 45.8 37.6 36.8 25.7 26.4
Tobacco Products4 24.3 24.2 32.1 31.1 36.8 36.8 30.4 29.1 22.0 22.1
Cigarettes 19.2 18.5 27.1 25.6 31.9 31.7 25.4 23.6 16.8 16.4
Daily Cigarettes -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Smokeless Tobacco 3.2a 3.6 3.7 3.7 4.1 4.4 3.6 3.4 3.0a 3.6
Cigars 7.3 7.6 9.7 9.7 10.7 12.2 9.4 8.8 6.6 7.0
Pipe Tobacco4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Nicotine Vaping 12.3b 13.4 21.3a 23.2 26.9a 30.9 19.3 20.6 9.6a 10.5
ALCOHOL 67.4 67.1 72.7 70.9 74.3 76.0 72.1a 69.2 65.8 66.0
Binge Alcohol Use -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Heavy Alcohol Use -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
OPIOIDS INCLUDING ILLEGALLY MADE FENTANYL 3.4 3.3 7.2 6.3 9.1 8.3 6.5 5.6 2.2 2.4
Illegally Made Fentanyl 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.7 1.1 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.1
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
2 Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF).
3 Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs.
4 Information about past year use of pipe tobacco was not collected. Tobacco product use (as well as tobacco product use or nicotine vaping) in the past year exclude past year pipe tobacco use, but include past month pipe tobacco use.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.49A – Substance Use in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and MDE with Severe Impairment, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Substance Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Had MDE1
(2022)		 Had MDE1
(2023)		 Had MDE with
Severe Impairment1,2
(2022)		 Had MDE with
Severe Impairment1,2
(2023)		 No MDE1
(2022)		 No MDE1
(2023)
ILLICIT DRUGS3 66,650 66,721 11,073 10,253 8,287 7,572 55,578 56,468
Marijuana 58,955 58,922 9,925 9,229 7,386 6,772 49,030 49,693
Cocaine 5,235 4,949 1,071 969 822 688 4,163 3,980
Crack 917 993 285 143 210 121 632 850
Heroin 1,046b 656 245b 66 212b 56 802 590
Hallucinogens 8,151 8,408 1,990 1,850 1,536 1,462 6,161 6,557
LSD 2,154b 1,554 532 452 404 338 1,622b 1,103
PCP 190 113 55 29 55 27 135 84
Ecstasy 2,046 2,078 408 429 325 314 1,638 1,649
Inhalants 1,700 2,038 485 466 392 315 1,215 1,572
Methamphetamine 2,687 2,582 658 574 575 440 2,029 2,007
Misuse of Prescription Psychotherapeutics 13,564 13,651 2,878 2,613 2,270 2,064 10,685 11,038
Pain Relievers 8,051 8,008 1,630 1,351 1,340 1,047 6,421 6,657
Stimulants 4,072 3,692 885 949 673 751 3,187 2,743
Tranquilizers or Sedatives 4,711 4,549 1,246 1,071 993 872 3,466 3,478
Tranquilizers 4,038 3,874 991 988 824 812 3,047 2,886
Sedatives 931 995 343 184 252 157 589 811
Benzodiazepines 3,569 3,585 894 922 735 761 2,675 2,663
Opioids3 8,513 8,328 1,733a 1,356 1,428a 1,048 6,780 6,972
Central Nervous System Stimulants 9,916 9,374 2,057 1,950 1,603 1,447 7,859 7,424
Illicit Drugs Other Than Marijuana3,4 23,348 23,361 5,021 4,431 3,877 3,404 18,327 18,930
TOBACCO PRODUCT USE OR NICOTINE VAPING5 74,431 75,452 9,755a 8,837 7,142a 6,248 64,676 66,615
Tobacco Products5 62,311 62,248 7,417 6,836 5,397 4,861 54,894 55,412
Cigarettes 49,253 47,642 6,309 5,811 4,638 4,140 42,944 41,831
Daily Cigarettes -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Smokeless Tobacco 8,102a 9,246 700 724 494 524 7,402a 8,522
Cigars 18,762 19,496 2,358 2,045 1,768 1,433 16,404 17,451
Pipe Tobacco5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Nicotine Vaping 31,542b 34,528 5,757 5,928 4,321 4,114 25,785b 28,600
ALCOHOL 172,675 172,890 16,868 16,173 11,896 11,123 155,807 156,718
Binge Alcohol Use -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Heavy Alcohol Use -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
OPIOIDS INCLUDING ILLEGALLY MADE FENTANYL 8,642 8,487 1,736 1,386 1,429a 1,077 6,906 7,101
Illegally Made Fentanyl 666 591 178 155 165 139 488 436
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
2 Major depressive episode (MDE) with severe impairment is a subset of MDE. Impairment is based on the Sheehan Disability Scale role domains, which measure the impact of a disorder on a person’s life. Ratings greater than or equal to 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 in any of the role domains indicate severe impairment.
3 Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF).
4 Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs.
5 Information about past year use of pipe tobacco was not collected. Tobacco product use (as well as tobacco product use or nicotine vaping) in the past year exclude past year pipe tobacco use, but include past month pipe tobacco use.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.49B – Substance Use in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 or Older; by Past Year Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and MDE with Severe Impairment, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Substance Aged 18+
(2022)		 Aged 18+
(2023)		 Had MDE1
(2022)		 Had MDE1
(2023)		 Had MDE with
Severe Impairment1,2
(2022)		 Had MDE with
Severe Impairment1,2
(2023)		 No MDE1
(2022)		 No MDE1
(2023)
ILLICIT DRUGS3 26.0 25.9 49.3 46.8 52.2 49.5 23.8 24.0
Marijuana 23.0 22.9 44.2 42.1 46.5 44.3 21.0 21.1
Cocaine 2.0 1.9 4.8 4.4 5.2 4.5 1.8 1.7
Crack 0.4 0.4 1.3 0.7 1.3 0.8 0.3 0.4
Heroin 0.4b 0.3 1.1b 0.3 1.3b 0.4 0.3 0.3
Hallucinogens 3.2 3.3 8.9 8.4 9.7 9.6 2.6 2.8
LSD 0.8b 0.6 2.4 2.1 2.5 2.2 0.7b 0.5
PCP 0.1 <0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 <0.1
Ecstasy 0.8 0.8 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.1 0.7 0.7
Inhalants 0.7 0.8 2.2 2.1 2.5 2.1 0.5 0.7
Methamphetamine 1.0 1.0 2.9 2.6 3.6 2.9 0.9 0.9
Misuse of Prescription Psychotherapeutics 5.3 5.3 12.8 11.9 14.3 13.5 4.6 4.7
Pain Relievers 3.1 3.1 7.3 6.2 8.4 6.8 2.7 2.8
Stimulants 1.6 1.4 3.9 4.3 4.2 4.9 1.4 1.2
Tranquilizers or Sedatives 1.8 1.8 5.5 4.9 6.3 5.7 1.5 1.5
Tranquilizers 1.6 1.5 4.4 4.5 5.2 5.3 1.3 1.2
Sedatives 0.4 0.4 1.5 0.8 1.6 1.0 0.3 0.3
Benzodiazepines 1.4 1.4 4.0 4.2 4.6 5.0 1.1 1.1
Opioids3 3.3 3.2 7.7 6.2 9.0a 6.9 2.9 3.0
Central Nervous System Stimulants 3.9 3.6 9.2 8.9 10.1 9.5 3.4 3.2
Illicit Drugs Other Than Marijuana3,4 9.1 9.1 22.3 20.2 24.4 22.3 7.8 8.0
TOBACCO PRODUCT USE OR NICOTINE VAPING5 29.0 29.3 43.4a 40.4 45.0a 40.9 27.7 28.3
Tobacco Products5 24.3 24.2 33.0 31.2 34.0 31.8 23.5 23.5
Cigarettes 19.2 18.5 28.1 26.5 29.2 27.1 18.4 17.8
Daily Cigarettes -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Smokeless Tobacco 3.2a 3.6 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.4 3.2a 3.6
Cigars 7.3 7.6 10.5 9.3 11.1 9.4 7.0 7.4
Pipe Tobacco5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Nicotine Vaping 12.3b 13.4 25.6 27.1 27.2 26.9 11.0b 12.1
ALCOHOL 67.4 67.1 75.1 73.9 74.9 72.7 66.6 66.5
Binge Alcohol Use -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Heavy Alcohol Use -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
OPIOIDS INCLUDING ILLEGALLY MADE FENTANYL 3.4 3.3 7.7 6.3 9.0 7.0 3.0 3.0
Illegally Made Fentanyl 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.2 0.2
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
2 Major depressive episode (MDE) with severe impairment is a subset of MDE. Impairment is based on the Sheehan Disability Scale role domains, which measure the impact of a disorder on a person’s life. Ratings greater than or equal to 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 in any of the role domains indicate severe impairment.
3 Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF).
4 Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs.
5 Information about past year use of pipe tobacco was not collected. Tobacco product use (as well as tobacco product use or nicotine vaping) in the past year exclude past year pipe tobacco use, but include past month pipe tobacco use.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.50A – Substance Use in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 to 25; by Past Year Level of Mental Illness, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Substance Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Serious Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Serious Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 No Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 No Mental
Illness1
(2023)
ILLICIT DRUGS2 14,221b 13,256 7,008b 5,868 2,553b 2,067 4,455b 3,801 7,213 7,388
Marijuana 13,299a 12,435 6,537b 5,553 2,395a 1,971 4,142a 3,583 6,762 6,881
Cocaine 1,295a 1,043 713 563 274 264 439a 299 582 480
Crack 39 67 30 23 7 11 23 12 10 45
Heroin 55 27 39a 10 17 2 22 8 16 17
Hallucinogens 2,676a 2,276 1,542a 1,217 633 535 909a 682 1,134 1,059
LSD 894b 501 556b 286 251b 138 305b 148 339a 215
PCP 13 * 9 * 3 * 6 * 4 *
Ecstasy 639 521 336 290 110 117 226 173 303 231
Inhalants 647 694 389 399 157 146 232 254 258 294
Methamphetamine 161 108 111 64 41 23 70 40 50 45
Misuse of Prescription Psychotherapeutics 2,542b 2,025 1,494b 1,108 642 503 853b 605 1,047 918
Pain Relievers 1,099b 841 683b 449 319 216 364a 233 416 392
Stimulants 1,278 1,066 743 575 300 254 442a 321 535 491
Tranquilizers or Sedatives 842b 576 560a 386 242a 160 318 226 283a 190
Tranquilizers 779b 522 515a 356 226a 143 289 213 264a 167
Sedatives 93 90 74 65 23 31 50 33 19 26
Benzodiazepines 747b 480 491a 344 210 144 281 200 256b 136
Opioids2 1,120b 846 694b 452 323 217 372b 235 425 394
Central Nervous System Stimulants 2,272a 1,895 1,289a 981 509 422 781a 558 982 915
Illicit Drugs Other Than Marijuana2,3 5,092b 4,343 2,947b 2,260 1,236a 976 1,710b 1,284 2,146 2,083
TOBACCO PRODUCT USE OR NICOTINE VAPING4 14,041 13,928 6,151b 5,384 2,153 1,849 3,997a 3,535 7,891 8,544
Tobacco Products4 8,610 8,794 3,787 3,455 1,329 1,287 2,458 2,168 4,824 5,340
Cigarettes 6,341 6,329 2,978 2,696 1,116 1,046 1,862 1,649 3,364 3,633
Daily Cigarettes -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Smokeless Tobacco 1,475 1,575 537 484 193 176 344 307 938 1,091
Cigars 3,929 3,949 1,730a 1,420 518 528 1,212b 892 2,199 2,529
Pipe Tobacco4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Nicotine Vaping 11,608 11,558 5,185a 4,682 1,884 1,595 3,301 3,087 6,423 6,876
ALCOHOL 23,608 23,179 9,740a 8,707 3,282a 2,772 6,458 5,935 13,867 14,472
Binge Alcohol Use -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Heavy Alcohol Use -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
OPIOIDS INCLUDING ILLEGALLY MADE FENTANYL 1,145b 868 709b 472 323 217 386a 255 436 396
Illegally Made Fentanyl 48 78 32 53 6 9 26 44 17 25
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
2 Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF).
3 Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs.
4 Information about past year use of pipe tobacco was not collected. Tobacco product use (as well as tobacco product use or nicotine vaping) in the past year exclude past year pipe tobacco use, but include past month pipe tobacco use.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.50B – Substance Use in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 to 25; by Past Year Level of Mental Illness, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Substance Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Serious Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Serious Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 No Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 No Mental
Illness1
(2023)
ILLICIT DRUGS2 40.9a 39.0 55.7b 51.0 63.3 58.7 52.1a 47.5 32.5 32.8
Marijuana 38.2 36.5 52.0a 48.2 59.4 56.0 48.4 44.8 30.5 30.6
Cocaine 3.7 3.1 5.7 4.9 6.8 7.5 5.1 3.7 2.6 2.1
Crack 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 <0.1 0.2
Heroin 0.2 0.1 0.3a 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
Hallucinogens 7.7a 6.7 12.3 10.6 15.7 15.2 10.6a 8.5 5.1 4.7
LSD 2.6b 1.5 4.4b 2.5 6.2a 3.9 3.6b 1.8 1.5a 1.0
PCP <0.1 * 0.1 * 0.1 * 0.1 * <0.1 *
Ecstasy 1.8 1.5 2.7 2.5 2.7 3.3 2.6 2.2 1.4 1.0
Inhalants 1.9 2.0 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.1 2.7 3.2 1.2 1.3
Methamphetamine 0.5 0.3 0.9 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.2
Misuse of Prescription Psychotherapeutics 7.3b 6.0 11.9a 9.6 15.9 14.3 10.0a 7.6 4.7 4.1
Pain Relievers 3.2a 2.5 5.4a 3.9 7.9 6.1 4.3a 2.9 1.9 1.7
Stimulants 3.7 3.1 5.9 5.0 7.4 7.2 5.2 4.0 2.4 2.2
Tranquilizers or Sedatives 2.4b 1.7 4.4a 3.4 6.0 4.5 3.7 2.8 1.3a 0.8
Tranquilizers 2.2b 1.5 4.1 3.1 5.6 4.1 3.4 2.7 1.2a 0.7
Sedatives 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.1
Benzodiazepines 2.1b 1.4 3.9 3.0 5.2 4.1 3.3 2.5 1.2b 0.6
Opioids2 3.2a 2.5 5.5b 3.9 8.0 6.2 4.3a 2.9 1.9 1.8
Central Nervous System Stimulants 6.5a 5.6 10.2 8.5 12.6 12.0 9.1a 7.0 4.4 4.1
Illicit Drugs Other Than Marijuana2,3 14.6b 12.8 23.4b 19.6 30.7 27.7 20.0b 16.1 9.7 9.3
TOBACCO PRODUCT USE OR NICOTINE VAPING4 40.4 40.9 48.9 46.8 53.4 52.5 46.7 44.2 35.5a 37.9
Tobacco Products4 24.8 25.8 30.1 30.0 33.0 36.6 28.7 27.1 21.7a 23.7
Cigarettes 18.2 18.6 23.7 23.4 27.7 29.7 21.8 20.6 15.1 16.1
Daily Cigarettes -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Smokeless Tobacco 4.2 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.8 5.0 4.0 3.8 4.2 4.8
Cigars 11.3 11.6 13.8 12.3 12.9 15.0 14.2a 11.2 9.9 11.2
Pipe Tobacco4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Nicotine Vaping 33.4 34.0 41.2 40.7 46.7 45.3 38.6 38.6 28.9 30.5
ALCOHOL 67.9 68.1 77.4 75.6 81.4 78.8 75.5 74.2 62.5 64.3
Binge Alcohol Use -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Heavy Alcohol Use -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
OPIOIDS INCLUDING ILLEGALLY MADE FENTANYL 3.3a 2.6 5.6a 4.1 8.0 6.2 4.5a 3.2 2.0 1.8
Illegally Made Fentanyl 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.1
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
2 Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF).
3 Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs.
4 Information about past year use of pipe tobacco was not collected. Tobacco product use (as well as tobacco product use or nicotine vaping) in the past year exclude past year pipe tobacco use, but include past month pipe tobacco use.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.51A – Substance Use in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 to 25; by Past Year Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and MDE with Severe Impairment, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Substance Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Had MDE1
(2022)		 Had MDE1
(2023)		 Had MDE with
Severe Impairment1,2
(2022)		 Had MDE with
Severe Impairment1,2
(2023)		 No MDE1
(2022)		 No MDE1
(2023)
ILLICIT DRUGS3 14,221b 13,256 4,017b 3,234 3,048b 2,358 10,204 10,022
Marijuana 13,299a 12,435 3,747b 3,071 2,841b 2,212 9,552 9,363
Cocaine 1,295a 1,043 386 335 296 248 910 708
Crack 39 67 7 17 5 13 33 50
Heroin 55 27 23a 4 21 4 32 23
Hallucinogens 2,676a 2,276 922a 708 759a 541 1,754 1,568
LSD 894b 501 307a 194 253b 131 587b 307
PCP 13 * 2 * 2 * 10 *
Ecstasy 639 521 196 165 164 110 443 357
Inhalants 647 694 273 222 224 157 375 471
Methamphetamine 161 108 48 31 48 22 113 77
Misuse of Prescription Psychotherapeutics 2,542b 2,025 925b 654 713 537 1,617 1,371
Pain Relievers 1,099b 841 401a 248 309 208 698 593
Stimulants 1,278 1,066 452 349 359 283 825 717
Tranquilizers or Sedatives 842b 576 347a 225 266 179 496a 351
Tranquilizers 779b 522 320a 203 242 163 459a 320
Sedatives 93 90 34 42 33 32 58 49
Benzodiazepines 747b 480 313a 200 239 166 434b 280
Opioids3 1,120b 846 411b 248 317a 208 709 597
Central Nervous System Stimulants 2,272a 1,895 721 564 572 430 1,551 1,331
Illicit Drugs Other Than Marijuana3,4 5,092b 4,343 1,777b 1,294 1,421b 1,016 3,316 3,049
TOBACCO PRODUCT USE OR NICOTINE VAPING5 14,041 13,928 3,402b 2,815 2,557a 2,088 10,639 11,113
Tobacco Products5 8,610 8,794 2,001 1,826 1,548 1,343 6,609 6,969
Cigarettes 6,341 6,329 1,576 1,459 1,249 1,083 4,765 4,869
Daily Cigarettes -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Smokeless Tobacco 1,475 1,575 271 231 194 160 1,204 1,344
Cigars 3,929 3,949 883 699 697a 517 3,047 3,250
Pipe Tobacco5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Nicotine Vaping 11,608 11,558 2,943b 2,446 2,216a 1,806 8,665 9,111
ALCOHOL 23,608 23,179 5,543b 4,606 4,008b 3,358 18,064 18,573
Binge Alcohol Use -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Heavy Alcohol Use -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
OPIOIDS INCLUDING ILLEGALLY MADE FENTANYL 1,145b 868 412b 258 317 218 733 610
Illegally Made Fentanyl 48 78 8 21 7 20 41 57
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
2 Major depressive episode (MDE) with severe impairment is a subset of MDE. Impairment is based on the Sheehan Disability Scale role domains, which measure the impact of a disorder on a person’s life. Ratings greater than or equal to 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 in any of the role domains indicate severe impairment.
3 Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF).
4 Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs.
5 Information about past year use of pipe tobacco was not collected. Tobacco product use (as well as tobacco product use or nicotine vaping) in the past year exclude past year pipe tobacco use, but include past month pipe tobacco use.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.51B – Substance Use in Past Year: Among People Aged 18 to 25; by Past Year Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and MDE with Severe Impairment, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Substance Aged 18-25
(2022)		 Aged 18-25
(2023)		 Had MDE1
(2022)		 Had MDE1
(2023)		 Had MDE with
Severe Impairment1,2
(2022)		 Had MDE with
Severe Impairment1,2
(2023)		 No MDE1
(2022)		 No MDE1
(2023)
ILLICIT DRUGS3 40.9a 39.0 57.5 54.3 59.6a 53.8 36.7 35.7
Marijuana 38.2 36.5 53.6 51.6 55.6 50.5 34.4 33.3
Cocaine 3.7 3.1 5.5 5.6 5.8 5.7 3.3a 2.5
Crack 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2
Heroin 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1
Hallucinogens 7.7a 6.7 13.2 11.9 14.9 12.3 6.3 5.6
LSD 2.6b 1.5 4.4 3.3 5.0a 3.0 2.1b 1.1
PCP <0.1 * <0.1 * <0.1 * <0.1 *
Ecstasy 1.8 1.5 2.8 2.8 3.2 2.5 1.6 1.3
Inhalants 1.9 2.0 3.9 3.7 4.4 3.6 1.3 1.7
Methamphetamine 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.3
Misuse of Prescription Psychotherapeutics 7.3b 6.0 13.2 11.0 14.0 12.3 5.8a 4.9
Pain Relievers 3.2a 2.5 5.7 4.2 6.0 4.7 2.5 2.1
Stimulants 3.7 3.1 6.5 5.9 7.0 6.5 3.0 2.6
Tranquilizers or Sedatives 2.4b 1.7 5.0 3.8 5.2 4.1 1.8a 1.2
Tranquilizers 2.2b 1.5 4.6 3.4 4.7 3.7 1.7a 1.1
Sedatives 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.2
Benzodiazepines 2.1b 1.4 4.5 3.4 4.7 3.8 1.6b 1.0
Opioids3 3.2a 2.5 5.9a 4.2 6.2 4.7 2.6 2.1
Central Nervous System Stimulants 6.5a 5.6 10.3 9.5 11.2 9.8 5.6 4.7
Illicit Drugs Other Than Marijuana3,4 14.6b 12.8 25.4 21.7 27.8 23.2 11.9 10.9
TOBACCO PRODUCT USE OR NICOTINE VAPING5 40.4 40.9 48.7 47.3 50.0 47.7 38.3 39.6
Tobacco Products5 24.8 25.8 28.6 30.7 30.3 30.6 23.8 24.8
Cigarettes 18.2 18.6 22.6 24.5 24.4 24.7 17.1 17.3
Daily Cigarettes -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Smokeless Tobacco 4.2 4.6 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.7 4.3 4.8
Cigars 11.3 11.6 12.6 11.7 13.6 11.8 11.0 11.6
Pipe Tobacco5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Nicotine Vaping 33.4 34.0 42.1 41.1 43.4 41.2 31.2 32.4
ALCOHOL 67.9 68.1 79.3 77.4 78.5 76.6 65.0 66.1
Binge Alcohol Use -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Heavy Alcohol Use -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
OPIOIDS INCLUDING ILLEGALLY MADE FENTANYL 3.3a 2.6 5.9 4.3 6.2 5.0 2.6 2.2
Illegally Made Fentanyl 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.2
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Major depressive episode aligns with DSM-5 criteria, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when a person experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms.
2 Major depressive episode (MDE) with severe impairment is a subset of MDE. Impairment is based on the Sheehan Disability Scale role domains, which measure the impact of a disorder on a person’s life. Ratings greater than or equal to 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 in any of the role domains indicate severe impairment.
3 Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF).
4 Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs.
5 Information about past year use of pipe tobacco was not collected. Tobacco product use (as well as tobacco product use or nicotine vaping) in the past year exclude past year pipe tobacco use, but include past month pipe tobacco use.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.52A – Substance Use in Past Year: Among People Aged 26 or Older; by Past Year Level of Mental Illness, Numbers in Thousands, 2022 and 2023
Substance Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Serious Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Serious Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 No Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 No Mental
Illness1
(2023)
ILLICIT DRUGS2 52,429 53,465 19,044 18,988 5,576 5,517 13,468 13,471 33,386 34,477
Marijuana 45,656 46,487 16,490 16,387 4,832 4,906 11,658 11,481 29,165 30,101
Cocaine 3,939 3,907 1,891 1,878 651 576 1,241 1,303 2,048 2,028
Crack 877 926 513 523 280 133 233 391 365 403
Heroin 991a 629 647b 307 255b 75 392 233 345 322
Hallucinogens 5,475 6,132 2,624 2,995 859 1,042 1,765 1,953 2,852 3,136
LSD 1,259 1,053 592 589 221 210 371 378 668 464
PCP 177 113 139 35 53 29 87 6 37 77
Ecstasy 1,407 1,557 709 789 171 267 539 523 698 767
Inhalants 1,053 1,344 609 617 163 180 446 436 444a 727
Methamphetamine 2,526 2,473 1,463 1,372 548 540 915 832 1,062 1,101
Misuse of Prescription Psychotherapeutics 11,022 11,625 5,321 5,333 1,703 1,591 3,619 3,742 5,701 6,292
Pain Relievers 6,953 7,167 3,235 3,003 988 932 2,247 2,071 3,718 4,164
Stimulants 2,794 2,626 1,559 1,559 467 509 1,092 1,050 1,236 1,067
Tranquilizers or Sedatives 3,869 3,973 2,230 2,223 878 755 1,352 1,468 1,639 1,750
Tranquilizers 3,259 3,351 1,805 1,995 683 726 1,122 1,269 1,453 1,356
Sedatives 839 905 586 431 281b 69 305 362 252 474
Benzodiazepines 2,822 3,105 1,581 1,767 572 637 1,008 1,130 1,241 1,338
Opioids2 7,393 7,482 3,469 3,118 1,080 944 2,388 2,175 3,924 4,364
Central Nervous System Stimulants 7,644 7,479 3,869 3,880 1,295 1,214 2,574 2,665 3,775 3,599
Illicit Drugs Other Than Marijuana2,3 18,256 19,017 8,345 8,446 2,734 2,570 5,611 5,875 9,911 10,572
TOBACCO PRODUCT USE OR NICOTINE VAPING4 60,390 61,523 17,616 17,525 5,077 4,837 12,540 12,689 42,773 43,998
Tobacco Products4 53,701 53,454 15,237 14,759 4,328 4,085 10,909 10,674 38,465 38,695
Cigarettes 42,912 41,313 13,087 12,343 3,785 3,588 9,302 8,755 29,825 28,970
Daily Cigarettes -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Smokeless Tobacco 6,627a 7,671 1,674 1,670 442 468 1,232 1,203 4,953a 6,001
Cigars 14,833 15,547 4,040 4,254 1,131 1,261 2,909 2,993 10,793 11,293
Pipe Tobacco4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Nicotine Vaping 19,934b 22,971 7,443b 8,908 2,246b 2,921 5,197a 5,987 12,491a 14,063
ALCOHOL 149,067 149,711 33,361 32,854 8,138 8,320 25,223 24,533 115,706 116,857
Binge Alcohol Use -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Heavy Alcohol Use -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
OPIOIDS INCLUDING ILLEGALLY MADE FENTANYL 7,497 7,619 3,536 3,209 1,083 1,000 2,454 2,209 3,961 4,410
Illegally Made Fentanyl 617 513 424 332 160 158 264 175 193 181
* = low precision; -- = not available or not comparable due to methodological changes; da = does not apply; nr = not reported due to measurement issues.
a,b The difference between this estimate and the 2023 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level (a) or .01 level (b). Rounding may make the estimates appear identical.
1 Mental illness aligns with DSM-IV criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Serious mental illness (SMI) is a subset of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These mental illness estimates are based on a predictive model and are not direct measures of diagnostic criteria.
2 Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF).
3 Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs.
4 Information about past year use of pipe tobacco was not collected. Tobacco product use (as well as tobacco product use or nicotine vaping) in the past year exclude past year pipe tobacco use, but include past month pipe tobacco use.
Definitions: Measures and terms are defined in Appendix A.
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.
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Table 6.52B – Substance Use in Past Year: Among People Aged 26 or Older; by Past Year Level of Mental Illness, Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Substance Aged 26+
(2022)		 Aged 26+
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Serious Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Serious Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 Any Mental
Illness Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 Any Mental
Illness Excluding
Serious Mental
Illness1
(2023)		 No Mental
Illness1
(2022)		 No Mental
Illness1
(2023)
ILLICIT DRUGS2 23.7 23.9 40.8 40.3 49.2 49.8 38.1 37.4 19.1 19.5
Marijuana 20.6 20.8 35.3 34.8 42.7 44.3 33.0 31.8 16.7 17.1
Cocaine 1.8 1.7 4.0 4.0 5.7 5.2 3.5 3.6 1.2 1.2
Crack 0.4 0.4 1.1 1.1 2.5 1.2 0.7 1.1 0.2 0.2
Heroin 0.4b 0.3 1.4b 0.7 2.3b 0.7 1.1a 0.6 0.2 0.2
Hallucinogens 2.5 2.7 5.6