National Survey on Drug Use and Health: 2022‑2023 State-Specific Tables of Model-Based Estimates (Totals and Percentages)

241021

UNITED STATES

Table 1A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *United States*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	47,128	1,874	9,190	36,064	45,255
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	61,857	2,921	12,867	46,069	58,936
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	42,980	1,605	8,788	32,587	41,375
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	57,692	5,304	3,743	48,645	52,388
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	3,916	1,106	1,519	1,291	2,810
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	9,385	421	1,451	7,513	8,964
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	5,143	51	1,169	3,923	5,092
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	184,853	12,524	19,994	152,335	172,329
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	41	810	851
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	230,200	14,248	26,336	189,616	215,952
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	8,651	372	2,476	5,803	8,279
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	2,663	29	135	2,499	2,634
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	8,518	488	970	7,060	8,030
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	8,910	490	983	7,438	8,420
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	136,087	1,776	17,173	117,138	134,311
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	61,293	925	10,013	50,356	60,368
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	126,036	10,628	13,393	102,015	115,408
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	5,709	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	3,219	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	15,584	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	50,418	494	5,355	44,570	49,924
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	39,877	332	3,672	35,874	39,546
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	25,053	1,762	8,271	15,021	23,291
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	193,387	15,743	21,166	156,478	177,644
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	1,883	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	1,229	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates in this table are aggregates of estimated numbers across all states. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

UNITED STATES

Table 1B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *United States*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	48,592	2,210	9,448	36,933	46,382
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	29,200	755	5,406	23,039	28,445
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	2,162	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	27,191	1,796	6,297	19,097	25,394
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	5,460	291	401	4,769	5,170
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	5,898	291	410	5,197	5,607
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	12,946	1,156	1,644	10,146	11,790
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	54,380	2,928	9,967	41,485	51,452
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	41,434	1,772	8,323	31,339	39,662
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	12,048	46,921	58,969
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	3,775	11,205	14,980
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	5,030	15,961	20,991
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	1,953	5,156	7,109
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	7,962	9,305	48,198	57,503
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	4,860	6,471	15,715	22,186
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	3,322	4,455	8,554	13,010
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	1,568	1,575	2,154	3,728
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	908	702	839	1,541
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates in this table are aggregates of estimated numbers across all states. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

UNITED STATES

Table 2A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *United States*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	16.67	7.26	26.71	16.21	17.62
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	21.88	11.31	37.39	20.71	22.94
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	15.20	6.22	25.54	14.65	16.11
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	20.40	20.54	10.88	21.86	20.38
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.55	4.71	8.26	1.15	2.16
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.32	1.63	4.22	3.38	3.49
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.82	0.20	3.40	1.76	1.98
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	65.40	48.50	58.11	68.46	67.07
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.12	0.36	0.33
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	81.47	55.18	76.54	85.22	84.05
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	3.06	1.44	7.20	2.61	3.22
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.94	0.11	0.39	1.12	1.03
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3.01	1.89	2.82	3.17	3.13
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.15	1.90	2.86	3.34	3.28
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	48.13	6.88	49.91	52.65	52.28
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	21.68	3.58	29.10	22.63	23.50
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	44.58	41.16	38.92	45.85	44.92
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	14.88	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	8.39	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	40.63	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	17.83	1.91	15.56	20.03	19.43
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	14.10	1.28	10.67	16.12	15.39
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	8.86	6.82	24.04	6.75	9.07
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	68.40	60.97	61.51	70.33	69.14
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.91	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.20	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Design-based estimates are given in this table. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

UNITED STATES

Table 2B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *United States*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	17.19	8.56	27.46	16.60	18.05
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	10.33	2.92	15.71	10.35	11.07
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.64	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	9.62	6.96	18.30	8.58	9.88
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.93	1.13	1.17	2.14	2.01
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.09	1.13	1.19	2.34	2.18
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.58	4.48	4.78	4.56	4.59
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	19.23	11.34	28.97	18.65	20.03
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	76.19	60.52	83.51	75.54	77.09
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	35.02	21.09	22.95
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	10.97	5.04	5.83
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	14.62	7.17	8.17
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.68	2.32	2.77
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	30.84	27.04	21.66	22.38
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	18.82	18.81	7.06	8.64
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.87	12.95	3.84	5.06
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.07	4.58	0.97	1.45
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.52	2.04	0.38	0.60
-- = not available. NOTE: Design-based estimates are given in this table. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NORTHEAST REGION

Table 3A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *Northeast Region*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	8,818	302	1,735	6,781	8,516
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	11,438	478	2,356	8,604	10,960
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	8,022	267	1,679	6,076	7,756
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	9,608	827	612	8,169	8,781
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	677	181	269	226	496
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	1,693	60	274	1,359	1,633
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	973	8	226	739	965
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	31,600	1,930	3,364	26,306	29,670
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	8	177	184
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	39,975	2,218	4,531	33,225	37,757
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	1,628	56	481	1,092	1,573
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	298	5	16	278	293
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	1,227	66	130	1,031	1,160
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	1,344	66	148	1,131	1,278
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	25,261	284	3,171	21,806	24,977
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	11,105	156	1,859	9,090	10,949
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	21,632	1,693	2,192	17,747	19,938
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	1,020	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	571	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	2,478	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	7,957	71	876	7,009	7,885
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	6,274	51	593	5,630	6,223
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	3,930	287	1,380	2,263	3,643
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	34,506	2,576	3,715	28,214	31,930
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	301	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	210	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. NOTE: The Northeast region includes the following states: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NORTHEAST REGION

Table 3B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *Northeast Region*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	8,582	343	1,656	6,584	8,239
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	5,154	116	964	4,073	5,038
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	356	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	4,707	273	1,104	3,330	4,434
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	862	45	58	759	817
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	953	45	63	846	909
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	2,468	148	280	2,040	2,320
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	9,835	433	1,756	7,645	9,401
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	7,289	274	1,467	5,548	7,015
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	2,027	8,144	10,171
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	627	1,823	2,450
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	858	2,737	3,595
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	323	915	1,238
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	1,324	1,716	8,815	10,531
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	746	1,128	2,616	3,745
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	505	729	1,579	2,309
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	230	247	357	604
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	129	116	139	255
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. NOTE: The Northeast region includes the following states: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NORTHEAST REGION

Table 4A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *Northeast Region*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	18.00	7.43	29.76	17.34	18.95
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	23.34	11.77	40.42	22.00	24.39
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	16.37	6.56	28.80	15.54	17.26
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	19.60	20.33	10.49	20.89	19.53
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.73	4.95	9.32	1.27	2.35
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.45	1.47	4.70	3.47	3.63
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.99	0.19	3.88	1.89	2.15
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	64.50	47.47	57.70	67.27	66.02
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.13	0.45	0.41
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	81.63	54.56	77.73	84.96	84.02
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	3.32	1.37	8.25	2.79	3.50
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.61	0.11	0.27	0.71	0.65
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.50	1.62	2.23	2.64	2.58
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	2.74	1.62	2.53	2.89	2.84
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	51.55	6.98	54.40	55.76	55.58
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	22.66	3.83	31.90	23.24	24.37
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	44.15	41.64	37.60	45.38	44.37
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	16.72	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	9.36	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	40.62	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	16.24	1.75	15.03	17.92	17.55
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	12.80	1.26	10.18	14.40	13.85
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	8.02	7.06	23.68	5.79	8.11
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	70.42	63.35	63.74	72.15	71.05
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.93	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.45	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. NOTE: The Northeast region includes the following states: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NORTHEAST REGION

Table 4B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *Northeast Region*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	17.51	8.43	28.40	16.84	18.34
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	10.52	2.85	16.54	10.42	11.21
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.84	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	9.61	6.72	18.94	8.51	9.87
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.76	1.10	0.99	1.94	1.82
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	1.95	1.10	1.07	2.16	2.02
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.04	3.64	4.80	5.22	5.16
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	20.07	10.66	30.12	19.55	20.92
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	74.70	64.72	83.96	73.14	75.15
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	34.77	20.83	22.63
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	10.76	4.66	5.45
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	14.72	7.00	8.00
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.55	2.34	2.76
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	32.57	29.43	22.54	23.44
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	18.34	19.36	6.69	8.33
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.43	12.51	4.04	5.14
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	5.65	4.23	0.91	1.34
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.18	2.00	0.35	0.57
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. NOTE: The Northeast region includes the following states: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MIDWEST REGION

Table 5A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *Midwest Region*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	10,127	404	1,928	7,794	9,722
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	13,268	616	2,847	9,805	12,652
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	9,263	351	1,888	7,024	8,912
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	9,913	1,043	658	8,212	8,870
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	828	231	316	281	597
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	1,876	87	301	1,488	1,789
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1,044	11	245	788	1,033
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	37,617	2,534	4,107	30,976	35,083
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	15	153	169
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	47,180	2,887	5,472	38,820	44,292
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	1,495	67	504	924	1,428
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	551	7	47	497	544
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	1,713	98	194	1,421	1,615
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	1,804	98	201	1,506	1,706
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	29,526	388	3,831	25,307	29,138
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	13,719	200	2,316	11,203	13,519
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	23,241	2,066	2,532	18,643	21,175
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	1,317	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	771	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3,049	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	11,648	107	1,235	10,306	11,541
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	9,294	80	852	8,362	9,214
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	5,719	403	2,003	3,313	5,316
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	37,992	3,295	4,260	30,437	34,697
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	429	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	294	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. NOTE: The Midwest region includes the following states: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MIDWEST REGION

Table 5B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *Midwest Region*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	10,291	462	2,048	7,780	9,828
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	6,224	164	1,171	4,888	6,060
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	487	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	5,633	382	1,333	3,918	5,251
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1,152	60	84	1,008	1,091
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	1,180	60	91	1,029	1,120
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	2,747	265	365	2,118	2,482
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	11,580	620	2,178	8,782	10,960
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	8,781	366	1,812	6,603	8,415
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	2,622	9,939	12,562
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	809	2,386	3,194
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	1,120	3,442	4,562
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	424	1,180	1,604
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	1,797	2,248	11,031	13,280
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	1,042	1,331	3,362	4,693
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	717	982	1,816	2,799
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	335	340	504	844
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	191	147	191	338
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. NOTE: The Midwest region includes the following states: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MIDWEST REGION

Table 6A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *Midwest Region*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	17.40	7.47	26.72	17.10	18.42
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	22.80	11.38	39.44	21.52	23.97
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	15.91	6.48	26.16	15.41	16.88
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	17.03	19.26	9.12	18.02	16.80
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.70	4.72	8.56	1.27	2.32
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.22	1.61	4.17	3.27	3.39
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.79	0.20	3.40	1.73	1.96
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	64.66	46.81	56.90	67.98	66.46
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.21	0.34	0.32
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	81.12	53.33	75.82	85.19	83.91
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.57	1.23	6.99	2.03	2.71
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.95	0.13	0.65	1.09	1.03
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.94	1.81	2.68	3.12	3.06
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.10	1.80	2.78	3.30	3.23
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	50.73	7.16	53.08	55.54	55.20
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	23.57	3.69	32.10	24.58	25.61
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	39.93	38.15	35.08	40.91	40.11
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	16.28	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	9.53	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	37.68	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	20.01	1.98	17.11	22.62	21.86
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	15.97	1.47	11.81	18.35	17.46
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	9.83	7.45	27.75	7.27	10.07
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	65.28	60.85	59.03	66.79	65.73
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.31	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.64	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. NOTE: The Midwest region includes the following states: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MIDWEST REGION

Table 6B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *Midwest Region*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	17.68	8.54	28.38	17.07	18.62
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	10.69	3.03	16.23	10.73	11.48
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.01	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	9.68	7.05	18.47	8.60	9.95
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.98	1.12	1.16	2.21	2.07
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.03	1.12	1.26	2.26	2.12
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.72	4.89	5.05	4.65	4.70
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	19.90	11.45	30.17	19.27	20.76
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	76.17	57.95	83.12	75.75	77.23
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	36.33	21.81	23.80
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	11.20	5.23	6.05
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	15.52	7.55	8.64
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.87	2.59	3.04
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	33.19	31.15	24.21	25.16
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	19.24	18.45	7.38	8.89
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	13.24	13.61	3.99	5.30
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.19	4.71	1.11	1.60
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.53	2.04	0.42	0.64
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. NOTE: The Midwest region includes the following states: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

SOUTH REGION

Table 7A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *South Region*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	15,496	707	3,085	11,704	14,789
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	20,443	1,113	4,310	15,020	19,330
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	13,853	591	2,913	10,350	13,262
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	24,439	2,240	1,586	20,613	22,199
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	1,383	432	521	430	951
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3,457	173	514	2,769	3,284
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1,721	18	372	1,330	1,703
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	74,512	5,195	8,032	61,284	69,317
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	10	309	319
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	90,061	5,781	10,269	74,012	84,281
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2,648	133	769	1,745	2,515
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1,033	12	47	975	1,022
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3,618	209	427	2,983	3,410
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3,717	210	395	3,111	3,506
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	49,418	652	6,331	42,435	48,766
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	22,573	335	3,639	18,600	22,238
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	49,955	4,341	5,342	40,272	45,614
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	2,054	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	1,156	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	6,307	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	21,655	203	2,160	19,292	21,452
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	16,816	122	1,417	15,277	16,694
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	10,116	719	3,221	6,177	9,397
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	73,645	6,045	8,070	59,530	67,600
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	737	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	440	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. NOTE: The South region includes the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

SOUTH REGION

Table 7B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *South Region*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	17,577	870	3,404	13,303	16,707
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	10,603	276	1,909	8,418	10,327
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	790	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	9,698	699	2,158	6,841	8,999
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	2,290	122	177	1,991	2,168
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2,451	122	162	2,167	2,329
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4,814	493	616	3,705	4,321
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	19,704	1,161	3,581	14,962	18,543
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	15,036	691	2,952	11,393	14,345
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	4,341	17,360	21,701
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	1,378	4,249	5,627
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	1,752	5,907	7,659
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	742	1,921	2,663
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	2,990	3,232	17,370	20,602
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	1,904	2,342	5,991	8,333
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	1,308	1,603	3,092	4,695
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	617	600	836	1,436
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	366	281	351	632
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. NOTE: The South region includes the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

SOUTH REGION

Table 8A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *South Region*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	14.26	6.93	23.32	13.73	15.02
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	18.81	10.92	32.57	17.62	19.63
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	12.75	5.79	22.01	12.14	13.47
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	22.48	21.98	11.99	24.18	22.53
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.19	4.54	6.83	0.95	1.78
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.18	1.70	3.89	3.25	3.33
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.58	0.18	2.81	1.56	1.73
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	68.59	50.96	60.71	71.89	70.38
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.07	0.36	0.32
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	82.93	56.71	77.61	86.82	85.58
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.44	1.31	5.82	2.05	2.55
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.95	0.11	0.36	1.14	1.04
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3.33	2.05	3.22	3.50	3.46
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.42	2.06	2.99	3.65	3.56
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	45.47	6.39	47.85	49.78	49.52
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	20.77	3.28	27.50	21.82	22.58
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	45.97	42.59	40.38	47.24	46.32
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	13.70	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7.71	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	42.08	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	19.93	1.99	16.33	22.63	21.78
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	15.47	1.19	10.71	17.92	16.95
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	9.31	7.05	24.34	7.25	9.54
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	67.77	59.30	61.00	69.83	68.64
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.92	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	2.93	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. NOTE: The South region includes the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

SOUTH REGION

Table 8B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *South Region*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	16.17	8.53	25.73	15.60	16.96
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	9.76	2.71	14.43	9.87	10.49
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.27	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	8.92	6.86	16.31	8.02	9.14
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	2.11	1.19	1.33	2.34	2.20
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.25	1.19	1.23	2.54	2.36
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.43	4.83	4.66	4.35	4.39
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	18.13	11.39	27.07	17.55	18.83
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	75.75	58.36	82.99	75.41	76.86
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	32.81	20.36	22.04
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	10.42	4.98	5.71
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	13.24	6.93	7.78
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.61	2.25	2.70
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	29.33	24.43	20.37	20.92
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	18.68	17.70	7.03	8.46
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.83	12.12	3.63	4.77
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.05	4.54	0.98	1.46
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.59	2.12	0.41	0.64
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. NOTE: The South region includes the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

WEST REGION

Table 9A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *West Region*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	12,687	460	2,442	9,785	12,227
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	16,707	713	3,355	12,640	15,995
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	11,842	397	2,308	9,137	11,445
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	13,733	1,194	887	11,652	12,538
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	1,029	262	413	354	767
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	2,359	100	362	1,897	2,259
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1,406	15	325	1,066	1,391
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	41,124	2,864	4,492	33,768	38,260
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	8	171	179
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	52,984	3,362	6,063	43,559	49,622
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2,880	117	721	2,042	2,763
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	781	6	25	750	775
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	1,960	115	220	1,625	1,845
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	2,045	116	239	1,690	1,929
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	31,883	453	3,840	27,590	31,429
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	13,897	235	2,198	11,464	13,662
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	31,209	2,528	3,327	25,354	28,681
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	1,318	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	721	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3,751	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	9,159	113	1,083	7,962	9,046
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	7,493	79	809	6,605	7,414
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	5,288	353	1,667	3,268	4,935
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	47,244	3,827	5,120	38,297	43,417
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	416	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	285	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. NOTE: The West region includes the following states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

WEST REGION

Table 9B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *West Region*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	12,142	535	2,340	9,267	11,607
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	7,219	199	1,361	5,660	7,021
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	530	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	7,153	443	1,702	5,008	6,710
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1,158	64	83	1,010	1,094
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	1,314	64	94	1,156	1,250
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	2,917	250	383	2,283	2,667
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	13,262	714	2,452	10,096	12,548
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	10,329	442	2,092	7,795	9,887
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	3,058	11,478	14,535
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	961	2,747	3,708
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	1,300	3,875	5,175
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	464	1,140	1,604
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	1,852	2,110	10,981	13,091
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	1,168	1,669	3,746	5,415
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	792	1,140	2,067	3,207
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	386	388	457	845
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	222	157	159	316
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. NOTE: The West region includes the following states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

WEST REGION

Table 10A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *West Region*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	18.98	7.49	30.02	18.61	20.14
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	24.99	11.60	41.24	24.04	26.35
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	17.71	6.46	28.37	17.38	18.85
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	20.53	19.43	10.91	22.16	20.64
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.91	4.85	9.83	1.34	2.54
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.53	1.63	4.45	3.61	3.72
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	2.10	0.24	4.00	2.03	2.29
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	61.53	46.60	55.23	64.23	63.02
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.10	0.33	0.29
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	79.31	54.70	74.56	82.85	81.74
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	4.31	1.90	8.87	3.88	4.55
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.17	0.09	0.31	1.43	1.28
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.93	1.88	2.70	3.09	3.04
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.06	1.89	2.94	3.21	3.18
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	47.69	7.38	47.21	52.48	51.77
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	20.79	3.82	27.03	21.80	22.50
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	46.68	41.13	40.91	48.22	47.24
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	14.36	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7.86	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	40.85	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	13.70	1.84	13.32	15.15	14.90
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	11.21	1.28	9.95	12.56	12.22
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	7.91	5.75	20.50	6.22	8.13
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	70.67	62.27	62.96	72.84	71.52
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.53	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.10	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. NOTE: The West region includes the following states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

WEST REGION

Table 10B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *West Region*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	18.16	8.71	28.77	17.63	19.12
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	10.80	3.23	16.73	10.77	11.56
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.77	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	10.70	7.20	20.93	9.53	11.05
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.73	1.04	1.03	1.92	1.80
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	1.96	1.04	1.16	2.20	2.06
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.36	4.08	4.71	4.34	4.39
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	19.84	11.62	30.15	19.20	20.67
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	77.97	64.02	84.26	77.37	78.73
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	37.60	21.83	23.95
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	11.82	5.23	6.11
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	15.98	7.37	8.52
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.70	2.17	2.64
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	30.13	25.95	20.89	21.57
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	19.00	20.53	7.13	8.92
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.89	14.02	3.93	5.28
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.29	4.77	0.87	1.39
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.61	1.94	0.30	0.52
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. NOTE: The West region includes the following states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

ALABAMA

Table 11A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Alabama*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	534	25	97	412	509
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	705	44	142	519	662
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	466	22	96	348	444
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	928	99	63	766	829
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	48	16	18	14	32
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	150	8	21	121	142
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	60	1	12	47	60
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	2,994	212	343	2,438	2,781
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	9	9
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	3,570	234	423	2,913	3,336
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	78	4	23	50	74
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	47	0	2	44	47
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	181	9	20	152	172
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	183	9	17	157	174
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	1,792	24	246	1,521	1,768
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	887	16	148	723	871
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	1,868	162	211	1,496	1,706
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	94	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	62	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	256	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	1,122	10	101	1,010	1,112
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	886	6	62	818	880
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	486	34	150	302	452
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	2,636	219	304	2,112	2,417
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	45	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	26	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

ALABAMA

Table 11B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Alabama*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	694	35	128	531	659
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	431	13	78	340	418
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	41	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	363	27	71	265	336
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	106	4	8	94	102
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	109	4	6	99	105
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	210	20	26	165	191
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	822	48	137	637	774
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	609	28	108	473	581
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	174	685	860
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	52	173	224
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	65	231	296
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	29	78	107
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	114	132	693	825
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	75	92	232	324
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	53	66	119	184
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	29	24	35	59
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	17	12	12	25
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

ALABAMA

Table 12A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Alabama*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	12.45	6.27	17.97	12.29	13.08
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	16.45	11.01	26.43	15.49	17.00
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	10.85	5.45	17.88	10.37	11.40
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	21.64	25.15	11.71	22.83	21.28
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.03	4.37	5.38	0.88	1.62
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.49	1.97	3.91	3.60	3.64
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.41	0.15	2.30	1.41	1.54
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	69.85	53.71	63.73	72.70	71.46
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.05	0.27	0.24
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	83.31	59.20	78.51	86.85	85.70
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	1.81	0.99	4.32	1.50	1.89
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.09	0.10	0.39	1.33	1.20
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	4.22	2.36	3.68	4.53	4.41
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	4.26	2.37	3.09	4.68	4.46
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	41.79	6.11	45.73	45.37	45.42
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	20.69	3.98	27.51	21.56	22.38
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	43.57	40.94	39.09	44.60	43.84
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	14.81	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	9.71	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	40.13	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	26.16	2.51	18.78	30.13	28.56
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	20.67	1.61	11.45	24.41	22.61
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	11.33	8.55	27.82	9.00	11.61
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	61.47	55.38	56.47	62.99	62.09
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7.00	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.16	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

ALABAMA

Table 12B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Alabama*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	16.18	8.86	23.75	15.83	16.92
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	10.05	3.22	14.54	10.13	10.74
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.48	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	8.47	6.86	13.26	7.89	8.64
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	2.46	1.04	1.40	2.80	2.61
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.54	1.04	1.08	2.95	2.69
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.91	4.98	4.83	4.91	4.90
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	19.16	12.02	25.46	18.99	19.89
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	74.39	58.38	81.07	74.18	75.38
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	32.36	20.44	22.09
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	9.61	5.15	5.77
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	11.97	6.89	7.60
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.36	2.32	2.74
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	28.88	24.42	20.68	21.20
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	18.91	17.12	6.91	8.32
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	13.48	12.18	3.54	4.73
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	7.44	4.46	1.05	1.53
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	4.28	2.31	0.36	0.63
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

ALASKA

Table 13A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Alaska*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	135	4	21	111	131
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	175	6	28	141	169
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	131	3	19	110	128
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	88	10	7	71	78
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	8	2	3	2	6
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	19	1	4	14	18
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	8	0	2	6	8
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	349	25	35	289	324
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	4	4
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	447	30	47	370	417
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	18	1	4	12	17
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	8	0	1	8	8
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	19	1	2	16	18
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	19	1	2	15	17
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	276	4	28	244	272
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	113	2	16	96	111
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	248	23	25	200	225
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	11	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	33	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	111	2	13	96	109
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	81	1	10	70	80
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	54	4	16	33	49
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	381	34	36	311	347
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	4	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

ALASKA

Table 13B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Alaska*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	124	5	20	99	119
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	59	1	10	48	58
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	78	4	18	57	75
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	9	0	1	8	9
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	12	0	1	11	12
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	27	3	3	21	24
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	131	7	21	103	124
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	101	4	19	78	96
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	23	101	124
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	9	30	39
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	11	37	49
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	4	11	15
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	15	17	96	113
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	10	12	33	45
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	8	9	19	28
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	4	4	5	9
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	3	2	2	3
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

ALASKA

Table 14A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Alaska*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	23.01	6.52	31.15	23.96	24.85
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	29.73	10.61	41.76	30.48	31.88
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	22.31	4.99	28.26	23.67	24.25
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	14.95	16.74	10.64	15.33	14.75
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	3.20	4.30	10.94	1.50	2.93
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.25	1.62	5.62	3.12	3.43
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.30	0.18	2.75	1.23	1.42
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	59.48	43.07	53.57	62.38	61.29
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.23	0.88	0.80
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	76.17	51.05	71.91	79.91	78.92
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	3.03	1.99	6.70	2.65	3.15
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.42	0.05	0.88	1.67	1.57
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3.23	2.22	2.91	3.41	3.35
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.18	2.23	3.42	3.27	3.29
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	46.96	6.40	42.11	52.82	51.50
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	19.26	3.16	23.55	20.71	21.06
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	42.22	39.28	37.24	43.29	42.55
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	12.52	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.72	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	38.74	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	18.81	2.85	19.90	20.69	20.60
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	13.74	1.70	15.10	15.08	15.09
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	9.09	7.16	24.70	7.14	9.31
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	64.79	57.26	54.09	67.25	65.63
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.25	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.31	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

ALASKA

Table 14B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Alaska*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	21.11	8.34	30.71	21.39	22.55
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	10.05	2.52	15.27	10.27	10.89
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.13	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	13.32	6.41	27.04	12.26	14.09
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.59	0.79	1.11	1.76	1.68
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.07	0.78	1.33	2.34	2.22
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.56	4.50	4.24	4.61	4.56
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	22.34	12.30	31.72	22.30	23.47
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	78.91	60.58	86.09	78.60	79.94
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	34.41	21.93	23.47
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	13.23	6.45	7.29
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	17.01	8.09	9.19
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	6.03	2.45	2.89
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	25.68	25.80	20.77	21.40
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	17.27	17.71	7.11	8.42
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	13.39	14.13	4.03	5.28
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	7.31	5.95	1.17	1.76
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	4.93	2.59	0.38	0.65
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

ARIZONA

Table 15A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Arizona*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	1,206	45	247	914	1,161
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	1,541	69	338	1,133	1,472
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	1,173	40	228	905	1,133
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	1,169	95	75	999	1,074
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	99	25	39	34	74
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	205	9	31	164	195
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	126	1	31	94	125
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	3,925	261	443	3,221	3,664
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	1	18	19
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	5,061	309	582	4,170	4,752
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	267	12	84	171	255
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	84	1	3	80	83
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	219	13	29	177	205
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	235	13	32	191	223
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	2,729	33	365	2,331	2,696
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	1,354	19	226	1,109	1,335
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	2,728	220	297	2,211	2,508
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	125	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	75	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	334	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	1,039	12	100	928	1,028
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	910	9	78	824	902
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	537	36	169	332	501
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	4,283	328	461	3,493	3,955
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	38	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	28	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

ARIZONA

Table 15B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Arizona*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	1,167	58	255	853	1,108
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	664	22	146	496	642
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	59	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	719	45	180	494	675
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	122	7	10	105	114
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	142	7	10	124	134
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	322	31	45	246	291
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	1,245	72	271	901	1,172
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	916	44	213	659	871
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	325	1,143	1,468
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	108	304	412
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	161	398	559
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	61	116	177
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	171	212	1,150	1,362
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	121	182	418	599
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	77	121	203	324
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	41	44	50	94
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	22	19	17	36
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

ARIZONA

Table 16A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Arizona*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	19.18	7.88	31.27	18.56	20.32
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	24.52	12.08	42.90	23.02	25.77
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	18.66	6.94	28.89	18.39	19.83
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	18.60	16.64	9.48	20.30	18.80
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.82	5.13	9.27	1.23	2.40
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.26	1.65	3.90	3.34	3.42
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	2.00	0.24	3.91	1.91	2.18
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	62.47	45.57	56.17	65.42	64.15
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.11	0.37	0.34
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	80.57	53.86	73.76	84.70	83.19
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	4.25	2.16	10.61	3.47	4.46
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.33	0.11	0.35	1.63	1.45
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3.48	2.30	3.62	3.59	3.60
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.75	2.23	4.01	3.88	3.90
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	43.42	5.83	46.21	47.36	47.20
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	21.54	3.26	28.66	22.53	23.38
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	43.41	38.33	37.64	44.92	43.91
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	14.24	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	8.55	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	38.10	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	16.54	2.05	12.64	18.85	17.99
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	14.48	1.52	9.86	16.74	15.79
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	8.54	6.24	21.43	6.75	8.78
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	68.14	57.16	58.48	70.96	69.24
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.39	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.22	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

ARIZONA

Table 16B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Arizona*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	18.56	10.15	32.35	17.33	19.41
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	10.57	3.88	18.52	10.08	11.24
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.79	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	11.44	7.82	22.82	10.04	11.81
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.94	1.25	1.23	2.13	2.00
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.25	1.28	1.25	2.53	2.35
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.13	5.44	5.72	4.99	5.09
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	19.80	12.58	34.38	18.31	20.52
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	74.37	59.09	82.13	73.41	75.34
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	41.25	23.21	25.70
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	13.66	6.17	7.21
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	20.35	8.09	9.78
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	7.77	2.36	3.10
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	29.84	26.92	23.36	23.85
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	21.06	23.04	8.48	10.49
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	13.37	15.33	4.13	5.68
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	7.18	5.52	1.02	1.64
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.85	2.36	0.35	0.63
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

ARKANSAS

Table 17A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Arkansas*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	419	20	80	319	399
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	537	32	107	397	505
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	374	17	74	283	357
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	557	54	38	465	503
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	31	11	11	9	20
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	91	4	13	74	87
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	35	0	7	28	35
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	1,778	128	200	1,450	1,650
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	4	4
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	2,093	141	250	1,703	1,953
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	57	3	16	38	54
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	36	0	2	34	36
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	91	5	10	75	85
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	91	6	9	77	86
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	1,083	17	138	928	1,066
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	495	9	84	402	486
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	1,095	102	128	865	993
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	49	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	29	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	151	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	636	5	57	574	631
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	500	4	40	456	496
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	299	23	94	182	277
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	1,604	143	180	1,282	1,462
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	20	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	13	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

ARKANSAS

Table 17B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Arkansas*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	450	22	86	342	428
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	272	8	48	216	264
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	23	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	242	17	52	173	225
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	55	4	4	47	51
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	56	4	4	49	52
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	128	13	16	99	115
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	505	27	90	388	478
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	378	17	74	287	361
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	106	458	564
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	35	126	161
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	45	169	214
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	20	51	70
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	78	84	465	549
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	49	53	174	227
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	34	42	80	122
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	17	18	27	45
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	10	7	12	19
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

ARKANSAS

Table 18A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Arkansas*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	16.39	7.90	24.83	16.09	17.31
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	21.03	13.03	33.44	20.03	21.89
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	14.63	6.82	23.13	14.24	15.47
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	21.81	21.82	11.89	23.41	21.80
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.19	5.11	6.19	0.79	1.64
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.55	1.58	3.92	3.74	3.77
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.38	0.16	2.04	1.42	1.51
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	69.67	51.55	62.40	73.07	71.59
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.08	0.21	0.19
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	82.06	56.61	78.08	85.81	84.73
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.23	1.37	5.03	1.89	2.33
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.41	0.12	0.59	1.70	1.55
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3.55	2.11	3.13	3.79	3.70
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.58	2.22	2.78	3.87	3.72
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	42.43	6.94	43.13	46.76	46.26
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	19.41	3.62	26.26	20.27	21.11
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	42.89	41.12	39.80	43.61	43.08
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	13.40	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	8.08	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	41.39	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	24.93	2.18	17.91	28.91	27.38
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	19.59	1.67	12.60	22.97	21.52
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	11.71	9.08	29.42	9.18	12.00
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	62.84	57.43	56.18	64.59	63.42
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.57	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.62	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

ARKANSAS

Table 18B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Arkansas*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	17.62	8.79	26.78	17.25	18.57
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	10.65	3.30	14.83	10.90	11.44
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.28	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	9.50	6.85	16.28	8.73	9.78
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	2.15	1.44	1.25	2.38	2.22
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.19	1.44	1.16	2.46	2.28
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.99	5.20	4.90	4.98	4.97
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	19.79	10.84	28.16	19.56	20.75
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	74.93	57.74	81.84	74.64	76.01
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	32.92	23.11	24.47
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	10.85	6.34	6.96
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	13.92	8.53	9.28
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	6.11	2.55	3.05
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	31.28	26.14	23.43	23.81
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	19.65	16.62	8.77	9.86
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	13.65	13.21	4.01	5.29
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.90	5.63	1.38	1.97
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.83	2.18	0.60	0.82
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

CALIFORNIA

Table 19A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *California*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	5,781	217	1,200	4,364	5,564
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	7,804	342	1,648	5,814	7,462
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	5,353	188	1,139	4,027	5,166
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	7,915	633	477	6,805	7,282
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	499	133	205	161	367
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	1,139	51	175	914	1,088
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	735	8	164	564	728
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	20,752	1,431	2,249	17,072	19,321
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	2	74	76
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	26,266	1,685	2,998	21,583	24,581
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	1,400	56	304	1,040	1,344
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	323	2	8	314	321
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	878	50	103	725	829
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	918	50	111	757	868
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	15,952	234	1,903	13,815	15,719
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	7,013	131	1,103	5,780	6,883
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	16,500	1,297	1,767	13,436	15,203
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	618	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	345	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	1,908	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	3,666	53	456	3,157	3,613
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	3,030	33	328	2,669	2,997
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	2,186	143	679	1,364	2,043
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	24,200	1,935	2,677	19,588	22,265
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	183	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	113	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

CALIFORNIA

Table 19B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *California*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	5,633	249	1,127	4,256	5,384
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	3,457	92	661	2,704	3,365
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	236	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	3,366	213	815	2,338	3,153
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	557	33	39	485	524
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	615	32	43	539	582
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	1,153	98	172	883	1,055
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	6,135	327	1,173	4,635	5,808
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	5,070	215	1,023	3,832	4,855
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	1,376	4,940	6,316
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	407	1,059	1,466
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	557	1,610	2,167
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	186	454	640
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	867	912	4,508	5,420
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	534	757	1,497	2,254
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	377	495	887	1,382
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	181	167	179	346
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	100	70	59	129
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

CALIFORNIA

Table 20A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *California*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	17.45	7.11	29.77	16.75	18.50
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	23.56	11.21	40.89	22.32	24.81
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	16.16	6.15	28.25	15.46	17.17
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	23.88	20.77	11.83	26.12	24.20
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.67	4.84	9.68	1.14	2.29
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.44	1.66	4.34	3.51	3.62
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	2.22	0.25	4.06	2.17	2.42
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	62.66	46.96	55.80	65.53	64.22
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.06	0.28	0.25
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	79.34	55.31	74.36	82.85	81.71
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	4.23	1.83	7.54	3.99	4.47
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.98	0.07	0.19	1.20	1.07
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.65	1.62	2.56	2.78	2.75
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	2.77	1.65	2.75	2.91	2.88
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	48.15	7.67	47.21	53.03	52.25
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	21.17	4.29	27.36	22.19	22.88
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	49.80	42.55	43.84	51.57	50.54
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	13.71	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7.65	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	42.33	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	11.07	1.74	11.32	12.12	12.01
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	9.15	1.07	8.14	10.25	9.96
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	6.60	4.69	16.85	5.23	6.79
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	73.05	63.50	66.40	75.19	74.01
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.07	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	2.51	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

CALIFORNIA

Table 20B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *California*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	17.00	8.18	27.96	16.34	17.90
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	10.43	3.01	16.39	10.38	11.19
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.24	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	10.16	6.99	20.22	8.97	10.48
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.68	1.07	0.97	1.86	1.74
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	1.86	1.06	1.06	2.07	1.94
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	3.48	3.22	4.27	3.39	3.51
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	18.52	10.73	29.09	17.79	19.31
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	81.40	69.18	85.45	81.17	82.05
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	34.12	18.96	20.99
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	10.10	4.06	4.87
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	13.83	6.18	7.20
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	4.62	1.74	2.13
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	28.45	22.62	17.31	18.02
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	17.53	18.79	5.75	7.49
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.39	12.29	3.40	4.59
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	5.93	4.15	0.69	1.15
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.28	1.73	0.23	0.43
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

COLORADO

Table 21A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Colorado*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	1,095	38	205	853	1,058
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	1,478	61	284	1,134	1,418
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	1,045	32	199	814	1,013
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	682	66	48	568	616
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	86	21	35	29	64
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	180	6	30	144	173
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	124	1	30	93	123
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	2,822	188	301	2,333	2,634
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	1	11	12
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	3,930	233	457	3,239	3,696
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	283	10	74	199	273
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	49	0	2	46	48
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	149	9	14	126	141
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	154	9	16	129	145
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	2,708	37	312	2,360	2,671
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	1,148	19	173	956	1,129
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	2,196	167	230	1,799	2,029
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	117	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	64	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	255	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	809	10	104	695	799
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	611	6	79	526	605
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	475	30	147	297	445
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	3,316	256	334	2,727	3,061
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	38	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	27	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

COLORADO

Table 21B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Colorado*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	1,119	43	195	881	1,076
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	724	16	117	591	707
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	50	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	593	33	143	416	560
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	82	4	7	70	78
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	100	4	8	88	96
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	268	20	36	212	248
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	1,206	60	207	938	1,146
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	893	33	165	695	860
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	264	999	1,263
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	75	249	325
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	128	420	548
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	41	108	149
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	154	189	1,050	1,240
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	96	142	314	455
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	59	90	192	282
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	25	31	46	78
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	15	10	17	27
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

COLORADO

Table 22A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Colorado*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	21.94	8.62	33.54	21.62	23.21
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	29.61	13.93	46.49	28.74	31.11
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	20.93	7.42	32.57	20.62	22.22
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	13.64	15.10	7.86	14.38	13.50
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	4.29	6.18	13.36	2.13	3.87
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.60	1.42	4.84	3.65	3.81
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	2.48	0.24	4.93	2.36	2.70
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	56.53	43.03	49.34	59.12	57.80
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.16	0.28	0.26
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	78.76	53.40	74.93	82.09	81.13
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	5.66	2.19	12.09	5.06	6.00
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.98	0.11	0.38	1.17	1.06
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.99	2.02	2.37	3.20	3.09
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.09	2.07	2.65	3.27	3.19
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	54.24	8.43	51.09	59.80	58.64
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	22.99	4.26	28.44	24.22	24.79
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	43.98	38.28	37.69	45.58	44.53
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	17.50	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	9.53	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	38.24	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	16.19	2.31	17.01	17.61	17.53
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	12.23	1.38	12.92	13.33	13.27
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	9.51	6.96	24.15	7.53	9.76
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	66.43	58.50	54.71	69.11	67.18
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.72	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.00	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

COLORADO

Table 22B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Colorado*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	22.41	9.88	31.91	22.33	23.61
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	14.49	3.76	19.10	14.97	15.52
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7.45	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	11.88	7.66	23.50	10.55	12.29
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.64	1.02	1.21	1.78	1.70
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.00	1.01	1.29	2.22	2.10
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.37	4.61	5.91	5.37	5.44
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	24.14	13.72	33.96	23.78	25.14
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	76.79	62.21	80.86	76.70	77.48
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	43.30	25.32	27.73
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	12.37	6.31	7.12
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	21.05	10.64	12.03
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	6.78	2.72	3.27
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	35.34	31.01	26.62	27.21
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	21.91	23.21	7.95	9.99
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	13.45	14.80	4.86	6.19
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	5.75	5.14	1.18	1.71
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.39	1.65	0.44	0.60
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

CONNECTICUT

Table 23A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Connecticut*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	622	23	129	470	600
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	792	33	166	593	759
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	557	20	125	413	537
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	509	41	31	438	469
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	46	13	19	13	33
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	108	5	18	85	103
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	66	1	16	49	65
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	1,954	111	209	1,634	1,843
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	1	11	12
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	2,509	137	291	2,080	2,371
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	97	4	32	61	93
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	16	0	1	15	15
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	71	5	7	59	66
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	76	5	10	61	71
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	1,665	19	224	1,422	1,646
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	734	12	142	580	722
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	1,303	104	136	1,063	1,199
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	74	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	44	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	162	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	490	5	61	423	485
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	395	3	41	351	392
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	274	18	103	152	255
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	2,211	165	237	1,809	2,046
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	21	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	15	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

CONNECTICUT

Table 23B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Connecticut*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	597	26	129	442	571
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	374	10	77	287	364
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	29	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	319	19	88	211	300
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	55	3	4	48	52
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	63	3	4	56	60
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	164	8	20	136	156
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	674	28	138	508	646
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	509	20	113	377	489
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	139	550	689
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	41	111	152
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	66	194	260
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	26	62	87
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	90	118	576	694
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	53	82	165	248
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	32	50	89	139
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	14	16	19	35
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	8	7	8	15
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

CONNECTICUT

Table 24A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Connecticut*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	19.92	8.51	33.88	19.01	21.00
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	25.37	12.27	43.51	23.99	26.60
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	17.83	7.39	32.62	16.68	18.81
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	16.30	15.18	8.12	17.70	16.41
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	3.25	5.75	10.96	1.38	2.77
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.45	1.74	4.74	3.44	3.61
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	2.11	0.24	4.29	1.97	2.28
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	62.58	41.44	54.71	66.07	64.55
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.17	0.46	0.42
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	80.37	51.24	76.38	84.07	83.04
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	3.12	1.51	8.38	2.48	3.27
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.50	0.12	0.17	0.59	0.54
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.26	1.72	1.88	2.38	2.32
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	2.42	1.73	2.65	2.46	2.49
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	53.30	7.19	58.60	57.49	57.64
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	23.50	4.37	37.29	23.45	25.30
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	41.72	38.76	35.76	42.95	41.99
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	18.14	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	10.67	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	39.62	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	15.67	1.79	16.08	17.12	16.98
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	12.63	0.98	10.73	14.19	13.73
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	8.76	6.87	26.91	6.16	8.93
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	70.81	61.58	62.14	73.14	71.67
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.10	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.73	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

CONNECTICUT

Table 24B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Connecticut*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	19.12	9.72	33.76	17.87	20.00
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	11.98	3.70	20.26	11.60	12.75
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7.01	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	10.21	7.18	23.17	8.54	10.49
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.75	1.03	1.09	1.93	1.82
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.01	1.03	1.08	2.26	2.10
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.25	2.97	5.31	5.48	5.46
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	21.59	10.57	36.11	20.54	22.62
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	75.55	70.98	83.85	73.64	75.74
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	36.43	22.23	24.13
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	10.62	4.50	5.32
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	17.22	7.86	9.11
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	6.74	2.49	3.06
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	33.72	30.98	23.29	24.32
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	19.66	21.59	6.67	8.67
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	11.87	13.08	3.60	4.86
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	5.30	4.08	0.77	1.21
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	2.99	1.87	0.33	0.54
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

DELAWARE

Table 25A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Delaware*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	146	7	29	111	139
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	191	9	36	147	182
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	131	6	27	98	125
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	161	15	9	137	146
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	11	3	4	4	8
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	31	1	3	27	30
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	14	0	3	11	14
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	571	35	57	479	536
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	4	4
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	724	42	75	607	682
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	24	1	8	15	23
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	6	0	0	5	6
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	28	1	3	24	27
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	28	1	3	24	27
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	466	5	50	410	460
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	201	3	28	170	198
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	373	31	36	307	342
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	16	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	9	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	44	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	165	1	15	149	164
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	137	1	11	125	136
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	69	4	22	43	65
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	613	46	61	506	567
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	4	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

DELAWARE

Table 25B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Delaware*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	157	8	28	121	149
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	95	2	16	77	93
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	85	7	17	61	78
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	17	1	1	14	15
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	18	1	1	16	17
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	39	3	4	31	36
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	173	9	29	135	164
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	135	6	24	105	129
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	33	143	176
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	9	35	44
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	14	50	64
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	6	17	23
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	23	27	161	188
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	14	18	48	66
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	10	12	25	37
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	6	4	7	11
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	3	2	3	5
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

DELAWARE

Table 26A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Delaware*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	16.68	9.17	29.94	15.66	17.37
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	21.80	11.94	37.02	20.76	22.72
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	14.93	7.49	27.83	13.94	15.62
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	18.41	20.71	9.28	19.42	18.19
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.38	4.53	6.87	1.25	2.00
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.58	2.00	3.22	3.79	3.72
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.57	0.18	2.79	1.55	1.70
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	65.18	47.41	59.31	67.84	66.81
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.06	0.63	0.56
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	82.57	55.77	77.51	86.03	85.00
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.73	1.70	8.08	2.11	2.82
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.65	0.11	0.35	0.75	0.70
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3.17	1.66	2.82	3.38	3.32
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.19	1.71	2.79	3.40	3.33
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	53.10	7.36	51.73	58.11	57.35
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	22.89	3.36	29.53	24.05	24.71
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	42.53	40.94	37.00	43.44	42.67
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	14.82	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	8.13	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	40.03	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	18.85	1.84	15.97	21.04	20.43
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	15.60	1.56	10.92	17.72	16.90
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	7.91	5.93	22.34	6.15	8.09
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	69.90	61.75	62.93	71.70	70.65
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.20	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.57	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

DELAWARE

Table 26B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Delaware*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	17.88	10.34	28.86	17.18	18.58
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	10.87	2.76	16.57	10.95	11.63
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.58	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	9.67	8.94	17.92	8.62	9.74
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.88	1.49	1.16	2.02	1.92
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.10	1.47	1.07	2.31	2.16
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.41	4.17	4.46	4.43	4.43
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	19.75	11.94	29.95	19.18	20.48
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	77.60	65.16	85.33	76.78	78.28
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	33.79	20.28	21.90
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	9.87	4.93	5.52
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	14.56	7.03	7.94
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.73	2.41	2.81
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	31.05	28.04	22.77	23.40
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	18.86	18.42	6.84	8.22
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	13.23	12.47	3.61	4.67
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	7.39	3.92	1.00	1.35
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.69	1.90	0.43	0.60
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Table 27A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *District of Columbia*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	144	3	30	111	141
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	188	4	39	145	184
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	129	3	27	99	127
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	84	7	7	70	77
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	10	2	4	4	8
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	32	0	5	26	32
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	19	0	6	14	19
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	310	17	43	251	293
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	3	3
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	444	19	61	364	425
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	41	0	7	34	41
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	2	0	0	2	2
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	13	1	1	11	12
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	17	1	3	13	16
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	360	3	53	304	357
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	181	2	35	144	179
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	240	14	30	196	226
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	9	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	20	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	88	1	16	71	87
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	69	1	13	56	68
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	43	2	14	27	41
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	425	19	53	354	406
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	3	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	2	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Table 27B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *District of Columbia*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	137	3	30	104	134
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	95	1	18	76	94
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	3	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	79	2	19	57	76
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	9	0	1	7	8
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	12	0	1	11	12
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	31	1	4	26	30
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	156	4	30	122	152
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	120	3	25	92	118
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	31	124	155
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	7	28	35
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	17	45	62
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	4	12	17
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	11	26	136	161
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	6	15	36	51
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	4	9	24	33
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	2	3	5	8
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	2	2	2	4
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Table 28A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *District of Columbia*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	24.91	8.59	37.85	23.93	25.98
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	32.61	12.58	48.56	31.40	33.92
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	22.43	8.14	34.11	21.52	23.36
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	14.55	18.52	9.03	15.21	14.29
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	4.58	6.23	14.59	2.35	4.32
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	5.53	1.08	6.88	5.65	5.82
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	3.35	0.05	6.93	2.98	3.56
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	53.72	46.99	53.35	54.28	54.15
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.06	0.66	0.57
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	76.92	52.55	75.97	78.89	78.46
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	7.09	0.86	8.47	7.32	7.49
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.32	0.01	0.26	0.35	0.34
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.27	1.67	1.58	2.43	2.31
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	2.89	1.69	3.29	2.92	2.97
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	62.47	8.58	66.50	65.91	65.99
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	31.36	5.52	43.40	31.27	33.05
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	41.56	39.67	38.00	42.33	41.68
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	18.78	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	9.65	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	40.93	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	15.31	2.57	20.48	15.40	16.14
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	11.95	2.34	15.68	12.04	12.57
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	7.49	6.10	17.92	5.79	7.58
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	73.75	54.82	65.89	76.54	74.97
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.30	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.50	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Table 28B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in the *District of Columbia*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	23.73	9.13	37.26	22.51	24.68
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	16.46	3.12	22.45	16.45	17.33
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.84	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	13.61	7.03	24.22	12.29	14.04
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.53	1.17	1.33	1.59	1.55
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.11	1.18	1.30	2.32	2.17
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.32	2.37	5.18	5.58	5.52
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	27.07	12.30	37.76	26.37	28.04
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	79.58	75.12	86.20	78.05	79.67
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	38.99	26.75	28.55
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	8.91	5.99	6.42
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	21.30	9.83	11.52
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.58	2.67	3.10
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	32.05	32.26	29.37	29.80
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	16.10	19.28	7.76	9.46
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	11.60	11.51	5.10	6.04
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.82	3.58	1.19	1.54
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	4.27	2.54	0.51	0.81
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

FLORIDA

Table 29A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Florida*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	2,985	117	559	2,308	2,867
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	3,832	182	743	2,908	3,650
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	2,771	99	524	2,148	2,672
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	4,977	324	268	4,385	4,653
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	229	72	92	65	157
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	566	23	79	463	542
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	302	3	69	231	299
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	13,506	760	1,229	11,516	12,745
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	2	43	45
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	16,308	848	1,538	13,922	15,460
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	460	26	129	305	434
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	138	2	4	131	136
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	570	32	65	472	538
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	587	32	66	489	555
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	9,461	106	1,000	8,356	9,356
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	4,060	47	540	3,474	4,013
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	9,347	659	865	7,822	8,688
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	335	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	167	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	994	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	2,988	27	280	2,681	2,960
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	2,360	14	184	2,161	2,346
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	1,658	112	514	1,032	1,546
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	14,141	967	1,321	11,854	13,174
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	101	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	58	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

FLORIDA

Table 29B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Florida*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	3,056	141	584	2,331	2,915
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	1,846	40	307	1,499	1,806
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	123	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	1,673	108	389	1,176	1,565
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	353	18	26	309	335
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	389	18	24	347	371
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	863	84	112	667	778
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	3,376	193	620	2,563	3,183
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	2,524	100	491	1,933	2,424
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	696	2,856	3,551
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	235	723	957
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	309	1,037	1,345
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	131	311	442
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	426	460	2,826	3,286
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	301	395	1,056	1,452
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	199	260	527	787
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	93	94	142	236
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	53	46	61	107
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

FLORIDA

Table 30A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Florida*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	15.45	7.63	27.34	14.67	16.13
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	19.84	11.88	36.30	18.48	20.53
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	14.36	6.45	25.62	13.65	15.04
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	25.76	21.11	13.11	27.86	26.16
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.12	5.07	8.29	0.83	1.69
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	2.93	1.53	3.88	2.94	3.05
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.57	0.18	3.37	1.47	1.68
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	69.92	49.54	60.09	73.18	71.66
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.07	0.28	0.25
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	84.47	55.26	75.21	88.46	86.93
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.38	1.71	6.30	1.94	2.44
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.71	0.14	0.21	0.84	0.76
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.95	2.11	3.20	3.00	3.02
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.04	2.08	3.22	3.11	3.12
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	48.98	6.89	48.89	53.09	52.62
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	21.02	3.03	26.38	22.07	22.57
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	48.39	42.94	42.32	49.70	48.86
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	14.47	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7.20	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	42.90	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	15.47	1.77	13.68	17.03	16.65
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	12.22	0.93	9.00	13.73	13.19
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	8.58	7.31	25.14	6.56	8.69
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	73.21	62.99	64.57	75.32	74.08
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.37	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	2.50	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

FLORIDA

Table 30B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Florida*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	15.82	9.16	28.54	14.81	16.40
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	9.56	2.61	15.03	9.52	10.16
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.33	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	8.67	7.06	19.03	7.47	8.80
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.83	1.16	1.27	1.96	1.88
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.02	1.18	1.16	2.21	2.09
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.47	5.50	5.46	4.24	4.38
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	17.48	12.59	30.32	16.29	17.91
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	74.72	54.59	81.60	74.58	75.89
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	34.02	18.15	19.97
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	11.48	4.59	5.38
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	15.10	6.59	7.57
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	6.40	1.98	2.49
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	27.78	22.49	17.96	18.48
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	19.62	19.32	6.71	8.16
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.98	12.70	3.35	4.42
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.08	4.60	0.90	1.33
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.43	2.26	0.39	0.60
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

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Table 31A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Georgia*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	1,374	69	276	1,028	1,304
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	1,815	114	392	1,309	1,701
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	1,209	62	265	882	1,147
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	1,874	193	134	1,546	1,680
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	131	41	46	45	90
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	320	16	44	260	304
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	146	1	36	109	145
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	6,360	479	726	5,156	5,881
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	28	28
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	7,531	507	898	6,126	7,024
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	218	9	58	150	209
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	107	1	4	102	106
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	324	18	40	266	307
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	328	18	35	275	309
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	4,190	61	552	3,578	4,129
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	1,918	29	320	1,569	1,889
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	4,318	398	511	3,408	3,920
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	164	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	96	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	586	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	1,986	19	214	1,753	1,967
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	1,489	12	119	1,357	1,477
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	857	67	258	533	790
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	6,095	518	713	4,864	5,577
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	67	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	37	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

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Table 31B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Georgia*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	1,576	83	293	1,199	1,492
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	885	23	159	703	862
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	61	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	927	74	200	653	854
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	204	15	17	172	189
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	212	15	15	183	198
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	343	40	50	253	303
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	1,729	105	303	1,321	1,624
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	1,427	70	259	1,097	1,357
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	373	1,533	1,906
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	118	394	511
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	147	509	656
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	59	167	225
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	270	271	1,407	1,679
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	156	184	494	677
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	111	140	295	435
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	53	55	94	149
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	35	23	31	54
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

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Table 32A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Georgia*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	14.98	7.59	23.89	14.48	15.79
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	19.79	12.49	33.89	18.43	20.60
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	13.17	6.75	22.90	12.42	13.88
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	20.42	21.15	11.59	21.77	20.34
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.45	5.08	7.13	1.07	1.95
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.48	1.72	3.80	3.66	3.68
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.59	0.16	3.07	1.54	1.75
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	69.36	52.34	62.81	72.58	71.22
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.03	0.40	0.34
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	82.15	55.45	77.72	86.24	85.05
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.38	1.02	5.06	2.12	2.53
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.16	0.09	0.31	1.44	1.28
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3.54	1.94	3.48	3.75	3.71
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.57	1.99	3.02	3.87	3.75
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	45.68	6.67	47.74	50.37	50.00
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	20.91	3.20	27.69	22.09	22.87
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	47.07	43.55	44.23	47.99	47.46
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	12.42	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7.25	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	44.40	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	21.65	2.08	18.49	24.69	23.82
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	16.23	1.31	10.33	19.11	17.88
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	9.34	7.28	22.31	7.50	9.57
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	66.44	56.59	61.67	68.49	67.53
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.05	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	2.79	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

GEORGIA

Table 32B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Georgia*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	17.17	9.11	25.37	16.88	18.07
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	9.65	2.54	13.80	9.89	10.44
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.65	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	10.11	8.05	17.34	9.20	10.34
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	2.22	1.61	1.47	2.42	2.29
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.32	1.59	1.26	2.58	2.40
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	3.74	4.32	4.30	3.57	3.67
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	18.85	11.49	26.20	18.60	19.66
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	80.41	63.78	83.67	80.99	81.50
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	32.26	21.59	23.08
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	10.19	5.54	6.19
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	12.69	7.17	7.94
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.06	2.35	2.73
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	29.51	23.48	19.81	20.33
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	17.03	15.90	6.95	8.20
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.17	12.07	4.15	5.26
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	5.80	4.76	1.32	1.81
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.84	1.97	0.44	0.65
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

HAWAII

Table 33A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Hawaii*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	187	7	28	152	180
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	237	9	39	188	227
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	180	5	26	149	175
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	274	19	14	242	255
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	13	3	6	4	10
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	39	2	6	31	38
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	18	0	4	13	18
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	772	44	68	660	728
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	2	3
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	935	49	86	800	886
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	38	1	8	29	37
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	13	0	0	12	12
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	31	2	3	27	30
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	34	2	4	28	33
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	501	6	48	446	495
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	246	4	31	212	243
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	522	40	49	433	483
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	17	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	10	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	57	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	178	2	17	159	176
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	144	2	11	132	143
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	110	9	33	69	101
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	836	58	70	709	778
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	5	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

HAWAII

Table 33B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Hawaii*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	202	7	29	166	195
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	120	3	19	98	117
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	8	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	102	5	19	79	97
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	20	1	1	19	20
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	24	1	1	21	23
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	56	5	5	46	51
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	220	11	30	179	209
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	161	5	27	128	155
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	41	191	231
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	14	42	55
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	14	61	75
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	5	15	21
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	25	26	146	171
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	16	16	54	70
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	13	18	35	53
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	5	6	8	13
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	4	3	3	6
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

HAWAII

Table 34A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Hawaii*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	15.76	7.26	24.00	15.61	16.52
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	19.89	9.70	32.77	19.34	20.81
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	15.14	4.93	22.15	15.29	16.05
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	23.07	19.99	11.40	24.81	23.35
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.40	4.24	9.92	1.08	2.11
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.32	1.88	5.33	3.22	3.45
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.50	0.20	3.62	1.38	1.62
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	64.90	45.70	57.07	67.77	66.60
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.04	0.25	0.23
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	78.63	50.78	72.54	82.11	81.07
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	3.22	1.06	7.02	2.98	3.41
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.06	0.13	0.15	1.26	1.14
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.64	1.60	2.58	2.75	2.73
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	2.86	1.61	3.57	2.90	2.98
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	42.11	6.54	40.91	45.83	45.30
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	20.69	3.70	25.97	21.75	22.21
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	43.94	40.99	41.73	44.49	44.20
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	12.35	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7.15	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	41.00	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	14.98	2.07	14.59	16.32	16.14
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	12.14	1.76	9.13	13.54	13.07
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	9.28	9.48	27.48	7.05	9.26
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	70.30	59.50	58.72	72.78	71.26
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.12	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.35	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

HAWAII

Table 34B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Hawaii*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	16.94	6.84	24.60	17.02	17.84
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	10.09	3.29	16.16	10.04	10.70
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.05	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	8.62	5.20	15.69	8.09	8.92
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.71	0.74	0.73	1.92	1.79
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	1.99	0.73	1.23	2.20	2.10
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.71	5.15	3.82	4.77	4.67
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	18.53	11.68	24.98	18.42	19.14
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	74.22	52.82	84.73	73.61	75.32
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	34.26	19.57	21.16
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	11.59	4.27	5.06
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	12.19	6.22	6.87
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	4.52	1.58	1.90
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	25.75	21.80	14.95	15.69
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	16.06	13.34	5.54	6.38
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.92	15.18	3.58	4.84
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	5.49	4.91	0.77	1.22
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	4.12	2.19	0.31	0.51
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

IDAHO

Table 35A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Idaho*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	241	12	50	180	230
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	319	18	72	230	301
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	222	10	48	165	212
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	309	37	25	247	272
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	24	7	10	7	17
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	48	3	8	38	45
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	26	0	7	19	26
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	1,026	80	122	824	946
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	4	4
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	1,298	89	165	1,044	1,209
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	61	2	18	40	58
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	21	0	1	20	21
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	68	4	6	59	65
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	67	4	6	57	63
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	722	12	98	612	710
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	334	6	59	268	328
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	713	64	80	570	649
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	41	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	26	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	101	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	266	2	34	230	264
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	207	2	28	177	205
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	204	13	66	124	191
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	1,073	103	127	843	970
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	12	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	9	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

IDAHO

Table 35B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Idaho*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	285	16	57	212	269
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	174	7	35	132	167
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	17	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	163	12	39	111	151
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	28	2	2	24	26
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	31	2	3	26	29
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	86	10	12	64	76
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	330	22	62	246	309
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	240	13	51	176	228
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	84	306	391
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	28	72	101
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	33	95	129
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	15	32	46
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	57	72	326	398
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	35	45	108	152
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	24	36	50	86
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	11	12	13	25
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	7	5	5	10
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

IDAHO

Table 36A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Idaho*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	14.77	6.76	23.02	14.43	15.70
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	19.55	10.42	33.11	18.45	20.60
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	13.59	5.66	22.10	13.21	14.51
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	18.93	21.85	11.41	19.85	18.59
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.60	4.50	7.63	1.13	2.20
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	2.94	1.59	3.54	3.02	3.10
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.61	0.23	3.30	1.51	1.77
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	62.85	47.09	56.40	66.07	64.65
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.18	0.30	0.29
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	79.58	52.51	76.25	83.76	82.65
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	3.71	1.37	8.40	3.21	3.98
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.31	0.15	0.62	1.59	1.44
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	4.18	2.19	2.71	4.71	4.41
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	4.07	2.23	2.82	4.54	4.29
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	44.22	7.20	45.38	49.05	48.51
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	20.46	3.70	27.49	21.52	22.40
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	43.69	37.58	36.85	45.71	44.39
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	15.58	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	9.78	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	38.29	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	16.31	1.25	15.81	18.45	18.06
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	12.69	1.11	13.01	14.22	14.03
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	12.47	7.59	30.69	9.98	13.04
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	65.70	60.45	58.66	67.64	66.31
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.66	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.52	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

IDAHO

Table 36B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Idaho*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	17.43	9.24	26.18	17.03	18.37
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	10.64	4.04	16.05	10.60	11.41
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.65	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	9.97	7.09	18.20	8.94	10.30
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.70	1.03	1.04	1.91	1.78
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	1.88	1.05	1.22	2.11	1.98
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.27	5.94	5.50	5.14	5.19
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	20.21	12.67	28.73	19.77	21.09
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	73.65	54.74	81.47	73.35	75.05
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	39.09	24.58	26.72
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	13.18	5.78	6.87
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	15.49	7.62	8.78
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	6.73	2.54	3.15
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	33.22	33.33	26.16	27.22
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	20.58	20.79	8.63	10.42
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	14.12	16.73	4.03	5.90
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.39	5.53	1.02	1.69
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	4.00	2.15	0.40	0.66
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

ILLINOIS

Table 37A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Illinois*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	1,943	81	340	1,522	1,861
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	2,511	127	505	1,879	2,384
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	1,834	75	339	1,421	1,760
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	1,864	185	119	1,560	1,679
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	141	42	52	47	99
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	358	15	47	295	342
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	250	2	52	195	247
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	6,663	441	726	5,496	6,222
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	1	31	32
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	8,561	520	974	7,067	8,041
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	290	13	87	189	277
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	94	1	4	89	93
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	307	17	33	257	290
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	341	17	36	288	323
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	5,659	87	688	4,884	5,573
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	2,723	45	400	2,278	2,678
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	4,358	385	492	3,482	3,973
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	252	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	147	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	566	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	1,932	18	208	1,707	1,914
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	1,535	16	130	1,390	1,520
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	932	78	341	513	855
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	7,286	623	828	5,834	6,663
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	72	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	51	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

ILLINOIS

Table 37B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Illinois*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	1,863	92	345	1,426	1,771
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	1,197	35	205	956	1,162
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	89	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	1,004	73	228	702	930
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	190	7	15	168	183
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	202	7	16	179	195
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	428	42	65	321	386
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	2,105	120	375	1,609	1,985
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	1,670	74	318	1,278	1,596
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	425	1,767	2,192
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	120	374	494
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	179	595	774
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	64	197	261
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	319	362	1,817	2,179
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	200	217	559	776
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	136	162	324	487
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	68	49	72	120
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	35	25	26	51
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

ILLINOIS

Table 38A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Illinois*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	18.19	8.24	26.28	18.11	19.20
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	23.51	12.88	39.05	22.37	24.59
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	17.18	7.56	26.23	16.91	18.16
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	17.45	18.81	9.18	18.57	17.31
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.56	5.01	8.00	1.18	2.12
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.35	1.56	3.64	3.51	3.53
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	2.34	0.25	4.04	2.32	2.55
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	62.42	44.77	56.18	65.42	64.19
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.07	0.36	0.33
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	80.22	52.76	75.36	84.13	82.96
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.71	1.33	6.75	2.25	2.85
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.88	0.14	0.31	1.06	0.96
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.88	1.71	2.55	3.06	2.99
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.19	1.74	2.77	3.42	3.34
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	52.99	8.79	53.24	58.14	57.49
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	25.50	4.56	30.96	27.12	27.63
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	40.81	39.04	38.02	41.45	40.99
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	17.04	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	9.91	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	38.20	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	18.09	1.79	16.07	20.31	19.75
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	14.38	1.59	10.03	16.55	15.68
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	8.73	7.87	26.40	6.11	8.81
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	68.23	63.21	64.08	69.45	68.73
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.86	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.47	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

ILLINOIS

Table 38B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Illinois*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	17.45	9.32	26.67	16.98	18.27
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	11.21	3.58	15.86	11.39	11.98
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.01	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	9.40	7.44	17.63	8.36	9.60
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.78	0.73	1.18	2.00	1.89
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	1.89	0.73	1.21	2.13	2.01
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.01	4.31	5.04	3.82	3.98
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	19.71	12.17	29.04	19.16	20.48
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	79.54	63.18	82.73	79.95	80.50
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	32.88	21.04	22.61
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	9.32	4.45	5.10
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	13.88	7.08	7.99
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	4.95	2.34	2.69
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	32.36	28.01	21.63	22.48
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	20.30	16.82	6.65	8.01
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	13.79	12.54	3.86	5.02
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.87	3.76	0.85	1.24
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.60	1.97	0.31	0.53
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

INDIANA

Table 39A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Indiana*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	838	39	178	622	799
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	1,131	62	271	798	1,069
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	752	32	168	552	720
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	1,090	107	76	907	984
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	81	24	33	23	56
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	186	9	36	141	177
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	80	1	20	59	79
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	3,965	276	451	3,238	3,688
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	2	21	22
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	4,739	310	578	3,851	4,429
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	128	6	49	73	122
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	60	1	5	55	59
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	177	10	21	146	167
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	186	10	21	154	175
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	2,653	33	370	2,251	2,620
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	1,129	16	202	911	1,113
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	2,353	205	260	1,888	2,148
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	103	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	55	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	299	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	1,219	11	121	1,088	1,209
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	998	7	86	904	991
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	541	39	194	308	502
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	3,740	343	449	2,948	3,397
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	36	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	26	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

INDIANA

Table 39B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Indiana*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	850	45	186	619	805
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	487	12	97	378	475
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	32	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	483	40	130	314	443
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	117	7	8	103	110
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	120	7	8	104	113
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	261	28	34	199	233
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	973	58	196	719	914
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	707	35	164	508	672
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	284	945	1,229
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	87	237	324
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	110	293	404
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	43	113	156
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	187	232	1,116	1,349
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	95	138	312	450
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	73	107	177	284
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	33	37	52	89
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	19	15	21	36
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

INDIANA

Table 40A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Indiana*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	14.61	6.94	23.72	14.03	15.43
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	19.71	11.15	36.23	18.01	20.64
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	13.10	5.70	22.49	12.45	13.89
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	18.99	19.10	10.22	20.47	18.98
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.47	4.75	8.03	0.98	2.05
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.24	1.67	4.80	3.18	3.41
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.40	0.18	2.64	1.34	1.53
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	69.12	49.47	60.21	73.07	71.21
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.21	0.46	0.43
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	82.64	55.45	77.24	86.90	85.51
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.24	1.14	6.58	1.64	2.36
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.04	0.12	0.62	1.23	1.14
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3.08	1.86	2.81	3.29	3.22
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.23	1.86	2.79	3.48	3.38
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	46.24	5.93	49.36	50.79	50.58
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	19.67	2.79	27.03	20.55	21.49
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	41.01	36.75	34.74	42.60	41.46
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	13.04	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.99	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	37.91	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	21.25	1.89	16.16	24.55	23.33
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	17.39	1.32	11.54	20.41	19.12
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	9.43	7.03	25.88	6.95	9.69
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	65.19	61.47	59.97	66.53	65.58
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.54	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.32	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

INDIANA

Table 40B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Indiana*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	14.81	8.07	24.84	13.96	15.53
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	8.49	2.16	13.01	8.53	9.18
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.03	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	8.42	7.17	17.30	7.08	8.56
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	2.04	1.22	1.05	2.31	2.13
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.09	1.21	1.13	2.36	2.18
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.54	4.95	4.51	4.50	4.50
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	16.95	10.46	26.12	16.22	17.65
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	73.49	56.49	84.49	72.05	74.69
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	37.93	21.33	23.73
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	11.67	5.34	6.26
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	14.75	6.62	7.79
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.68	2.55	3.01
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	33.54	31.06	25.19	26.04
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	17.01	18.42	7.05	8.69
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	13.10	14.26	4.00	5.48
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	5.84	4.92	1.18	1.72
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.42	2.04	0.47	0.70
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

IOWA

Table 41A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Iowa*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	328	15	74	239	313
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	417	24	112	282	394
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	283	13	74	196	269
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	486	56	36	394	431
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	36	10	15	10	26
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	81	4	14	63	77
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	42	1	11	30	41
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	1,707	120	205	1,382	1,587
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	1	5	6
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	2,130	137	266	1,727	1,993
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	58	3	22	33	55
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	27	0	3	23	26
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	83	4	8	70	78
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	85	4	10	71	81
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	1,384	17	200	1,167	1,367
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	634	9	123	503	625
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	995	94	111	790	901
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	71	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	42	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	141	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	507	4	60	444	503
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	405	4	45	355	401
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	242	21	95	126	221
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	1,721	156	205	1,359	1,564
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	22	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	17	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

IOWA

Table 41B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Iowa*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	438	18	95	325	419
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	271	6	57	208	265
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	24	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	226	15	55	156	211
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	58	3	4	51	56
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	57	3	5	50	55
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	133	12	18	104	122
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	511	25	103	383	486
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	378	15	85	278	362
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	125	501	626
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	43	118	161
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	54	156	210
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	22	54	76
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	88	125	533	658
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	49	64	168	232
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	33	50	93	143
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	16	18	23	41
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	8	7	10	17
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

IOWA

Table 42A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Iowa*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	12.17	5.77	20.62	11.51	12.85
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	15.49	9.15	31.03	13.58	16.16
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	10.49	5.17	20.39	9.44	11.05
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	18.05	21.61	9.99	19.02	17.68
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.09	3.97	6.58	0.85	1.76
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.00	1.37	4.01	3.02	3.17
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.55	0.20	3.17	1.44	1.70
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	63.41	46.35	56.91	66.63	65.19
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.31	0.24	0.25
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	79.15	52.96	73.86	83.26	81.87
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.15	1.17	6.12	1.58	2.25
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.99	0.17	0.91	1.10	1.07
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3.06	1.69	2.21	3.38	3.21
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.15	1.65	2.71	3.41	3.31
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	51.39	6.62	55.33	56.28	56.14
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	23.54	3.35	34.05	24.23	25.68
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	36.94	36.48	30.77	38.07	36.98
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	17.57	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	10.52	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	34.83	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	18.84	1.60	16.53	21.39	20.67
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	15.02	1.54	12.57	17.13	16.45
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	8.97	8.03	26.24	6.09	9.07
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	63.89	60.50	56.95	65.52	64.25
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.53	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.32	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

IOWA

Table 42B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Iowa*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	16.24	7.09	26.25	15.65	17.21
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	10.07	2.51	15.87	10.00	10.87
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.94	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	8.38	5.77	15.26	7.51	8.66
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	2.16	0.97	1.24	2.47	2.28
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.12	0.97	1.41	2.39	2.24
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.95	4.53	4.89	5.01	4.99
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	18.96	9.71	28.46	18.47	19.95
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	73.82	56.91	83.19	72.50	74.77
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	34.70	24.16	25.72
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	11.82	5.71	6.61
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	15.03	7.52	8.63
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	6.17	2.59	3.12
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	34.21	34.57	25.70	27.01
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	18.87	17.79	8.09	9.53
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.75	13.83	4.49	5.87
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.16	5.04	1.12	1.70
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.25	1.93	0.48	0.70
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

KANSAS

Table 43A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Kansas*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	334	17	68	249	317
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	453	27	109	317	426
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	287	15	67	205	272
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	425	47	31	348	378
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	33	12	13	8	22
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	70	4	12	53	66
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	38	1	10	27	38
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	1,603	117	183	1,303	1,486
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	5	5
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	1,951	136	251	1,564	1,816
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	60	3	22	35	57
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	23	0	2	21	23
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	69	5	9	55	64
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	68	5	10	52	63
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	1,273	22	179	1,072	1,251
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	581	11	116	453	570
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	946	93	112	741	853
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	56	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	36	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	135	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	475	5	53	417	470
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	363	4	37	322	359
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	250	20	88	141	230
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	1,619	153	192	1,274	1,466
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	18	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	13	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

KANSAS

Table 43B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Kansas*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	395	21	91	283	374
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	249	8	57	184	241
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	21	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	197	17	49	131	180
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	47	4	4	40	44
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	52	4	4	44	48
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	109	12	15	81	96
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	449	28	97	324	421
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	336	17	81	238	319
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	114	405	519
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	37	97	134
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	50	131	181
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	20	45	65
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	77	99	466	565
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	48	61	135	196
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	31	44	83	127
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	15	16	20	37
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	9	6	8	14
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

KANSAS

Table 44A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Kansas*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	13.73	7.00	20.78	13.39	14.49
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	18.59	10.87	33.10	17.05	19.46
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	11.80	6.11	20.51	11.03	12.44
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	17.47	18.99	9.32	18.72	17.30
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.50	5.21	7.38	0.93	1.97
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	2.86	1.52	3.74	2.88	3.01
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.57	0.21	3.12	1.48	1.72
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	65.91	47.39	55.75	70.12	67.97
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.13	0.25	0.23
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	80.24	55.00	76.45	84.19	83.03
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.48	1.34	6.69	1.89	2.61
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.95	0.15	0.54	1.13	1.04
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.85	2.04	2.85	2.96	2.94
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	2.78	2.05	3.14	2.82	2.87
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	52.29	8.87	54.35	57.70	57.19
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	23.87	4.58	35.43	24.39	26.04
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	38.87	37.66	34.13	39.87	39.00
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	15.68	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	10.04	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	37.64	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	19.49	1.88	16.16	22.43	21.48
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	14.93	1.73	11.38	17.32	16.42
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	10.27	8.20	26.86	7.61	10.51
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	66.50	61.94	58.27	68.56	67.02
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.01	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.53	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

KANSAS

Table 44B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Kansas*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	16.24	8.61	27.67	15.24	17.10
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	10.21	3.10	17.33	9.90	11.01
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.83	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	8.10	6.83	14.96	7.06	8.24
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.95	1.44	1.19	2.15	2.01
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.12	1.45	1.28	2.36	2.19
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.46	5.05	4.71	4.34	4.40
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	18.44	11.14	29.65	17.43	19.26
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	75.54	56.60	84.57	74.57	76.87
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	34.64	21.79	23.72
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	11.26	5.25	6.15
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	15.32	7.05	8.29
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	6.13	2.40	2.96
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	31.33	30.01	25.08	25.82
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	19.34	18.49	7.28	8.97
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.62	13.45	4.44	5.79
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.26	5.00	1.10	1.69
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.50	1.97	0.42	0.65
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

KENTUCKY

Table 45A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Kentucky*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	519	22	93	403	496
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	651	36	132	482	615
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	436	19	86	331	417
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	737	85	46	607	653
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	49	14	18	17	35
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	150	6	24	120	144
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	64	1	14	49	63
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	2,583	190	275	2,119	2,394
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	1	16	17
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	3,143	209	366	2,568	2,934
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	91	4	28	59	87
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	65	0	4	60	64
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	155	7	16	133	149
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	166	7	14	145	159
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	1,603	19	198	1,386	1,584
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	704	10	119	575	694
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	1,599	146	154	1,299	1,454
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	62	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	37	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	202	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	926	8	78	840	918
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	749	5	61	683	744
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	399	28	130	241	371
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	2,362	212	241	1,910	2,150
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	27	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	18	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

KENTUCKY

Table 45B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Kentucky*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	663	28	115	519	635
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	376	10	65	301	366
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	26	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	363	23	68	273	340
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	119	5	7	107	114
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	119	5	7	107	114
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	225	21	24	180	203
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	763	41	125	597	721
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	528	23	98	408	506
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	147	717	864
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	55	213	268
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	60	262	322
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	27	105	132
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	122	151	804	955
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	73	84	291	375
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	45	56	130	186
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	22	26	43	69
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	13	11	15	26
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

KENTUCKY

Table 46A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Kentucky*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	13.72	6.25	20.40	13.58	14.49
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	17.22	10.19	28.94	16.25	17.94
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	11.52	5.27	18.77	11.16	12.17
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	19.51	23.86	10.08	20.44	19.06
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.07	3.99	6.03	0.99	1.73
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.97	1.75	5.34	4.03	4.20
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.69	0.19	3.13	1.65	1.84
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	68.38	53.49	60.18	71.38	69.89
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.26	0.53	0.49
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	83.21	58.96	80.20	86.50	85.66
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.40	1.09	6.10	1.98	2.53
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.71	0.13	0.98	2.01	1.88
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	4.11	1.84	3.51	4.47	4.35
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	4.39	1.94	3.00	4.89	4.64
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	42.41	5.25	43.35	46.70	46.26
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	18.62	2.84	26.00	19.37	20.26
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	42.32	41.15	33.82	43.76	42.44
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	12.15	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7.23	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	39.58	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	24.50	2.20	17.19	28.29	26.81
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	19.82	1.50	13.29	23.01	21.72
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	10.55	7.80	28.45	8.13	10.84
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	62.50	59.76	52.78	64.32	62.78
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.21	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.60	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

KENTUCKY

Table 46B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Kentucky*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	17.53	7.90	25.25	17.49	18.53
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	9.96	2.85	14.18	10.15	10.69
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.05	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	9.61	6.42	14.84	9.18	9.94
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	3.14	1.39	1.51	3.60	3.32
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	3.14	1.35	1.55	3.60	3.33
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.94	5.99	5.15	6.06	5.94
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	20.18	11.66	27.33	20.09	21.06
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	70.16	51.43	81.28	69.27	71.33
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	32.20	24.15	25.22
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	12.07	7.17	7.82
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	13.20	8.83	9.42
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.89	3.54	3.85
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	34.37	33.19	27.08	27.90
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	20.53	18.46	9.79	10.95
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.58	12.30	4.39	5.44
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.13	5.68	1.46	2.02
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.54	2.51	0.51	0.77
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

LOUISIANA

Table 47A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Louisiana*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	628	27	112	490	601
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	823	43	148	631	780
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	550	23	102	424	526
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	855	87	58	710	768
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	47	16	18	13	31
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	152	7	22	123	146
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	74	1	12	61	73
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	2,663	206	305	2,152	2,457
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	19	19
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	3,177	215	374	2,588	2,962
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	125	5	30	89	119
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	56	0	3	53	56
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	168	7	21	139	160
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	176	8	18	150	168
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	1,796	30	218	1,548	1,766
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	958	14	138	805	943
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	1,745	158	202	1,385	1,587
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	85	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	51	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	233	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	999	10	89	899	989
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	773	6	58	709	768
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	438	29	126	283	409
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	2,480	218	293	1,969	2,262
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	35	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	22	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

LOUISIANA

Table 47B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Louisiana*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	753	35	129	588	718
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	428	12	69	347	416
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	36	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	462	28	88	347	435
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	135	4	8	122	130
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	142	4	7	131	138
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	192	22	25	145	170
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	827	47	133	647	780
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	621	27	104	490	594
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	135	639	774
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	42	174	216
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	58	246	305
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	29	86	114
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	109	112	667	779
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	66	63	218	281
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	48	53	126	179
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	26	18	33	51
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	15	10	17	27
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

LOUISIANA

Table 48A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Louisiana*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	16.55	7.26	24.04	16.53	17.55
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	21.67	11.76	31.91	21.30	22.74
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	14.48	6.34	22.01	14.31	15.35
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	22.51	23.52	12.56	23.95	22.40
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.16	4.49	6.73	0.86	1.72
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	4.01	1.81	4.82	4.16	4.25
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.95	0.15	2.63	2.07	2.14
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	70.17	55.77	65.64	72.64	71.69
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.05	0.63	0.55
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	83.73	58.28	80.44	87.35	86.41
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	3.28	1.44	6.47	3.01	3.48
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.48	0.07	0.55	1.81	1.64
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	4.41	2.01	4.49	4.70	4.67
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	4.63	2.07	3.87	5.07	4.91
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	47.31	8.10	46.94	52.26	51.54
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	25.22	3.88	29.73	27.18	27.52
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	45.95	42.73	43.46	46.74	46.29
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	15.32	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	9.19	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	42.09	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	26.30	2.68	19.21	30.36	28.85
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	20.37	1.49	12.56	23.95	22.40
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	11.54	7.90	27.17	9.54	11.93
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	65.31	58.85	63.08	66.46	66.00
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.32	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.03	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

LOUISIANA

Table 48B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Louisiana*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	19.83	9.52	27.81	19.86	20.94
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	11.27	3.28	14.83	11.71	12.13
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.53	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	12.17	7.48	18.86	11.71	12.68
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	3.55	1.19	1.82	4.11	3.80
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	3.75	1.17	1.55	4.42	4.03
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.07	5.98	5.35	4.91	4.97
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	21.78	12.58	28.69	21.84	22.77
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	76.46	54.59	79.90	77.39	77.84
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	29.04	21.58	22.59
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	8.96	5.89	6.30
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	12.56	8.31	8.89
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	6.15	2.90	3.34
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	29.39	24.17	22.51	22.74
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	17.74	13.49	7.37	8.20
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.97	11.31	4.26	5.22
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.94	3.81	1.12	1.48
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	4.04	2.23	0.57	0.80
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MAINE

Table 49A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Maine*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	304	9	49	246	295
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	365	13	62	289	352
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	281	8	48	225	273
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	147	16	8	123	131
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	16	4	6	7	12
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	44	2	6	36	43
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	24	0	7	18	24
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	774	44	68	662	730
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	1	3	4
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	991	50	98	843	941
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	55	1	18	36	54
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	14	0	1	13	14
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	36	2	3	31	34
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	34	2	3	29	32
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	643	7	71	564	635
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	243	3	42	198	240
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	477	35	38	405	443
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	25	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	13	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	50	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	245	2	25	218	243
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	200	2	20	178	198
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	107	6	37	64	101
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	837	60	75	702	777
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	9	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	7	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MAINE

Table 49B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Maine*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	249	9	45	195	240
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	140	3	24	113	137
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	9	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	151	7	33	111	144
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	25	1	1	23	24
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	24	1	2	22	23
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	67	4	6	57	62
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	286	11	45	229	274
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	219	7	39	172	212
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	46	245	290
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	15	54	69
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	25	84	109
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	8	28	37
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	33	44	270	314
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	19	24	82	106
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	14	17	42	59
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	5	7	12	19
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	3	3	4	7
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MAINE

Table 50A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Maine*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	24.99	10.41	39.18	24.54	26.17
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	29.97	14.39	49.83	28.90	31.23
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	23.06	8.41	38.25	22.48	24.25
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	12.10	17.80	6.43	12.29	11.64
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	3.75	5.66	12.65	2.05	3.36
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.63	1.74	5.15	3.61	3.78
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	2.01	0.20	5.38	1.75	2.15
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	63.56	48.23	54.52	66.07	64.78
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.55	0.34	0.36
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	81.42	54.99	78.50	84.13	83.50
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	4.52	1.56	14.18	3.59	4.76
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.14	0.17	0.85	1.26	1.22
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.92	1.87	2.70	3.05	3.01
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	2.81	1.88	2.63	2.92	2.88
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	52.82	8.24	57.18	56.32	56.42
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	19.96	3.62	33.62	19.74	21.28
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	39.23	38.22	30.36	40.41	39.31
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	18.25	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	9.92	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	36.61	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	20.09	1.90	19.78	21.78	21.56
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	16.43	1.95	16.17	17.77	17.60
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	8.78	6.91	29.31	6.39	8.93
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	68.81	66.25	60.30	70.09	69.00
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.29	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.82	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MAINE

Table 50B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Maine*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	20.44	9.57	36.05	19.47	21.32
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	11.52	3.50	19.63	11.24	12.17
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.88	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	12.38	7.51	26.09	11.11	12.78
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	2.09	1.07	1.06	2.31	2.17
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	1.99	1.05	1.29	2.16	2.06
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.47	4.68	4.56	5.65	5.53
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	23.47	12.40	36.40	22.86	24.37
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	76.48	62.30	86.20	75.24	77.07
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	36.48	24.43	25.76
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	11.94	5.37	6.10
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	20.10	8.41	9.71
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	6.70	2.83	3.26
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	36.15	34.88	26.99	27.87
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	20.59	19.60	8.15	9.42
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	15.36	14.02	4.15	5.24
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	5.81	5.44	1.17	1.64
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.54	2.46	0.39	0.62
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MARYLAND

Table 51A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Maryland*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	831	38	154	640	793
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	1,069	53	205	811	1,016
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	743	32	145	565	711
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	1,016	99	59	858	917
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	83	20	28	35	63
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	177	9	22	146	168
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	74	1	16	58	74
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	3,359	223	327	2,810	3,137
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	36	37
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	4,262	262	443	3,556	3,999
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	141	8	45	88	134
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	23	0	2	21	23
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	145	9	15	122	137
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	157	9	16	133	149
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	2,524	30	301	2,193	2,494
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	1,044	14	152	877	1,030
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	2,515	219	253	2,043	2,296
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	89	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	44	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	304	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	787	8	88	691	779
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	592	4	52	537	588
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	368	30	126	212	338
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	3,732	307	380	3,045	3,426
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	32	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	18	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MARYLAND

Table 51B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Maryland*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	789	42	159	588	747
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	462	11	84	367	451
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	31	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	479	37	109	333	443
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	81	7	7	68	75
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	99	7	7	85	92
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	207	21	25	160	185
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	904	57	167	680	847
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	696	31	143	522	665
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	211	844	1,055
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	58	202	260
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	81	232	312
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	28	81	109
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	158	174	931	1,105
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	106	122	273	394
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	70	74	154	228
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	36	26	42	67
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	21	14	20	33
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MARYLAND

Table 52A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Maryland*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	15.97	7.97	26.20	15.43	16.77
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	20.53	11.18	34.95	19.56	21.48
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	14.27	6.70	24.75	13.65	15.03
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	19.50	20.76	10.06	20.70	19.38
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.81	4.78	9.25	1.49	2.45
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.40	1.98	3.66	3.53	3.54
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.43	0.16	2.75	1.39	1.56
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	64.52	46.61	55.72	67.81	66.30
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.08	0.87	0.77
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	81.88	54.97	75.49	85.82	84.54
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.71	1.62	7.67	2.13	2.82
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.45	0.09	0.27	0.51	0.48
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.79	1.80	2.60	2.94	2.89
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.02	1.83	2.67	3.21	3.14
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	48.46	6.21	51.22	52.93	52.72
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	20.04	2.92	25.92	21.17	21.77
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	48.30	45.98	43.05	49.30	48.53
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	13.26	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.62	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	45.50	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	15.11	1.65	15.06	16.67	16.47
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	11.38	0.87	8.79	12.95	12.44
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	7.07	6.28	21.49	5.11	7.15
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	71.66	64.21	64.73	73.50	72.41
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.82	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	2.63	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MARYLAND

Table 52B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Maryland*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	15.16	8.82	27.04	14.20	15.80
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	8.87	2.24	14.34	8.85	9.53
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.62	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	9.21	7.69	18.62	8.05	9.36
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.56	1.39	1.13	1.64	1.58
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	1.89	1.38	1.13	2.06	1.95
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	3.97	4.44	4.28	3.87	3.92
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	17.36	11.99	28.39	16.42	17.91
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	77.07	58.50	85.98	76.35	78.22
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	35.86	20.37	22.29
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	9.83	4.89	5.50
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	13.71	5.59	6.60
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	4.78	1.95	2.30
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	32.99	29.64	22.47	23.36
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	22.30	20.71	6.58	8.33
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	14.66	12.64	3.71	4.82
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	7.52	4.35	1.01	1.42
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	4.39	2.34	0.48	0.71
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MASSACHUSETTS

Table 53A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Massachusetts*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	1,404	44	304	1,057	1,361
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	1,804	69	405	1,330	1,735
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	1,263	41	290	932	1,222
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	922	83	53	785	839
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	88	24	38	27	65
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	224	9	45	170	215
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	138	1	42	95	137
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	3,656	225	424	3,007	3,431
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	1	32	33
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	4,831	263	601	3,967	4,568
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	233	7	72	154	226
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	30	0	2	28	30
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	135	7	15	112	128
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	160	7	19	134	153
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	3,344	41	485	2,818	3,303
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	1,425	20	266	1,140	1,406
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	2,549	190	258	2,101	2,359
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	144	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	76	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	280	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	836	10	121	706	827
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	646	7	86	552	639
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	455	35	171	249	421
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	4,348	309	494	3,545	4,038
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	40	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	29	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MASSACHUSETTS

Table 53B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Massachusetts*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	1,216	43	260	913	1,174
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	777	17	161	600	761
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	55	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	686	34	178	474	652
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	104	4	7	92	99
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	118	4	8	106	114
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	301	14	42	245	287
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	1,352	48	277	1,027	1,303
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	1,033	34	225	774	999
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	310	1,033	1,342
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	92	224	316
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	148	375	522
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	46	119	165
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	164	262	1,215	1,477
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	90	181	301	482
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	61	116	223	340
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	31	34	45	79
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	14	16	16	31
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MASSACHUSETTS

Table 54A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Massachusetts*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	23.11	9.09	39.01	21.94	24.32
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	29.70	14.40	52.04	27.62	31.02
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	20.79	8.53	37.26	19.35	21.84
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	15.17	17.33	6.87	16.31	14.99
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	3.52	5.95	12.60	1.58	3.09
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.68	1.84	5.84	3.52	3.84
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	2.27	0.23	5.39	1.97	2.45
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	60.20	46.83	54.43	62.44	61.33
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.17	0.66	0.59
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	79.58	54.73	77.20	82.37	81.65
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	3.84	1.45	9.29	3.20	4.05
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.50	0.10	0.21	0.58	0.53
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.22	1.55	1.95	2.33	2.28
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	2.64	1.55	2.45	2.78	2.73
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	55.05	8.64	62.28	58.51	59.03
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	23.46	4.10	34.16	23.66	25.12
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	41.96	39.53	33.16	43.62	42.16
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	20.14	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	10.66	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	39.03	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	13.77	2.02	15.51	14.66	14.77
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	10.63	1.51	11.09	11.46	11.41
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	7.49	7.21	22.03	5.17	7.52
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	71.58	64.48	63.42	73.60	72.18
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.56	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.08	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MASSACHUSETTS

Table 54B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Massachusetts*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	20.03	8.95	33.41	18.97	20.98
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	12.80	3.45	20.64	12.46	13.60
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7.68	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	11.29	7.12	22.85	9.84	11.65
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.71	0.92	0.95	1.91	1.77
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	1.95	0.93	1.05	2.19	2.03
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.95	2.96	5.40	5.08	5.12
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	22.25	10.04	35.56	21.32	23.30
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	77.36	69.77	83.88	75.98	77.63
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	39.76	21.44	23.99
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	11.84	4.64	5.64
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	18.95	7.78	9.33
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.91	2.48	2.96
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	34.24	33.62	25.24	26.40
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	18.73	23.22	6.25	8.61
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.61	14.92	4.64	6.07
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.50	4.31	0.93	1.40
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.00	1.99	0.32	0.56
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MICHIGAN

Table 55A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Michigan*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	1,764	58	322	1,385	1,707
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	2,321	86	468	1,767	2,235
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	1,665	49	312	1,304	1,616
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	1,400	138	99	1,164	1,263
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	126	31	47	49	96
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	251	14	43	195	237
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	147	1	33	113	146
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	5,717	360	643	4,715	5,358
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	2	23	25
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	6,990	390	798	5,802	6,600
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	254	9	75	170	245
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	63	1	5	57	62
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	253	13	31	209	239
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	272	13	28	231	259
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	4,254	48	544	3,662	4,207
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	1,866	23	311	1,532	1,843
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	3,617	289	397	2,930	3,327
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	159	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	89	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	433	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	1,659	15	158	1,486	1,644
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	1,365	9	111	1,245	1,356
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	838	47	282	510	791
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	5,652	472	632	4,549	5,180
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	50	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	34	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MICHIGAN

Table 55B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Michigan*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	1,556	61	311	1,184	1,495
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	839	21	156	663	818
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	57	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	913	51	224	638	862
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	169	8	12	149	161
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	174	8	14	153	167
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	436	39	57	340	397
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	1,714	82	327	1,306	1,632
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	1,270	47	264	960	1,224
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	356	1,456	1,812
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	107	342	449
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	157	531	689
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	59	169	228
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	225	296	1,545	1,841
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	145	183	503	686
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	93	132	256	388
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	44	50	77	127
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	25	23	24	48
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MICHIGAN

Table 56A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Michigan*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	20.56	7.64	30.53	20.45	21.81
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	27.05	11.42	44.42	26.09	28.56
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	19.41	6.48	29.63	19.26	20.65
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	16.31	18.23	9.38	17.18	16.13
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	3.02	4.53	9.45	1.57	2.72
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	2.93	1.85	4.04	2.87	3.03
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.72	0.18	3.16	1.66	1.86
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	66.65	47.62	61.04	69.61	68.46
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.18	0.35	0.32
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	81.51	51.68	75.81	85.66	84.33
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.96	1.13	7.13	2.51	3.13
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.73	0.10	0.45	0.85	0.79
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.95	1.77	2.94	3.08	3.06
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.17	1.74	2.65	3.41	3.31
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	49.57	6.30	51.69	54.07	53.75
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	21.74	2.98	29.54	22.62	23.56
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	42.15	38.31	37.72	43.26	42.51
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	14.38	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	8.05	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	39.04	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	19.34	2.03	15.01	21.94	21.01
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	15.90	1.19	10.57	18.38	17.33
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	9.77	6.25	26.73	7.53	10.11
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	65.87	62.48	60.00	67.16	66.19
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.51	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.07	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MICHIGAN

Table 56B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Michigan*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	18.13	8.03	29.52	17.48	19.10
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	9.78	2.73	14.78	9.79	10.46
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.17	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	10.64	6.77	21.29	9.42	11.01
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.97	1.00	1.16	2.20	2.06
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.03	0.99	1.28	2.26	2.13
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.08	5.21	5.36	5.02	5.07
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	19.97	10.85	31.01	19.28	20.86
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	74.52	54.78	82.06	73.98	75.57
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	33.82	21.50	23.16
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	10.12	5.05	5.74
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	14.95	7.84	8.80
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.58	2.50	2.91
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	29.83	28.10	22.81	23.52
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	19.16	17.35	7.43	8.76
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.34	12.55	3.78	4.96
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	5.89	4.77	1.14	1.62
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.35	2.20	0.36	0.61
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MINNESOTA

Table 57A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Minnesota*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	911	34	171	706	877
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	1,147	44	240	862	1,102
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	852	27	170	655	825
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	778	86	48	643	691
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	80	19	33	28	61
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	158	7	33	119	151
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	76	1	21	54	75
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	2,906	188	293	2,425	2,718
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	2	14	16
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	3,730	218	417	3,095	3,512
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	149	7	57	85	142
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	41	1	6	35	41
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	117	8	14	96	109
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	124	8	16	100	116
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	2,511	30	315	2,166	2,481
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	1,127	16	197	914	1,111
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	1,810	165	190	1,456	1,645
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	129	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	73	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	252	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	757	7	104	646	750
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	616	5	81	530	611
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	459	32	165	262	427
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	3,284	283	333	2,668	3,001
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	38	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	26	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MINNESOTA

Table 57B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Minnesota*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	886	38	178	670	848
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	551	14	105	432	538
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	46	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	469	31	117	321	438
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	84	7	7	71	78
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	85	7	7	71	79
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	213	19	33	161	194
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	977	54	190	734	923
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	745	32	153	560	713
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	232	807	1,038
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	67	189	255
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	110	293	403
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	32	94	126
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	155	203	991	1,194
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	96	112	281	393
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	64	82	134	216
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	28	28	36	65
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	16	12	16	28
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MINNESOTA

Table 58A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Minnesota*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	18.84	7.31	29.70	18.59	20.05
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	23.72	9.60	41.76	22.70	25.21
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	17.64	5.98	29.61	17.23	18.86
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	16.09	18.82	8.35	16.94	15.80
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	3.01	4.18	11.03	1.50	2.78
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.28	1.50	5.67	3.13	3.46
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.56	0.20	3.59	1.42	1.71
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	60.14	40.84	50.94	63.85	62.14
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.33	0.36	0.35
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	77.24	47.47	72.49	81.49	80.30
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	3.08	1.48	9.95	2.23	3.24
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.85	0.14	0.96	0.92	0.93
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.43	1.71	2.35	2.53	2.50
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	2.57	1.66	2.84	2.64	2.66
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	51.95	6.45	54.76	57.03	56.73
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	23.32	3.49	34.25	24.07	25.41
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	37.45	35.82	32.98	38.32	37.62
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	18.15	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	10.21	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	35.34	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	15.67	1.60	18.14	17.00	17.15
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	12.75	1.10	14.14	13.95	13.98
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	9.50	6.99	28.59	6.91	9.76
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	67.95	61.55	57.89	70.24	68.62
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.35	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.68	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MINNESOTA

Table 58B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Minnesota*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	18.32	8.24	30.85	17.64	19.38
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	11.40	2.96	18.31	11.38	12.29
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.50	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	9.70	6.81	20.35	8.44	10.01
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.75	1.42	1.16	1.87	1.78
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	1.76	1.44	1.29	1.87	1.80
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.41	4.10	5.81	4.23	4.44
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	20.23	11.78	32.94	19.32	21.11
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	78.05	62.64	81.42	78.20	78.88
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	40.23	21.24	23.74
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	11.57	4.97	5.84
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	19.14	7.71	9.21
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.58	2.46	2.87
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	33.70	35.35	26.09	27.31
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	20.94	19.49	7.40	8.99
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	13.98	14.17	3.54	4.94
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.14	4.92	0.96	1.48
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.44	2.01	0.43	0.63
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MISSISSIPPI

Table 59A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Mississippi*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	308	16	63	229	292
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	398	27	86	285	371
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	275	14	60	202	261
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	596	61	43	492	535
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	28	10	11	7	18
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	71	5	11	55	65
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	35	0	7	28	35
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	1,799	145	207	1,448	1,655
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	5	5
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	2,041	148	254	1,640	1,893
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	50	3	15	32	48
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	28	0	3	26	28
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	103	5	13	84	98
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	100	6	10	85	95
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	941	14	143	784	927
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	477	9	86	383	469
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	1,132	110	126	896	1,022
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	46	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	28	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	166	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	629	6	58	564	623
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	494	3	38	452	490
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	283	21	94	168	263
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	1,538	142	182	1,214	1,397
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	18	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	10	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MISSISSIPPI

Table 59B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Mississippi*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	384	19	77	288	365
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	229	7	46	176	222
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	19	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	249	18	46	185	231
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	80	3	7	71	78
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	82	2	5	75	80
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	125	13	14	98	113
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	451	28	80	343	423
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	327	16	65	246	311
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	87	363	450
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	27	83	110
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	36	116	151
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	16	44	60
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	67	60	375	435
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	44	41	124	166
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	30	33	59	92
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	15	13	17	30
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	11	8	8	16
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MISSISSIPPI

Table 60A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Mississippi*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	12.62	6.64	20.02	12.17	13.29
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	16.27	10.99	27.26	15.14	16.87
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	11.27	5.83	18.97	10.70	11.88
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	24.37	24.70	13.64	26.13	24.34
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	1.76	4.31	5.23	0.63	1.32
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	2.89	2.12	3.44	2.90	2.98
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.43	0.14	2.18	1.48	1.58
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	73.65	58.50	65.93	76.89	75.33
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.04	0.25	0.22
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	83.57	59.75	80.85	87.07	86.18
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.06	1.04	4.93	1.71	2.17
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.16	0.07	0.83	1.36	1.28
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	4.22	2.21	4.24	4.48	4.45
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	4.11	2.25	3.17	4.51	4.32
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	38.49	5.50	45.53	41.64	42.19
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	19.54	3.51	27.28	20.35	21.34
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	46.33	44.71	40.25	47.56	46.51
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	12.51	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7.56	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	45.17	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	25.72	2.44	18.62	29.96	28.34
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	20.19	1.36	12.05	24.02	22.31
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	11.59	8.34	30.01	8.94	11.95
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	62.94	57.36	58.12	64.48	63.57
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.86	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	2.74	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MISSISSIPPI

Table 60B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Mississippi*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	15.70	7.58	24.70	15.27	16.61
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	9.37	2.80	14.54	9.37	10.11
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.08	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	10.18	7.09	14.73	9.82	10.52
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	3.29	1.02	2.08	3.79	3.55
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	3.36	1.01	1.52	3.98	3.63
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.12	5.13	4.57	5.22	5.12
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	18.45	11.22	25.63	18.21	19.26
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	71.98	54.77	82.57	70.98	73.13
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	27.64	19.27	20.47
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	8.46	4.41	4.99
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	11.35	6.13	6.88
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.19	2.32	2.73
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	26.97	19.06	19.90	19.78
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	17.92	13.19	6.60	7.54
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.16	10.37	3.14	4.18
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.05	4.11	0.90	1.36
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	4.43	2.69	0.40	0.73
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MISSOURI

Table 61A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Missouri*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	1,062	39	193	831	1,023
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	1,386	56	266	1,064	1,330
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	967	33	187	747	934
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	935	102	65	768	833
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	80	20	27	34	61
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	196	9	26	161	187
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	89	1	20	68	88
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	3,415	236	374	2,804	3,179
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	1	13	14
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	4,370	282	509	3,579	4,088
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	123	6	36	80	117
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	80	1	4	75	79
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	184	9	18	156	174
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	186	10	18	158	176
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	2,526	33	323	2,170	2,493
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	1,155	17	188	950	1,138
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	2,085	199	223	1,663	1,886
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	106	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	59	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	285	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	1,258	10	112	1,136	1,248
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	984	8	74	903	976
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	523	33	167	323	490
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	3,294	278	360	2,656	3,016
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	38	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	25	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MISSOURI

Table 61B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Missouri*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	1,029	43	187	800	986
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	591	15	104	472	576
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	43	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	560	36	111	414	524
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	116	7	8	101	109
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	117	7	9	102	110
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	275	26	29	220	249
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	1,159	58	200	902	1,101
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	891	36	171	684	855
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	231	1,002	1,233
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	76	246	322
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	92	353	446
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	42	119	161
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	167	203	1,101	1,305
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	98	118	337	455
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	62	90	179	269
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	27	28	45	73
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	18	15	19	33
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MISSOURI

Table 62A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Missouri*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	20.38	8.06	30.21	20.31	21.65
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	26.60	11.60	41.67	26.02	28.13
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	18.56	6.79	29.35	18.27	19.76
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	17.93	21.05	10.22	18.77	17.61
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.96	4.43	8.35	1.66	2.66
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.76	1.78	4.04	3.95	3.96
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.70	0.18	3.14	1.66	1.86
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	65.56	48.78	58.74	68.58	67.25
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.15	0.31	0.29
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	83.91	58.15	79.91	87.52	86.49
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.36	1.34	5.69	1.96	2.47
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.53	0.13	0.70	1.83	1.68
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3.53	1.96	2.84	3.82	3.69
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.56	2.04	2.78	3.87	3.72
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	48.48	6.82	50.64	53.08	52.75
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	22.16	3.41	29.48	23.23	24.07
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	40.01	41.11	34.98	40.66	39.89
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	14.87	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	8.32	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	39.88	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	24.14	2.00	17.63	27.78	26.41
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	18.89	1.63	11.55	22.07	20.65
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	10.04	6.84	26.26	7.89	10.37
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	63.21	57.41	56.45	64.94	63.80
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.28	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.49	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MISSOURI

Table 62B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Missouri*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	19.75	8.90	29.27	19.55	20.86
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	11.34	3.08	16.30	11.55	12.19
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.97	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	10.75	7.36	17.36	10.12	11.09
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	2.22	1.40	1.25	2.47	2.31
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.25	1.42	1.34	2.49	2.33
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.28	5.41	4.51	5.39	5.27
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	22.25	11.99	31.31	22.05	23.30
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	75.78	56.94	84.40	75.13	76.83
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	36.20	24.50	26.08
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	11.97	6.00	6.81
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	14.49	8.64	9.43
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	6.58	2.90	3.40
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	34.55	31.89	26.93	27.60
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	20.20	18.53	8.25	9.64
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.88	14.09	4.37	5.68
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	5.67	4.39	1.10	1.55
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.70	2.30	0.46	0.71
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MONTANA

Table 63A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Montana*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	225	7	41	177	218
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	276	10	56	209	265
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	211	5	41	164	206
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	140	15	9	116	126
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	17	3	7	7	14
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	32	1	6	25	31
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	18	0	6	13	18
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	585	39	58	489	546
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	2	2
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	773	45	86	642	728
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	40	1	12	27	39
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	13	0	1	12	13
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	29	2	3	24	27
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	28	2	3	23	27
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	498	7	64	427	491
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	221	3	40	177	217
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	371	30	39	302	341
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	21	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	13	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	43	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	186	1	28	157	184
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	139	1	21	117	138
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	84	6	32	47	78
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	655	55	68	533	601
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	8	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	6	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MONTANA

Table 63B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Montana*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	195	8	35	152	187
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	105	3	22	81	103
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	9	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	110	6	27	77	104
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	15	1	1	13	14
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	17	1	1	14	16
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	56	5	5	45	51
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	216	11	35	170	205
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	156	6	31	119	150
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	47	169	216
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	14	39	53
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	22	66	88
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	6	20	27
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	30	36	198	234
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	16	23	61	83
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	11	18	30	48
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	5	6	9	15
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	3	2	3	5
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MONTANA

Table 64A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Montana*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	23.39	8.53	35.64	23.16	24.81
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	28.68	12.39	48.58	27.45	30.24
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	21.97	6.52	35.80	21.56	23.44
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	14.57	17.47	7.88	15.27	14.29
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	3.57	4.58	12.16	1.82	3.37
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.36	1.72	5.31	3.25	3.52
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.92	0.20	4.84	1.67	2.09
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	60.82	46.05	49.99	64.07	62.21
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.42	0.26	0.28
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	80.40	53.59	74.74	84.15	82.90
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	4.18	1.65	10.61	3.48	4.42
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.37	0.18	0.86	1.58	1.49
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3.02	2.24	2.64	3.17	3.10
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	2.96	2.17	2.96	3.04	3.03
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	51.75	7.86	55.96	55.93	55.94
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	22.94	3.96	34.67	23.24	24.75
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	38.59	36.27	33.76	39.58	38.81
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	17.40	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	10.52	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	34.84	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	19.34	1.76	24.18	20.54	21.02
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	14.44	1.49	17.98	15.33	15.68
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	8.78	7.22	27.50	6.11	8.93
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	68.13	65.20	58.68	69.88	68.40
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.68	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.04	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

MONTANA

Table 64B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Montana*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	20.23	9.35	30.53	19.87	21.27
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	10.97	3.49	18.75	10.61	11.68
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7.22	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	11.50	7.18	23.85	10.10	11.91
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.56	0.96	1.02	1.71	1.62
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	1.73	0.98	1.22	1.88	1.80
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.78	5.80	4.74	5.94	5.78
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	22.46	12.79	30.59	22.28	23.38
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	73.70	56.19	84.21	72.53	74.66
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	40.97	22.11	24.60
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	12.04	5.12	6.03
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	19.38	8.64	10.05
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.36	2.67	3.02
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	35.42	31.48	25.93	26.66
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	19.63	19.86	7.94	9.51
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	13.70	15.97	3.90	5.49
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.35	5.13	1.22	1.73
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.77	2.05	0.38	0.60
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEBRASKA

Table 65A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Nebraska*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	205	10	42	154	195
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	277	15	67	195	261
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	184	9	41	134	175
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	333	34	24	275	299
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	23	6	9	8	17
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	46	3	8	36	44
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	25	0	7	18	25
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	1,036	70	112	854	966
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	4	4
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	1,288	83	150	1,056	1,206
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	30	2	11	18	28
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	16	0	1	14	15
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	45	3	5	37	42
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	43	3	6	34	40
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	830	11	109	710	820
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	386	6	69	312	381
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	632	61	71	500	571
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	36	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	22	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	87	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	274	2	33	239	272
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	203	2	21	180	201
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	149	10	52	87	138
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	1,080	102	121	858	978
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	11	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	8	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEBRASKA

Table 65B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Nebraska*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	266	13	57	196	252
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	185	5	36	145	180
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	14	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	133	11	32	90	122
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	32	3	2	27	29
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	33	3	3	28	30
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	73	8	11	54	65
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	295	19	60	216	276
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	220	10	50	160	210
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	83	276	359
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	28	73	101
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	31	93	125
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	13	31	44
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	55	68	309	377
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	34	45	104	149
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	23	30	53	84
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	12	9	13	23
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	6	4	5	8
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEBRASKA

Table 66A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Nebraska*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	12.56	6.17	19.19	12.27	13.29
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	16.93	9.24	30.70	15.57	17.80
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	11.25	5.14	19.02	10.73	11.94
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	20.36	20.47	11.11	21.96	20.35
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.27	3.90	6.18	1.11	1.95
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	2.83	1.62	3.74	2.84	2.97
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.52	0.20	3.00	1.44	1.67
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	63.38	41.85	51.73	68.22	65.79
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.21	0.31	0.29
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	78.86	49.47	69.01	84.40	82.13
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	1.84	1.20	4.86	1.40	1.91
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.96	0.16	0.60	1.13	1.05
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.74	1.74	2.32	2.94	2.85
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	2.64	1.76	2.69	2.75	2.74
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	50.79	6.32	50.46	56.78	55.84
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	23.63	3.36	31.91	24.90	25.94
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	38.64	36.51	32.73	39.95	38.88
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	14.73	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	9.00	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	35.48	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	16.78	1.47	15.06	19.12	18.52
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	12.39	1.11	9.66	14.37	13.67
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	9.09	6.26	23.79	6.92	9.41
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	66.08	61.11	55.69	68.54	66.64
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.51	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.25	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEBRASKA

Table 66B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Nebraska*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	16.24	7.86	26.14	15.64	17.19
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	11.33	2.82	16.46	11.57	12.29
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.64	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	8.13	6.50	14.75	7.21	8.32
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.97	1.80	1.12	2.14	1.99
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.04	1.79	1.23	2.21	2.07
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.45	4.69	5.04	4.32	4.43
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	18.02	11.22	27.71	17.25	18.79
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	75.19	57.04	82.58	74.67	76.42
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	38.14	22.06	24.43
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	12.82	5.85	6.88
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	14.42	7.47	8.49
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.93	2.51	3.01
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	32.84	31.19	24.71	25.67
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	20.20	20.54	8.32	10.13
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	14.06	14.02	4.26	5.70
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.98	4.34	1.07	1.55
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.68	1.82	0.36	0.58
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEVADA

Table 67A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Nevada*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	597	21	93	482	576
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	806	33	134	640	773
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	565	18	88	460	548
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	555	42	31	482	513
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	44	10	17	18	34
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	104	4	13	87	100
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	48	1	9	38	47
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	1,716	110	173	1,433	1,606
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	8	9
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	2,230	135	216	1,879	2,095
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	99	5	29	66	95
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	44	0	1	43	44
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	98	6	10	83	93
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	105	6	10	90	99
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	1,285	21	155	1,110	1,264
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	614	9	82	523	605
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	1,261	97	124	1,039	1,164
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	54	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	29	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	148	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	489	5	43	440	483
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	424	3	30	391	421
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	250	19	67	164	231
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	1,813	146	183	1,484	1,667
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	18	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	10	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEVADA

Table 67B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Nevada*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	578	25	91	462	553
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	330	10	54	266	320
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	24	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	330	20	68	242	309
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	60	3	4	53	57
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	68	3	4	61	65
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	141	12	14	116	129
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	635	36	97	502	599
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	492	22	87	384	471
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	109	462	571
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	35	125	160
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	48	175	222
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	19	48	66
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	68	65	422	488
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	56	63	180	242
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	35	47	91	138
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	16	16	22	38
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	9	7	7	14
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEVADA

Table 68A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Nevada*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	22.03	8.54	31.91	22.22	23.37
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	29.76	13.33	45.61	29.47	31.39
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	20.88	7.14	30.03	21.19	22.25
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	20.49	17.05	10.67	22.21	20.83
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	3.29	4.78	13.41	1.58	2.99
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.83	1.61	4.33	4.00	4.05
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.76	0.23	3.23	1.73	1.91
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	63.36	44.94	59.14	66.00	65.17
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.10	0.38	0.35
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	82.35	54.77	73.64	86.59	85.04
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	3.67	1.95	9.85	3.03	3.84
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.63	0.10	0.26	1.98	1.78
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3.63	2.29	3.25	3.84	3.77
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.87	2.29	3.28	4.13	4.03
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	47.42	8.37	52.78	51.11	51.32
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	22.67	3.74	27.94	24.09	24.55
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	46.55	39.68	42.51	47.87	47.24
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	14.93	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7.89	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	40.62	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	18.04	2.12	14.71	20.29	19.63
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	15.64	1.04	10.24	18.02	17.10
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	9.23	7.75	22.88	7.56	9.38
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	66.91	59.41	62.49	68.35	67.65
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.01	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	2.73	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEVADA

Table 68B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Nevada*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	21.32	10.05	31.07	21.28	22.45
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	12.17	4.12	18.34	12.25	12.98
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.65	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	12.17	8.26	23.06	11.14	12.56
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	2.21	1.23	1.22	2.46	2.31
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.52	1.23	1.36	2.82	2.64
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.22	4.89	4.62	5.34	5.26
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	23.43	14.49	33.11	23.13	24.32
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	77.37	63.71	85.25	76.66	78.12
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	37.11	21.28	23.16
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	12.00	5.75	6.49
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	16.29	8.04	9.02
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	6.40	2.20	2.70
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	27.53	22.34	19.45	19.79
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	22.63	21.37	8.28	9.84
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	14.23	16.01	4.19	5.60
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.65	5.44	1.02	1.54
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.87	2.35	0.32	0.56
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEW HAMPSHIRE

Table 69A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *New Hampshire*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	228	7	44	176	221
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	294	10	61	222	284
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	207	6	41	161	202
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	159	15	9	136	145
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	15	4	6	5	11
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	42	1	6	35	41
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	25	0	8	17	25
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	748	42	73	634	706
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	1	5	5
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	1,004	50	106	848	954
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	40	1	14	25	39
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	10	0	1	9	10
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	32	2	3	27	30
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	32	2	4	26	30
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	721	8	85	628	713
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	293	3	50	240	290
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	473	32	42	399	441
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	26	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	15	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	45	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	203	1	24	177	202
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	156	1	19	136	155
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	115	7	41	66	108
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	861	60	87	714	801
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	5	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEW HAMPSHIRE

Table 69B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *New Hampshire*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	227	8	39	180	219
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	142	3	26	113	139
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	8	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	120	6	26	88	114
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	22	1	1	19	21
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	27	1	2	24	26
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	67	3	7	56	63
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	258	9	40	208	248
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	188	6	35	148	182
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	57	247	305
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	20	62	82
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	22	75	98
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	10	26	36
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	36	49	255	304
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	21	32	87	118
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	13	21	45	66
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	6	7	12	19
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	4	4	4	8
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEW HAMPSHIRE

Table 70A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *New Hampshire*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	18.60	7.67	32.79	17.68	19.50
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	24.02	11.09	45.21	22.34	25.09
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	16.96	6.32	30.20	16.13	17.83
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	13.01	15.58	6.83	13.62	12.79
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	3.06	4.77	11.09	1.61	2.76
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.46	1.35	4.72	3.49	3.64
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	2.06	0.25	5.83	1.71	2.21
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	61.07	44.64	53.59	63.61	62.40
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.57	0.46	0.47
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	82.00	53.73	77.89	85.15	84.27
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	3.24	1.16	10.25	2.48	3.41
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.82	0.13	0.53	0.92	0.87
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.62	2.09	2.26	2.72	2.66
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	2.59	2.08	2.75	2.61	2.63
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	58.87	8.75	62.91	63.00	62.99
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	23.95	3.74	37.03	24.05	25.61
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	38.60	34.08	31.06	40.05	38.97
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	19.34	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	11.23	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	33.84	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	16.61	1.59	18.02	17.81	17.84
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	12.75	1.24	14.37	13.60	13.70
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	9.39	7.65	30.62	6.65	9.53
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	70.31	64.85	64.00	71.67	70.74
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.38	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.91	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEW HAMPSHIRE

Table 70B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *New Hampshire*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	18.51	8.09	29.03	18.04	19.36
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	11.60	2.76	19.18	11.39	12.32
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.25	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	9.81	6.32	19.45	8.81	10.10
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.79	1.34	0.97	1.94	1.83
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.21	1.32	1.27	2.42	2.29
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.43	3.65	4.89	5.67	5.58
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	21.07	10.11	29.53	20.93	21.97
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	74.03	63.85	84.34	72.41	74.41
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	42.34	24.83	26.93
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	14.51	6.23	7.22
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	16.33	7.57	8.63
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	7.16	2.63	3.17
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	38.66	36.41	25.60	26.90
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	22.71	23.26	8.73	10.47
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	14.19	15.14	4.53	5.81
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.13	5.22	1.20	1.68
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.86	2.77	0.41	0.70
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEW JERSEY

Table 71A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *New Jersey*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	1,119	47	242	831	1,072
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	1,636	81	344	1,211	1,555
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	1,079	43	247	789	1,036
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	1,869	160	123	1,585	1,708
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	131	34	52	46	98
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	220	9	39	172	211
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	106	1	26	79	104
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	5,282	342	524	4,416	4,940
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	35	36
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	6,582	394	709	5,479	6,188
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	179	8	52	119	171
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	36	1	1	34	35
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	194	10	21	163	184
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	211	10	23	178	200
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	3,952	44	444	3,464	3,908
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	1,740	22	254	1,465	1,718
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	3,643	311	368	2,963	3,332
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	148	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	80	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	438	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	1,038	10	115	912	1,027
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	823	7	73	744	817
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	586	43	217	325	542
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	5,733	457	596	4,681	5,277
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	42	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	27	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEW JERSEY

Table 71B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *New Jersey*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	1,178	55	224	899	1,123
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	742	17	134	591	725
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	48	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	640	43	152	446	598
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	122	9	9	105	114
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	151	8	11	132	143
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	314	27	42	245	287
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	1,332	74	241	1,017	1,258
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	1,035	45	203	787	990
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	318	1,099	1,416
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	98	236	334
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	116	335	451
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	52	121	173
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	218	246	1,187	1,433
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	130	170	323	492
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	89	118	222	340
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	41	36	50	86
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	26	16	22	39
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEW JERSEY

Table 72A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *New Jersey*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	14.16	6.57	27.22	13.18	14.91
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	20.70	11.35	38.73	19.22	21.63
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	13.66	6.03	27.85	12.52	14.42
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	23.64	22.53	13.91	25.15	23.75
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.70	5.14	10.11	1.21	2.30
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	2.78	1.20	4.45	2.72	2.94
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.34	0.18	2.91	1.25	1.45
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	66.86	48.10	59.01	70.06	68.69
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.06	0.56	0.50
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	83.36	55.50	79.90	86.92	86.05
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.26	1.15	5.84	1.89	2.37
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.46	0.13	0.16	0.53	0.49
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.45	1.42	2.39	2.58	2.56
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	2.67	1.45	2.57	2.82	2.79
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	50.02	6.18	50.05	54.96	54.35
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	22.02	3.06	28.57	23.24	23.90
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	46.11	43.77	41.52	47.01	46.33
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	14.33	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7.76	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	42.31	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	13.13	1.46	12.95	14.47	14.29
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	10.42	0.93	8.23	11.80	11.36
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	7.41	6.07	24.51	5.16	7.54
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	72.56	64.24	67.16	74.26	73.38
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.09	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	2.62	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEW JERSEY

Table 72B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *New Jersey*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	14.91	7.79	25.27	14.26	15.62
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	9.39	2.46	15.07	9.37	10.08
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.66	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	8.11	6.00	17.12	7.07	8.31
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.55	1.20	1.06	1.66	1.58
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	1.91	1.18	1.21	2.10	1.99
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	3.98	3.86	4.70	3.89	3.99
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	16.86	10.41	27.15	16.14	17.50
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	76.77	62.42	83.65	76.17	77.59
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	35.80	17.43	19.69
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	11.00	3.75	4.64
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	13.09	5.31	6.27
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.84	1.93	2.41
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	30.67	27.77	18.83	19.93
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	18.28	19.11	5.12	6.84
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.59	13.30	3.53	4.73
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	5.81	4.05	0.80	1.20
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.61	1.84	0.35	0.54
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEW MEXICO

Table 73A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *New Mexico*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	465	19	85	361	445
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	537	27	108	402	510
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	430	17	77	336	413
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	328	28	20	280	300
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	25	8	10	7	17
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	73	3	10	61	70
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	37	1	8	28	36
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	1,156	83	128	946	1,074
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	5	5
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	1,465	103	178	1,184	1,362
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	64	3	22	38	61
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	32	0	1	31	32
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	78	4	10	64	74
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	82	4	10	68	77
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	804	13	103	687	790
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	378	6	62	310	372
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	906	73	97	736	832
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	37	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	22	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	113	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	346	5	40	301	341
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	288	4	33	250	283
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	195	17	63	114	178
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	1,215	99	122	993	1,116
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	16	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	13	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEW MEXICO

Table 73B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *New Mexico*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	381	19	79	283	362
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	186	7	39	139	179
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	17	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	252	17	61	174	235
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	46	2	3	41	44
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	51	2	3	47	49
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	100	13	11	76	87
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	407	27	83	298	380
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	294	16	67	211	278
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	87	317	404
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	26	78	104
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	48	130	178
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	15	34	49
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	51	53	286	339
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	36	44	116	160
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	25	33	56	89
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	12	12	15	27
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	8	6	6	11
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEW MEXICO

Table 74A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *New Mexico*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	25.90	11.27	38.32	25.71	27.42
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	29.96	16.19	48.94	28.62	31.39
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	23.97	9.74	34.92	23.96	25.45
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	18.28	16.76	9.05	19.93	18.44
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	3.17	6.48	12.06	1.05	2.50
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	4.09	1.96	4.30	4.31	4.31
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	2.06	0.31	3.78	2.00	2.24
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	64.48	48.74	57.77	67.40	66.09
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.15	0.34	0.31
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	81.73	61.01	80.34	84.38	83.83
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	3.55	1.85	10.00	2.74	3.73
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.78	0.20	0.31	2.20	1.94
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	4.35	2.56	4.40	4.56	4.53
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	4.55	2.55	4.31	4.83	4.76
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	44.81	7.81	46.60	48.99	48.66
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	21.10	3.76	27.91	22.12	22.90
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	50.50	43.38	43.71	52.43	51.24
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	14.26	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	8.50	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	43.80	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	19.28	2.72	18.00	21.47	21.00
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	16.03	2.45	15.06	17.82	17.45
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	10.86	10.21	28.69	8.13	10.93
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	67.73	58.61	55.29	70.79	68.68
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.08	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.97	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEW MEXICO

Table 74B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *New Mexico*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	21.26	11.28	35.75	20.19	22.31
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	10.35	4.20	17.75	9.92	10.99
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.77	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	14.03	10.12	27.39	12.40	14.44
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	2.55	1.00	1.16	2.95	2.71
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.84	1.01	1.23	3.32	3.03
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.59	7.69	5.20	5.40	5.37
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	22.70	15.94	37.30	21.21	23.40
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	74.58	53.62	84.08	74.04	76.20
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	39.22	22.62	24.88
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	11.85	5.57	6.42
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	21.76	9.24	10.94
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	6.83	2.43	3.02
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	30.11	24.18	20.36	20.88
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	21.36	19.73	8.28	9.84
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	14.74	15.02	3.98	5.49
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	7.32	5.35	1.07	1.65
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	4.82	2.68	0.39	0.71
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEW YORK

Table 75A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *New York*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	2,981	93	566	2,322	2,888
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	3,831	158	756	2,916	3,673
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	2,726	81	545	2,100	2,645
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	3,720	289	242	3,190	3,432
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	218	59	90	68	158
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	618	18	98	502	600
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	381	2	72	307	379
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	10,805	656	1,177	8,972	10,148
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	1	56	58
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	13,560	734	1,526	11,300	12,826
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	623	20	172	432	603
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	83	1	4	78	82
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	391	21	40	331	371
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	438	21	48	370	417
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	8,351	91	1,059	7,200	8,260
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	3,801	58	623	3,119	3,742
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	7,835	574	811	6,449	7,261
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	348	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	198	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	878	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	2,643	23	308	2,312	2,620
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	2,122	15	188	1,918	2,107
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	1,337	105	449	783	1,232
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	11,912	861	1,292	9,758	11,051
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	103	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	68	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEW YORK

Table 75B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *New York*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	2,869	112	528	2,229	2,757
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	1,679	39	303	1,337	1,640
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	119	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	1,560	86	353	1,121	1,474
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	290	14	20	256	275
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	324	15	21	288	309
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	830	41	93	697	789
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	3,289	142	565	2,583	3,147
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	2,446	93	475	1,879	2,354
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	624	2,668	3,293
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	184	615	799
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	270	885	1,155
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	90	302	392
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	432	531	2,894	3,425
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	232	345	880	1,224
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	155	214	529	743
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	76	80	120	200
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	40	42	45	86
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEW YORK

Table 76A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *New York*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	17.71	6.81	28.19	17.25	18.67
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	22.75	11.50	37.65	21.67	23.75
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	16.19	5.92	27.13	15.60	17.10
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	22.09	21.03	12.03	23.70	22.18
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.48	4.76	8.88	1.07	2.11
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.67	1.28	4.86	3.73	3.88
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	2.27	0.18	3.58	2.28	2.45
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	64.19	47.81	58.58	66.67	65.62
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.07	0.42	0.37
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	80.58	53.44	75.96	83.98	82.93
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	3.70	1.45	8.54	3.21	3.90
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.49	0.08	0.20	0.58	0.53
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.33	1.52	1.97	2.46	2.40
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	2.60	1.51	2.37	2.75	2.70
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	49.59	6.63	52.72	53.51	53.41
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	22.57	4.26	31.03	23.18	24.20
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	46.53	41.81	40.38	47.93	46.95
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	16.57	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	9.46	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	41.83	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	15.70	1.70	15.32	17.18	16.94
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	12.60	1.12	9.38	14.26	13.62
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	7.94	7.66	22.35	5.82	7.96
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	70.75	62.72	64.33	72.52	71.45
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.90	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.22	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NEW YORK

Table 76B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *New York*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	17.04	8.17	26.29	16.56	17.83
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	9.97	2.83	15.06	9.94	10.60
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.65	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	9.27	6.27	17.60	8.33	9.53
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.72	1.04	0.99	1.90	1.78
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	1.92	1.06	1.06	2.14	2.00
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.93	2.98	4.61	5.18	5.10
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	19.53	10.34	28.11	19.19	20.35
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	74.67	69.06	83.75	72.97	74.91
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	31.08	19.83	21.29
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	9.14	4.57	5.17
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	13.44	6.58	7.47
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	4.46	2.25	2.53
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	31.45	26.46	21.50	22.15
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	16.88	17.16	6.54	7.92
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	11.30	10.63	3.93	4.80
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	5.51	3.98	0.89	1.29
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	2.92	2.08	0.33	0.56
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NORTH CAROLINA

Table 77A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *North Carolina*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	1,199	52	240	908	1,148
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	1,567	86	346	1,135	1,481
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	1,060	45	230	785	1,015
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	1,941	167	139	1,634	1,773
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	108	33	41	34	75
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	273	13	40	220	260
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	161	1	36	124	160
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	6,044	395	644	5,005	5,649
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	1	27	27
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	7,440	469	880	6,090	6,971
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	181	10	59	112	170
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	59	1	3	55	58
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	284	16	32	235	268
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	290	16	28	246	274
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	4,108	47	538	3,522	4,060
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	1,887	25	305	1,557	1,862
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	4,162	338	467	3,357	3,824
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	164	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	98	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	508	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	1,855	16	189	1,650	1,840
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	1,414	10	119	1,284	1,403
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	813	58	269	486	756
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	6,111	493	668	4,949	5,618
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	56	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	36	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NORTH CAROLINA

Table 77B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *North Carolina*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	1,388	63	274	1,051	1,325
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	872	20	156	696	851
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	58	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	728	51	173	504	677
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	197	7	15	174	189
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	202	7	13	182	195
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	364	39	50	276	326
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	1,521	85	282	1,154	1,436
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	1,214	50	236	928	1,164
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	338	1,421	1,759
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	110	334	444
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	142	479	621
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	61	158	219
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	240	296	1,585	1,881
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	158	197	520	717
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	103	125	242	367
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	48	46	65	111
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	29	20	33	53
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NORTH CAROLINA

Table 78A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *North Carolina*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	13.22	6.26	21.66	12.71	13.91
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	17.27	10.46	31.24	15.89	17.95
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	11.68	5.43	20.77	10.99	12.30
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	21.38	20.31	12.56	22.88	21.49
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.02	4.02	6.38	0.90	1.68
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.01	1.61	3.61	3.08	3.15
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.77	0.17	3.23	1.73	1.93
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	66.63	47.85	58.25	70.07	68.48
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.07	0.37	0.33
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	82.04	56.85	79.59	85.26	84.50
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	1.99	1.27	5.29	1.57	2.07
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.65	0.11	0.27	0.77	0.70
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3.13	1.97	2.94	3.29	3.25
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.20	1.97	2.55	3.44	3.32
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	45.27	5.72	48.67	49.31	49.22
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	20.80	3.07	27.56	21.80	22.57
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	45.87	40.98	42.24	46.99	46.35
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	13.53	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	8.10	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	41.97	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	20.45	1.90	17.11	23.11	22.30
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	15.58	1.27	10.78	17.97	17.01
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	8.96	7.00	24.34	6.81	9.16
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	67.36	59.84	60.43	69.29	68.10
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.60	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	2.97	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NORTH CAROLINA

Table 78B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *North Carolina*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	15.29	7.58	24.74	14.72	16.06
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	9.61	2.46	14.08	9.74	10.32
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.82	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	8.02	6.16	15.62	7.06	8.21
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	2.17	0.89	1.37	2.44	2.29
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.23	0.89	1.20	2.55	2.37
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.02	4.67	4.54	3.86	3.95
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	16.77	10.32	25.50	16.16	17.41
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	77.26	57.32	83.82	77.19	78.45
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	30.58	19.89	21.32
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	9.95	4.67	5.38
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	12.86	6.70	7.53
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.51	2.22	2.66
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	29.05	26.72	22.19	22.80
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	19.14	17.78	7.28	8.69
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.51	11.33	3.39	4.45
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	5.81	4.17	0.91	1.35
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.50	1.81	0.46	0.64
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NORTH DAKOTA

Table 79A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *North Dakota*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	91	4	20	67	87
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	111	5	29	77	106
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	79	3	20	57	76
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	111	12	9	89	99
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	10	2	4	3	7
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	18	1	4	14	17
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	10	0	3	7	10
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	412	27	55	329	384
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	1	2
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	507	30	70	408	478
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	13	1	5	8	13
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	7	0	1	6	7
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	17	1	2	14	16
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	17	1	3	13	16
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	352	5	54	293	347
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	161	2	36	123	159
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	248	24	32	193	225
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	16	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	10	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	34	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	137	1	16	120	136
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	105	1	12	92	104
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	64	4	25	35	60
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	407	37	54	316	370
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	4	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NORTH DAKOTA

Table 79B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *North Dakota*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	110	5	27	78	105
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	69	2	16	52	68
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	52	4	14	34	48
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	11	1	1	9	10
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	11	1	1	9	11
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	29	2	4	22	26
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	122	7	27	87	115
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	95	4	24	67	91
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	33	103	137
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	12	29	40
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	15	37	52
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	6	13	18
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	19	31	110	141
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	11	19	36	55
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	8	13	19	32
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	4	4	6	10
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	2	2	2	4
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NORTH DAKOTA

Table 80A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *North Dakota*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	14.14	6.18	20.96	13.81	14.98
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	17.31	7.78	30.70	15.90	18.32
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	12.36	4.98	20.75	11.68	13.14
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	17.26	19.93	9.61	18.44	16.98
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.50	4.01	7.43	1.10	2.23
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	2.84	1.36	3.78	2.85	2.99
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.50	0.16	3.15	1.34	1.64
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	64.19	45.27	57.38	67.88	66.17
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.37	0.25	0.27
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	79.16	49.41	73.14	84.04	82.25
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.08	1.04	4.76	1.68	2.19
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.15	0.08	1.08	1.30	1.26
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.68	1.91	2.13	2.89	2.76
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	2.59	1.81	2.70	2.67	2.67
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	54.77	8.19	56.39	60.36	59.70
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	25.14	3.91	38.01	25.30	27.38
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	38.74	39.35	33.66	39.67	38.67
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	17.46	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	10.65	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	37.02	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	21.38	2.18	17.23	24.63	23.41
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	16.39	1.75	12.90	18.94	17.94
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	9.93	6.28	26.00	7.23	10.31
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	63.49	61.32	56.42	65.15	63.72
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.46	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.03	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

NORTH DAKOTA

Table 80B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *North Dakota*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	17.10	8.39	28.01	16.07	18.03
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	10.80	2.54	16.90	10.65	11.68
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.17	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	8.11	6.20	14.58	7.09	8.31
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.68	1.29	1.11	1.84	1.72
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	1.76	1.29	1.22	1.93	1.81
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.46	4.07	4.43	4.52	4.51
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	18.94	11.71	28.84	17.93	19.71
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	76.81	62.09	85.95	74.96	77.66
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	34.89	21.30	23.53
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	12.09	5.89	6.91
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	15.37	7.61	8.88
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	6.03	2.60	3.16
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	31.28	32.07	22.69	24.23
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	18.84	19.95	7.33	9.40
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.62	13.13	3.94	5.45
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.46	4.70	1.20	1.78
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	4.00	2.04	0.41	0.68
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

OHIO

Table 81A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Ohio*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	1,742	72	334	1,336	1,670
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	2,265	113	482	1,671	2,152
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	1,560	65	330	1,166	1,495
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	1,558	173	96	1,290	1,386
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	133	42	52	39	91
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	356	15	49	292	341
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	196	2	43	151	194
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	6,583	449	683	5,452	6,134
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	3	26	29
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	8,221	505	926	6,790	7,716
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	239	9	84	146	230
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	92	1	10	80	91
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	299	17	35	246	281
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	319	17	35	267	302
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	4,828	60	639	4,128	4,768
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	2,362	33	391	1,938	2,329
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	3,950	351	409	3,191	3,599
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	232	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	141	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	515	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	2,334	24	239	2,071	2,310
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	1,862	15	163	1,685	1,848
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	1,090	77	386	626	1,012
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	6,129	534	663	4,932	5,595
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	91	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	59	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

OHIO

Table 81B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Ohio*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	1,828	78	351	1,399	1,749
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	1,095	28	200	867	1,067
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	95	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	1,039	66	233	739	972
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	212	9	14	189	203
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	215	9	16	191	206
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	528	50	64	414	478
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	2,104	104	374	1,626	2,000
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	1,548	58	304	1,186	1,490
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	446	1,667	2,113
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	138	428	565
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	191	603	794
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	74	230	304
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	321	383	1,910	2,292
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	174	224	603	827
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	123	168	308	476
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	54	60	102	162
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	33	23	44	67
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

OHIO

Table 82A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Ohio*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	17.51	7.89	28.11	17.01	18.47
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	22.76	12.43	40.53	21.27	23.80
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	15.68	7.13	27.72	14.84	16.53
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	15.65	18.98	8.07	16.42	15.32
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.81	5.37	9.45	1.22	2.32
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.58	1.61	4.12	3.72	3.78
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.97	0.19	3.59	1.93	2.15
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	66.17	49.41	57.43	69.41	67.83
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.22	0.33	0.32
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	82.67	55.57	77.91	86.45	85.33
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.40	1.03	7.10	1.85	2.54
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.92	0.11	0.88	1.02	1.00
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3.00	1.92	2.93	3.14	3.11
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.21	1.90	2.92	3.40	3.34
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	48.51	6.60	53.77	52.56	52.72
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	23.74	3.67	32.91	24.67	25.76
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	39.70	38.60	34.40	40.62	39.80
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	17.13	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	10.37	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	37.93	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	23.46	2.68	20.14	26.36	25.55
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	18.72	1.62	13.71	21.45	20.43
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	10.95	8.50	32.51	7.97	11.19
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	61.60	58.79	55.78	62.79	61.87
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.74	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.35	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

OHIO

Table 82B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Ohio*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	18.37	8.63	29.49	17.81	19.35
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	11.00	3.06	16.85	11.03	11.80
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7.03	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	10.44	7.29	19.63	9.41	10.75
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	2.13	0.97	1.19	2.40	2.24
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.16	0.96	1.33	2.43	2.28
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.30	5.50	5.36	5.27	5.28
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	21.14	11.41	31.50	20.70	22.12
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	74.60	53.86	82.43	74.21	75.74
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	37.55	21.22	23.37
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	11.57	5.45	6.25
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	16.06	7.68	8.78
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	6.18	2.93	3.36
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	35.33	32.20	24.31	25.35
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	19.17	18.82	7.68	9.14
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	13.53	14.12	3.93	5.27
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	5.89	5.04	1.30	1.79
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.61	1.95	0.56	0.74
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

OKLAHOMA

Table 83A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Oklahoma*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	705	23	149	533	682
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	879	38	194	648	842
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	669	21	143	506	648
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	654	72	52	530	582
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	53	12	18	23	41
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	100	4	16	79	95
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	50	1	12	37	50
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	2,211	173	263	1,774	2,037
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	8	9
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	2,686	183	337	2,166	2,503
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	91	6	30	55	85
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	49	0	3	45	48
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	136	7	15	114	129
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	134	7	14	113	127
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	1,351	17	203	1,132	1,334
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	632	10	121	502	622
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	1,447	141	163	1,143	1,306
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	52	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	31	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	185	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	818	8	106	704	810
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	637	5	79	553	632
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	376	25	136	215	351
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	2,151	206	258	1,686	1,944
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	25	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	17	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

OKLAHOMA

Table 83B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Oklahoma*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	614	28	139	448	587
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	313	9	64	239	304
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	22	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	382	23	104	255	359
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	81	5	6	70	76
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	87	5	6	77	83
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	163	18	19	126	145
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	679	37	145	498	643
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	522	23	130	369	499
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	152	514	665
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	48	149	197
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	81	184	264
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	28	62	90
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	98	120	588	708
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	61	73	204	277
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	42	54	106	160
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	21	22	23	45
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	11	9	11	20
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

OKLAHOMA

Table 84A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Oklahoma*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	21.13	6.81	33.84	20.84	22.75
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	26.37	11.13	44.01	25.34	28.08
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	20.07	6.17	32.36	19.80	21.63
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	19.62	21.45	11.74	20.74	19.41
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.62	3.57	8.22	1.37	2.42
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	2.99	1.30	3.66	3.10	3.18
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.51	0.20	2.80	1.46	1.65
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	66.35	51.35	59.75	69.42	68.00
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.10	0.32	0.29
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	80.62	54.12	76.38	84.77	83.54
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.72	1.69	6.78	2.15	2.83
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.46	0.11	0.67	1.77	1.61
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	4.07	2.01	3.33	4.48	4.31
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	4.02	2.10	3.28	4.41	4.24
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	40.53	4.98	46.02	44.28	44.53
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	18.97	2.99	27.38	19.63	20.76
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	43.39	41.76	36.97	44.72	43.57
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	11.49	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.88	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	40.76	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	24.54	2.52	23.98	27.55	27.02
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	19.11	1.62	17.91	21.64	21.08
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	11.27	7.29	30.90	8.41	11.72
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	64.52	61.20	58.51	65.99	64.89
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.44	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.72	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

OKLAHOMA

Table 84B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Oklahoma*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	18.43	8.21	31.59	17.51	19.58
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	9.39	2.76	14.59	9.37	10.14
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.75	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	11.46	6.74	23.68	9.98	11.99
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	2.43	1.39	1.35	2.76	2.55
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.62	1.41	1.31	3.01	2.76
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.89	5.31	4.33	4.94	4.85
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	20.38	10.93	32.90	19.47	21.44
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	75.79	55.33	86.88	74.09	77.08
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	34.40	20.10	22.20
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	10.85	5.82	6.56
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	18.31	7.19	8.82
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	6.33	2.42	3.00
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	29.07	27.25	23.00	23.62
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	18.10	16.47	7.99	9.24
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.39	12.28	4.14	5.33
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.16	5.00	0.90	1.50
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.26	2.09	0.43	0.68
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

OREGON

Table 85A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Oregon*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	889	25	144	720	864
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	1,121	41	191	889	1,080
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	819	24	138	658	796
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	515	43	34	438	473
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	57	12	21	23	44
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	173	5	21	146	167
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	103	1	23	79	102
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	2,066	139	216	1,710	1,926
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	1	14	15
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	2,848	163	307	2,378	2,685
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	225	8	63	155	217
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	54	0	2	52	53
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	129	6	13	110	123
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	135	6	13	116	129
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	1,914	28	226	1,660	1,886
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	742	10	123	609	732
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	1,518	114	153	1,251	1,404
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	81	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	40	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	180	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	681	8	84	589	673
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	540	7	61	472	533
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	336	21	106	209	315
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	2,553	185	243	2,125	2,368
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	31	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	22	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

OREGON

Table 85B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Oregon*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	790	30	140	620	760
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	430	12	73	346	419
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	32	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	467	24	110	332	443
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	66	3	4	59	63
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	77	3	5	69	75
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	219	17	22	180	202
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	852	41	144	667	811
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	634	24	124	485	610
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	179	836	1,015
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	68	215	283
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	83	264	347
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	35	92	127
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	108	134	839	973
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	66	108	288	396
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	42	77	145	223
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	20	25	32	57
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	12	10	11	21
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

OREGON

Table 86A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Oregon*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	24.25	8.28	34.79	24.41	25.69
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	30.57	13.69	46.15	30.12	32.10
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	22.33	7.76	33.27	22.29	23.65
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	14.04	14.06	8.29	14.85	14.04
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	4.00	5.21	12.23	2.22	3.73
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	4.71	1.70	5.12	4.96	4.98
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	2.80	0.24	5.50	2.69	3.03
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	56.32	45.97	52.29	57.94	57.24
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.17	0.48	0.44
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	77.69	53.71	74.30	80.57	79.79
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	6.15	2.66	15.11	5.25	6.46
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.47	0.13	0.42	1.75	1.59
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3.53	2.07	3.06	3.74	3.66
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.69	2.13	3.04	3.94	3.83
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	52.16	9.12	54.70	56.23	56.05
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	20.23	3.33	29.75	20.63	21.75
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	41.39	37.62	36.92	42.39	41.72
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	17.39	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	8.62	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	38.63	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	18.57	2.62	20.28	19.97	20.01
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	14.71	2.19	14.76	15.99	15.84
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	9.17	7.01	25.73	7.07	9.37
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	69.59	61.05	58.71	71.99	70.35
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.59	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.63	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

OREGON

Table 86B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Oregon*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	21.55	10.02	33.86	21.01	22.59
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	11.73	3.86	17.63	11.71	12.44
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.86	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	12.74	8.08	26.68	11.26	13.16
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.79	0.83	0.93	2.01	1.88
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.11	0.85	1.29	2.35	2.22
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.97	5.70	5.20	6.10	5.99
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	23.22	13.47	34.82	22.59	24.10
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	74.13	57.21	84.36	72.88	74.98
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	43.26	28.32	30.16
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	16.47	7.27	8.41
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	20.04	8.93	10.30
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	8.54	3.12	3.79
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	35.58	32.49	28.42	28.92
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	21.90	26.09	9.77	11.78
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	13.72	18.72	4.92	6.62
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.48	6.00	1.08	1.68
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	4.03	2.47	0.38	0.64
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

PENNSYLVANIA

Table 87A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Pennsylvania*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	1,810	69	328	1,413	1,741
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	2,265	99	461	1,706	2,167
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	1,592	60	313	1,219	1,532
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	2,064	205	132	1,727	1,858
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	139	38	50	51	101
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	385	15	50	320	369
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	197	2	45	151	195
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	7,479	460	788	6,231	7,019
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	1	29	31
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	9,290	530	1,055	7,705	8,760
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	331	12	96	222	318
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	97	1	5	91	96
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	324	18	35	271	307
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	345	17	36	292	328
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	5,728	62	687	4,979	5,666
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	2,480	33	408	2,039	2,447
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	4,706	404	467	3,835	4,302
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	219	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	124	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	557	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	2,239	18	191	2,030	2,221
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	1,717	15	140	1,563	1,703
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	915	63	306	546	852
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	7,550	591	820	6,140	6,959
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	71	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	53	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

PENNSYLVANIA

Table 87B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Pennsylvania*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	1,922	80	362	1,480	1,842
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	1,116	24	203	890	1,092
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	76	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	1,046	70	227	749	976
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	212	11	12	188	200
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	213	11	13	189	201
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	643	44	62	538	599
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	2,277	107	381	1,789	2,170
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	1,576	61	319	1,197	1,516
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	460	2,021	2,480
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	153	455	609
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	175	683	858
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	79	223	303
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	310	398	2,084	2,482
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	179	253	684	937
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	125	167	376	543
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	50	58	86	144
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	31	24	35	60
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

PENNSYLVANIA

Table 88A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Pennsylvania*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	16.30	7.39	24.83	15.97	17.12
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	20.40	10.57	34.95	19.27	21.31
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	14.33	6.37	23.72	13.77	15.07
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	18.58	21.92	9.97	19.51	18.27
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.41	4.28	6.93	1.27	2.09
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.46	1.63	3.77	3.61	3.63
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.77	0.17	3.38	1.70	1.92
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	67.36	49.13	59.74	70.40	69.02
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.11	0.33	0.30
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	83.71	56.62	80.01	87.06	86.14
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.98	1.33	7.27	2.51	3.13
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.88	0.13	0.40	1.03	0.94
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.92	1.88	2.69	3.07	3.02
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.11	1.86	2.73	3.30	3.22
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	51.58	6.66	52.06	56.26	55.71
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	22.33	3.51	30.92	23.04	24.07
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	42.38	43.17	35.39	43.33	42.30
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	15.72	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	8.85	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	39.91	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	20.16	1.91	14.48	22.93	21.84
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	15.47	1.57	10.60	17.66	16.74
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	8.24	6.74	23.17	6.17	8.38
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	68.00	63.16	62.16	69.37	68.43
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.05	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.82	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

PENNSYLVANIA

Table 88B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Pennsylvania*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	17.31	8.52	27.43	16.72	18.11
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	10.05	2.57	15.37	10.05	10.74
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.48	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	9.42	7.48	17.18	8.46	9.59
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.91	1.23	0.91	2.13	1.97
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	1.92	1.21	0.96	2.13	1.98
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.79	4.70	4.67	6.08	5.89
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	20.51	11.49	28.85	20.22	21.34
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	71.10	58.20	83.97	69.11	71.74
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	34.86	22.83	24.39
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	11.63	5.14	5.99
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	13.26	7.71	8.43
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	6.02	2.52	2.97
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	33.12	30.20	23.55	24.41
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	19.15	19.18	7.73	9.22
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	13.38	12.64	4.25	5.34
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	5.35	4.38	0.97	1.42
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.28	1.85	0.40	0.59
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

RHODE ISLAND

Table 89A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Rhode Island*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	195	5	42	147	189
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	256	10	59	187	246
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	174	5	41	128	169
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	154	12	10	132	142
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	15	3	6	6	12
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	33	1	7	25	32
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	22	0	6	15	21
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	579	32	67	481	548
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	3	3
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	768	38	92	637	729
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	38	1	12	25	37
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	6	0	0	5	6
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	29	1	3	25	28
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	33	1	3	29	32
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	521	6	71	444	515
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	243	3	46	195	241
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	437	30	50	358	407
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	23	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	13	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	49	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	162	1	18	143	161
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	135	1	14	120	135
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	88	6	34	47	82
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	654	44	72	538	610
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	4	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

RHODE ISLAND

Table 89B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Rhode Island*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	207	7	43	157	200
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	119	2	23	94	117
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	8	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	111	5	28	78	106
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	20	1	1	18	19
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	22	1	2	19	21
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	49	4	6	40	45
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	231	8	44	178	222
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	183	5	38	140	177
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	44	169	214
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	14	38	52
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	22	62	84
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	7	18	25
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	25	39	189	229
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	14	25	58	83
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	10	16	32	48
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	4	6	8	14
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	2	2	3	5
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

RHODE ISLAND

Table 90A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Rhode Island*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	20.53	7.38	34.54	19.53	21.62
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	26.93	13.22	47.89	24.86	28.07
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	18.32	7.24	33.35	16.95	19.23
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	16.26	17.09	7.87	17.55	16.19
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	3.39	5.20	10.65	1.77	3.08
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.49	1.80	5.40	3.35	3.63
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	2.28	0.25	4.98	2.04	2.45
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	61.09	43.72	54.40	63.82	62.51
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.31	0.37	0.36
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	81.01	52.91	75.38	84.55	83.27
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	4.04	1.37	9.77	3.36	4.26
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.61	0.08	0.35	0.71	0.66
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3.04	1.64	2.54	3.25	3.15
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.50	1.66	2.50	3.84	3.66
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	54.92	8.36	58.02	58.89	58.76
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	25.67	3.79	37.28	25.88	27.47
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	46.11	41.68	40.45	47.45	46.47
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	20.10	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	11.20	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	41.83	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	17.11	1.88	14.91	18.93	18.37
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	14.29	1.21	11.52	15.99	15.36
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	9.23	8.31	28.16	6.26	9.31
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	68.96	61.18	58.56	71.38	69.59
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.07	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.32	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

RHODE ISLAND

Table 90B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Rhode Island*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	21.78	9.30	34.95	20.85	22.81
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	12.59	3.19	19.17	12.43	13.37
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7.07	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	11.69	7.49	22.71	10.32	12.04
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	2.08	0.92	1.15	2.34	2.17
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.28	0.92	1.29	2.57	2.39
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.17	5.33	4.57	5.26	5.16
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	24.29	11.26	36.31	23.60	25.37
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	78.70	57.91	86.47	77.85	79.55
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	36.19	22.46	24.37
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	11.54	5.08	5.98
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	18.07	8.24	9.61
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.71	2.45	2.90
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	34.84	31.89	25.15	26.08
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	19.61	20.00	7.73	9.44
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	13.52	13.04	4.26	5.48
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	5.27	4.72	1.03	1.54
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	2.83	2.01	0.34	0.57
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

SOUTH CAROLINA

Table 91A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *South Carolina*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	630	30	132	468	600
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	812	43	169	600	769
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	536	23	114	399	514
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	1,021	93	68	861	928
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	50	16	19	15	34
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	151	7	22	122	144
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	75	1	15	60	75
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	3,138	227	334	2,577	2,911
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	11	11
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	3,822	242	423	3,158	3,580
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	118	5	36	77	113
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	50	0	2	47	49
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	165	9	19	137	156
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	162	9	16	136	152
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	2,160	28	274	1,858	2,132
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	926	13	155	759	914
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	2,015	177	207	1,631	1,838
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	85	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	49	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	251	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	930	8	85	837	922
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	753	4	65	683	748
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	460	27	143	289	432
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	3,052	237	320	2,495	2,815
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	28	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	21	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

SOUTH CAROLINA

Table 91B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *South Carolina*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	761	36	144	581	725
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	455	13	82	361	443
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	38	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	428	28	90	311	400
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	103	5	8	90	98
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	106	5	7	94	101
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	203	22	26	156	182
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	840	49	154	637	791
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	643	28	123	492	615
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	166	677	843
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	46	165	211
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	67	249	316
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	29	83	112
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	116	136	764	900
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	72	83	230	313
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	51	57	126	183
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	24	21	35	56
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	15	11	15	26
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

SOUTH CAROLINA

Table 92A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *South Carolina*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	13.96	7.39	24.84	13.08	14.60
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	17.98	10.53	31.90	16.76	18.72
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	11.89	5.57	21.56	11.16	12.51
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	22.61	22.84	12.72	24.06	22.59
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	1.97	3.97	6.45	0.88	1.63
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.35	1.75	4.13	3.41	3.51
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.67	0.16	2.77	1.68	1.82
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	69.53	55.97	62.87	72.04	70.85
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.08	0.30	0.28
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	84.73	59.63	79.58	88.27	87.14
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.61	1.13	6.76	2.16	2.76
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.10	0.09	0.45	1.31	1.20
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3.67	2.23	3.57	3.84	3.81
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.58	2.27	3.10	3.80	3.71
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	47.86	7.01	51.54	51.95	51.89
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	20.52	3.15	29.17	21.21	22.24
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	44.64	43.56	39.05	45.59	44.75
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	14.37	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	8.29	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	42.38	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	20.60	1.94	15.92	23.41	22.44
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	16.68	1.11	12.26	19.10	18.22
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	10.18	6.75	26.95	8.08	10.52
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	67.61	58.37	60.22	69.75	68.52
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.69	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.54	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

SOUTH CAROLINA

Table 92B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *South Carolina*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	16.86	8.77	27.11	16.25	17.66
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	10.09	3.12	15.38	10.09	10.78
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.43	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	9.48	6.81	16.90	8.69	9.75
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	2.28	1.29	1.49	2.51	2.38
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.35	1.29	1.26	2.64	2.46
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.51	5.31	4.95	4.35	4.43
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	18.60	12.09	28.98	17.80	19.25
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	76.20	56.56	82.75	76.21	77.43
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	31.24	18.93	20.52
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	8.74	4.60	5.14
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	12.54	6.97	7.69
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.48	2.31	2.72
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	28.72	25.67	21.35	21.91
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	17.75	15.58	6.43	7.61
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.66	10.77	3.51	4.45
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	5.99	3.92	0.98	1.36
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.80	2.10	0.42	0.64
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

SOUTH DAKOTA

Table 93A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *South Dakota*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	100	4	19	77	96
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	139	6	33	100	133
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	89	4	19	67	85
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	142	14	9	119	128
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	10	3	4	3	7
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	21	1	4	17	20
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	11	0	3	8	11
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	484	34	51	399	450
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	2	2
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	593	39	68	486	555
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	14	1	5	8	14
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	9	0	1	8	9
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	24	1	2	20	22
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	22	1	3	18	21
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	374	5	52	318	370
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	175	3	33	139	172
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	290	28	30	231	262
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	14	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	8	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	39	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	156	2	18	136	154
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	124	1	14	109	123
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	81	5	28	48	76
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	473	45	52	377	429
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

SOUTH DAKOTA

Table 93B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *South Dakota*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	131	6	29	96	126
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	85	2	19	64	83
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	63	4	15	44	59
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	14	1	1	12	13
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	15	1	1	13	14
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	35	3	4	27	31
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	146	9	31	106	137
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	109	5	26	78	104
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	36	127	163
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	14	34	48
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	17	46	63
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	6	16	22
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	26	30	144	175
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	13	18	45	62
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	11	16	24	40
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	5	6	8	13
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	3	2	2	4
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

SOUTH DAKOTA

Table 94A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *South Dakota*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	13.30	5.49	19.98	13.21	14.17
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	18.55	8.37	34.46	17.24	19.69
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	11.85	4.82	19.79	11.45	12.63
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	18.87	18.53	9.34	20.50	18.91
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.20	3.61	7.06	1.02	1.93
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	2.84	1.57	3.73	2.85	2.98
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.50	0.21	3.39	1.36	1.64
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	64.45	45.02	53.74	68.71	66.59
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.35	0.32	0.33
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	79.01	51.26	72.43	83.63	82.04
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	1.94	1.19	5.80	1.39	2.02
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.18	0.15	1.34	1.29	1.30
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3.15	1.91	2.25	3.46	3.29
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	2.95	1.89	2.93	3.10	3.07
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	49.84	6.25	54.73	54.70	54.70
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	23.30	3.51	35.10	23.92	25.51
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	38.59	37.41	32.22	39.80	38.72
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	13.16	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	8.15	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	37.38	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	20.69	2.00	18.93	23.42	22.78
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	16.54	1.73	14.35	18.83	18.19
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	10.84	7.00	29.63	8.23	11.27
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	62.98	58.96	55.17	64.80	63.43
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.45	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.27	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

SOUTH DAKOTA

Table 94B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *South Dakota*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	17.51	7.70	30.87	16.58	18.61
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	11.33	2.99	19.65	11.04	12.26
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.80	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	8.44	5.84	15.79	7.56	8.72
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.85	1.31	1.11	2.04	1.91
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	1.99	1.28	1.17	2.22	2.07
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.64	4.44	4.53	4.68	4.66
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	19.40	11.59	32.36	18.27	20.27
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	75.81	58.41	85.62	74.21	76.83
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	38.19	21.82	24.14
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	14.87	5.85	7.13
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	17.96	7.97	9.39
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	6.86	2.68	3.27
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	33.96	32.25	24.85	25.90
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	16.67	18.84	7.68	9.27
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	14.98	16.53	4.21	5.96
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.84	5.87	1.30	1.95
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.94	2.50	0.36	0.67
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

TENNESSEE

Table 95A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Tennessee*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	833	37	157	639	796
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	1,197	64	240	893	1,133
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	774	31	152	591	742
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	1,138	101	65	973	1,037
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	79	24	31	24	55
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	203	9	35	159	194
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	96	1	20	75	95
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	4,082	264	411	3,407	3,818
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	1	16	17
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	4,928	287	538	4,104	4,641
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	242	9	61	171	232
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	71	1	4	66	71
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	207	11	23	173	196
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	207	11	21	175	196
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	2,671	31	341	2,298	2,640
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	1,177	17	198	962	1,160
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	2,624	222	255	2,147	2,402
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	108	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	60	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	321	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	1,395	13	124	1,258	1,383
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	1,067	7	83	977	1,060
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	626	47	208	371	578
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	3,738	300	388	3,050	3,438
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	44	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	27	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

TENNESSEE

Table 95B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Tennessee*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	964	45	186	733	919
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	542	12	97	433	531
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	40	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	570	39	122	409	531
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	128	8	10	111	120
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	133	8	9	116	125
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	318	31	35	253	287
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	1,138	68	200	870	1,070
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	828	37	162	629	791
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	286	1,155	1,441
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	92	322	415
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	113	372	485
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	48	141	189
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	169	198	1,048	1,246
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	108	141	396	536
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	79	104	198	303
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	36	34	57	91
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	23	15	24	40
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

TENNESSEE

Table 96A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Tennessee*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	13.92	6.76	22.00	13.52	14.63
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	20.00	11.73	33.53	18.90	20.83
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	12.92	5.73	21.19	12.50	13.64
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	19.00	18.43	9.02	20.58	19.05
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.48	4.89	8.21	1.07	2.05
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.39	1.69	4.91	3.36	3.56
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.61	0.16	2.86	1.59	1.75
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	68.19	48.43	57.39	72.08	70.15
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.18	0.34	0.32
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	82.36	52.59	75.10	86.83	85.29
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	4.04	1.68	8.54	3.63	4.27
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.19	0.11	0.57	1.41	1.30
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3.45	1.96	3.18	3.66	3.60
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.45	2.03	2.90	3.70	3.60
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	44.61	5.74	47.66	48.63	48.50
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	19.65	3.07	27.64	20.36	21.31
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	43.83	40.70	35.64	45.43	44.14
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	13.30	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7.35	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	39.54	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	23.31	2.30	17.38	26.63	25.41
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	17.82	1.35	11.58	20.67	19.48
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	10.45	8.68	29.02	7.84	10.63
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	62.43	54.94	54.14	64.54	63.17
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.44	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.28	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

TENNESSEE

Table 96B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Tennessee*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	16.10	8.25	25.97	15.51	16.88
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	9.06	2.17	13.60	9.17	9.75
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.94	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	9.51	7.09	17.03	8.65	9.76
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	2.14	1.45	1.34	2.34	2.21
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.22	1.45	1.30	2.45	2.30
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.31	5.59	4.86	5.35	5.28
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	19.01	12.40	27.96	18.41	19.67
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	72.12	54.65	83.02	71.06	73.22
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	39.91	24.45	26.48
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	12.90	6.82	7.62
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	15.79	7.88	8.92
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	6.66	2.99	3.47
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	31.04	27.61	22.18	22.89
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	19.87	19.63	8.37	9.85
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	14.54	14.59	4.19	5.56
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.68	4.76	1.20	1.67
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	4.16	2.14	0.51	0.73
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

TEXAS

Table 97A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Texas*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	2,908	160	643	2,105	2,748
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	4,094	249	952	2,894	3,846
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	2,570	124	610	1,836	2,446
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	6,268	629	440	5,199	5,639
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	296	107	112	78	190
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	692	46	110	536	646
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	380	6	72	302	374
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	17,214	1,348	2,043	13,823	15,866
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	1	56	57
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	20,596	1,528	2,588	16,480	19,068
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	510	29	151	330	481
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	219	3	7	209	216
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	808	57	103	648	751
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	844	57	97	690	788
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	10,692	163	1,500	9,029	10,529
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	5,221	89	881	4,251	5,132
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	11,651	1,142	1,340	9,168	10,508
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	500	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	282	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	1,605	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	4,595	47	488	4,059	4,547
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	3,586	26	316	3,244	3,560
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	2,137	156	662	1,320	1,982
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	17,154	1,538	2,053	13,563	15,616
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	171	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	91	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

TEXAS

Table 97B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Texas*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	3,730	216	745	2,769	3,514
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	2,431	72	457	1,903	2,359
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	192	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	1,868	163	429	1,275	1,704
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	459	27	40	392	432
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	509	27	40	442	482
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	1,016	117	138	760	898
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	4,166	277	783	3,107	3,889
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	3,198	175	650	2,373	3,023
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	1,028	3,661	4,689
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	338	757	1,094
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	359	1,239	1,598
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	170	369	539
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	736	680	3,297	3,977
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	457	576	1,185	1,761
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	319	391	569	960
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	141	154	141	295
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	83	69	61	130
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

TEXAS

Table 98A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Texas*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	11.66	6.07	19.39	11.09	12.32
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	16.41	9.40	28.69	15.24	17.24
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	10.29	4.69	18.40	9.67	10.96
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	25.12	23.79	13.26	27.39	25.28
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	1.96	4.21	5.45	0.81	1.54
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	2.77	1.74	3.31	2.82	2.89
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.52	0.21	2.18	1.59	1.68
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	69.04	50.98	61.57	72.82	71.15
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.03	0.29	0.26
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	82.62	57.78	78.01	86.81	85.50
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.04	1.10	4.55	1.74	2.16
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.88	0.13	0.20	1.10	0.97
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3.24	2.16	3.11	3.41	3.37
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.38	2.14	2.93	3.64	3.53
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	42.86	6.15	45.20	47.57	47.21
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	20.93	3.35	26.55	22.40	23.01
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	46.70	43.19	40.40	48.30	47.11
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	13.00	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7.33	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	41.73	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	18.42	1.78	14.71	21.38	20.39
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	14.37	1.00	9.53	17.09	15.96
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	8.57	5.89	19.96	6.95	8.89
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	68.76	58.16	61.86	71.45	70.02
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.44	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	2.38	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

TEXAS

Table 98B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Texas*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	14.95	8.17	22.44	14.59	15.75
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	9.75	2.72	13.77	10.02	10.58
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.00	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	7.48	6.18	12.93	6.72	7.64
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.84	1.01	1.20	2.06	1.94
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.04	1.02	1.20	2.33	2.16
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.07	4.44	4.17	4.00	4.03
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	16.70	10.47	23.59	16.36	17.43
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	75.76	60.01	82.67	75.51	76.95
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	30.98	19.28	21.02
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	10.17	3.99	4.91
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	10.81	6.53	7.16
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.12	1.94	2.41
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	27.82	20.49	17.37	17.83
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	17.30	17.35	6.24	7.90
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.04	11.78	3.00	4.30
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	5.34	4.65	0.74	1.32
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.15	2.07	0.32	0.58
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

UTAH

Table 99A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Utah*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	307	15	80	211	291
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	444	24	119	301	420
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	288	14	73	201	274
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	684	100	78	506	584
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	51	11	23	18	40
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	79	4	18	57	75
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	34	1	10	23	33
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	1,810	174	270	1,366	1,636
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	8	8
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	2,175	188	350	1,637	1,987
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	91	5	28	57	85
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	30	0	2	29	30
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	87	7	11	69	80
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	86	7	12	67	79
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	772	10	142	620	762
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	363	7	81	275	356
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	1,340	166	178	996	1,174
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	49	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	28	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	222	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	279	3	43	233	276
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	221	2	36	183	219
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	226	13	85	128	213
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	2,006	234	319	1,454	1,773
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	15	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	12	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

UTAH

Table 99B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Utah*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	357	22	81	254	335
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	199	6	48	145	193
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	18	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	231	18	61	152	212
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	44	3	5	35	40
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	51	4	6	42	48
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	131	14	20	97	117
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	425	30	89	306	395
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	294	17	75	202	277
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	191	540	732
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	70	159	228
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	52	139	191
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	26	52	78
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	112	143	546	689
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	56	96	170	266
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	41	78	107	184
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	21	25	28	52
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	14	8	7	15
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

UTAH

Table 100A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Utah*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	11.02	4.52	17.63	10.61	11.91
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	15.95	6.97	26.26	15.13	17.18
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	10.31	4.02	16.18	10.08	11.18
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	24.56	29.63	17.11	25.42	23.86
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.24	2.73	6.20	1.13	2.14
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	2.85	1.32	3.90	2.87	3.06
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.21	0.21	2.31	1.13	1.35
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	65.08	51.58	59.58	68.57	66.91
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.08	0.40	0.34
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	78.24	55.73	77.21	82.20	81.28
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	3.27	1.59	6.22	2.87	3.50
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.09	0.06	0.37	1.43	1.23
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3.12	1.94	2.51	3.46	3.28
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	3.08	1.99	2.69	3.35	3.23
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	27.71	2.89	31.33	31.11	31.14
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	13.03	2.13	17.79	13.80	14.54
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	48.14	49.17	39.33	50.01	48.00
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	10.07	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.74	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	45.22	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	10.00	0.88	9.52	11.68	11.26
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	7.94	0.70	7.88	9.20	8.94
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	8.14	3.79	18.73	6.45	8.74
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	72.09	69.29	70.27	72.99	72.48
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.13	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	2.47	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

UTAH

Table 100B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Utah*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	12.81	6.57	17.77	12.75	13.68
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	7.17	1.88	10.61	7.28	7.90
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.75	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	8.28	5.40	13.37	7.62	8.68
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.56	1.03	1.07	1.77	1.64
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	1.84	1.05	1.22	2.13	1.96
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.70	4.07	4.43	4.88	4.79
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	15.24	8.79	19.51	15.38	16.13
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	69.81	55.70	81.64	67.66	70.93
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	42.21	27.11	29.93
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	15.36	7.97	9.34
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	11.48	6.98	7.81
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.70	2.63	3.20
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	33.35	31.61	27.40	28.18
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	16.68	21.10	8.55	10.89
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.12	17.16	5.35	7.56
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.11	5.42	1.39	2.14
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	4.16	1.85	0.35	0.63
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

VERMONT

Table 101A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Vermont*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	155	4	31	119	150
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	195	6	42	147	189
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	144	4	30	111	141
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	63	6	4	53	57
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	9	2	3	3	7
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	20	1	4	14	19
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	14	0	5	9	14
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	324	19	36	269	305
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	1	2	2
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	442	22	53	367	420
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	32	1	14	18	31
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	6	0	1	5	6
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	15	1	2	12	14
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	15	1	2	13	14
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	337	4	45	287	333
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	145	2	29	115	143
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	210	14	21	174	196
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	12	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	20	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	101	1	13	88	101
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	79	1	11	68	79
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	54	3	21	30	51
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	399	28	43	328	371
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	3	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	2	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

VERMONT

Table 101B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Vermont*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	117	4	25	88	114
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	63	1	13	49	62
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	74	3	19	52	71
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	12	0	1	11	12
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	12	0	1	10	11
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	33	2	4	27	31
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	136	4	25	106	132
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	99	3	21	75	96
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	29	113	143
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	11	27	38
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	15	43	58
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	6	14	20
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	16	28	145	172
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	8	17	37	54
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	6	11	21	32
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	3	4	5	9
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	2	2	2	4
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

VERMONT

Table 102A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Vermont*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	27.15	10.31	43.34	26.18	28.51
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	34.26	14.02	58.69	32.32	35.89
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	25.33	8.55	42.05	24.27	26.67
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	11.07	14.22	5.01	11.73	10.81
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	4.36	5.61	14.08	2.36	4.10
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.43	1.79	6.21	3.15	3.56
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	2.39	0.19	6.86	1.89	2.56
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	56.92	45.46	49.89	59.06	57.82
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.73	0.40	0.44
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	77.57	52.24	74.13	80.39	79.54
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	5.59	1.44	19.12	3.85	5.92
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.06	0.19	0.72	1.19	1.13
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.56	1.77	2.69	2.61	2.62
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	2.66	1.73	2.71	2.74	2.74
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	59.07	9.56	63.15	63.03	63.04
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	25.43	4.11	40.10	25.12	27.15
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	36.76	32.88	29.62	38.24	37.07
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	20.14	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	11.50	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	32.86	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	17.80	1.50	18.32	19.24	19.11
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	13.94	1.66	15.10	14.90	14.93
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	9.52	7.34	30.02	6.51	9.69
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	70.00	65.60	60.08	71.95	70.34
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.72	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.75	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

VERMONT

Table 102B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Vermont*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	20.58	8.33	35.50	19.38	21.56
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	11.14	2.73	18.72	10.73	11.81
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.80	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	13.03	7.26	26.64	11.44	13.50
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	2.14	1.00	1.07	2.41	2.23
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.02	1.00	1.23	2.24	2.10
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.82	4.78	5.41	5.99	5.91
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	23.90	10.58	35.33	23.35	24.97
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	74.86	58.16	84.17	73.35	75.49
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	41.23	24.80	27.02
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	15.62	5.97	7.27
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	20.48	9.46	10.95
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	7.83	3.16	3.80
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	37.53	38.55	31.71	32.63
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	19.89	24.37	8.06	10.27
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	14.71	15.43	4.51	5.99
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	5.90	5.98	1.10	1.76
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.73	2.72	0.39	0.71
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

VIRGINIA

Table 103A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Virginia*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	1,101	52	231	818	1,049
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	1,405	74	321	1,011	1,331
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	967	43	220	704	924
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	1,365	125	81	1,159	1,239
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	113	30	44	39	83
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	231	11	38	182	220
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	108	1	29	77	107
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	4,836	328	514	3,994	4,508
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	16	17
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	6,034	372	681	4,981	5,662
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	193	9	65	119	184
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	41	1	3	37	40
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	181	12	23	146	169
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	183	12	24	148	171
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	3,646	51	493	3,102	3,595
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	1,512	25	278	1,210	1,488
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	3,164	269	327	2,568	2,895
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	171	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	92	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	405	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	1,274	12	134	1,129	1,263
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	938	7	87	844	931
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	634	45	217	372	589
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	4,909	408	562	3,938	4,501
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	47	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	29	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

VIRGINIA

Table 103B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Virginia*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	1,189	57	237	894	1,132
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	746	20	139	587	726
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	60	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	619	46	147	426	573
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	115	8	11	96	106
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	122	8	10	104	113
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	291	22	38	231	269
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	1,326	72	249	1,005	1,254
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	1,041	49	215	776	992
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	314	1,228	1,542
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	84	280	364
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	128	371	499
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	46	113	159
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	207	249	1,295	1,544
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	131	170	378	548
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	90	100	248	349
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	39	33	51	84
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	23	16	21	37
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

VIRGINIA

Table 104A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Virginia*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	15.10	7.92	26.08	14.24	15.81
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	19.27	11.19	36.28	17.58	20.07
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	13.27	6.55	24.90	12.25	13.94
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	18.72	19.09	9.16	20.16	18.68
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.72	5.23	8.75	1.23	2.29
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.17	1.61	4.32	3.17	3.32
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.48	0.16	3.33	1.34	1.61
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	66.36	49.88	58.14	69.48	67.97
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.05	0.29	0.25
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	82.83	56.62	77.02	86.65	85.37
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.65	1.38	7.32	2.08	2.77
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.56	0.11	0.32	0.65	0.60
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.48	1.77	2.61	2.54	2.55
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	2.51	1.77	2.67	2.57	2.58
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	50.02	7.77	55.73	53.97	54.20
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	20.75	3.75	31.46	21.04	22.43
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	43.41	40.93	37.02	44.67	43.65
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	17.28	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	9.30	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	41.02	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	17.48	1.79	15.11	19.64	19.04
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	12.87	1.14	9.78	14.68	14.03
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	8.70	6.88	24.49	6.48	8.88
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	67.35	62.11	63.57	68.52	67.86
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.80	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	2.97	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

VIRGINIA

Table 104B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Virginia*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	16.31	8.69	26.81	15.56	17.06
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	10.23	3.04	15.68	10.22	10.95
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.12	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	8.50	6.97	16.66	7.41	8.65
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.57	1.27	1.20	1.66	1.60
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	1.67	1.29	1.09	1.81	1.71
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.00	3.40	4.34	4.01	4.06
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	18.18	10.89	28.20	17.48	18.91
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	78.16	68.25	84.89	77.17	78.72
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	35.49	21.37	23.25
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	9.52	4.86	5.48
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	14.46	6.45	7.52
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	5.21	1.96	2.40
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	31.52	28.10	22.54	23.28
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	19.93	19.23	6.57	8.26
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	13.76	11.33	4.32	5.25
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	5.94	3.72	0.88	1.26
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.45	1.83	0.36	0.56
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

WASHINGTON

Table 105A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Washington*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	1,500	48	236	1,216	1,452
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	1,892	68	320	1,504	1,824
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	1,372	41	220	1,111	1,331
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	986	97	64	825	889
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	99	24	34	41	75
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	254	10	40	205	244
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	121	1	29	91	120
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	3,828	265	395	3,167	3,563
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	1	19	19
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	5,162	306	547	4,310	4,857
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	280	11	70	199	269
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	104	1	4	99	103
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	159	11	15	133	147
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	169	11	19	139	158
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	3,468	45	366	3,057	3,423
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	1,258	17	184	1,057	1,241
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	2,705	218	266	2,222	2,487
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	137	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	59	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	334	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	996	9	106	881	987
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	815	9	83	723	806
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	571	37	183	351	533
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	4,588	369	449	3,770	4,219
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	41	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	34	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

WASHINGTON

Table 105B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Washington*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	1,225	49	214	962	1,176
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	713	17	127	570	697
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	49	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	699	41	151	507	658
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	100	4	6	89	95
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	116	4	9	103	111
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	330	20	35	274	310
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	1,358	65	223	1,071	1,294
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	1,008	39	197	772	969
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	309	1,385	1,695
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	97	351	448
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	130	450	580
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	45	148	193
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	178	229	1,319	1,548
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	116	171	476	647
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	74	106	234	340
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	42	37	45	82
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	22	15	20	35
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

WASHINGTON

Table 106A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Washington*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	22.64	8.34	31.65	22.92	24.00
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	28.55	11.80	42.91	28.34	30.14
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	20.70	7.14	29.46	20.93	21.99
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	14.88	16.91	8.54	15.56	14.69
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	3.29	4.66	9.43	1.90	3.01
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	3.83	1.65	5.30	3.86	4.04
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.83	0.22	3.86	1.72	1.98
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	57.77	46.07	52.98	59.69	58.86
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.11	0.35	0.32
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	77.95	53.15	73.23	81.23	80.24
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	4.22	1.96	9.39	3.74	4.44
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.56	0.09	0.54	1.87	1.70
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.40	1.99	1.99	2.50	2.44
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	2.55	1.95	2.49	2.62	2.60
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	52.34	7.88	49.00	57.61	56.55
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	18.99	2.95	24.64	19.93	20.51
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	40.83	37.94	35.60	41.87	41.10
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	15.65	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.71	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	38.02	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	15.03	1.59	14.21	16.60	16.31
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	12.31	1.59	11.18	13.62	13.32
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	8.60	6.51	24.45	6.61	8.80
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	69.24	64.14	60.16	71.06	69.71
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.61	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.86	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

WASHINGTON

Table 106B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Washington*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	18.49	8.57	28.68	18.12	19.43
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	10.76	2.90	16.95	10.74	11.51
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.55	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	10.55	7.17	20.29	9.55	10.87
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.50	0.78	0.87	1.67	1.57
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	1.75	0.78	1.16	1.93	1.84
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.98	3.53	4.75	5.17	5.12
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	20.50	11.28	29.89	20.18	21.38
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	75.45	66.10	84.85	73.91	75.89
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	41.45	26.11	27.99
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	13.02	6.62	7.41
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	17.41	8.49	9.59
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	6.04	2.79	3.19
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	30.87	30.72	24.86	25.58
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	20.15	22.86	8.97	10.68
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.92	14.24	4.41	5.62
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	7.25	5.01	0.85	1.36
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.90	2.00	0.38	0.58
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

WEST VIRGINIA

Table 107A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *West Virginia*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	233	9	41	183	224
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	279	15	58	205	264
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	194	8	38	148	186
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	267	28	17	223	239
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	16	5	6	5	10
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	68	2	9	57	66
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	26	0	6	20	26
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	1,063	66	111	887	998
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	1	7	9
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	1,264	76	140	1,048	1,188
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	30	1	9	20	28
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	38	0	2	36	37
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	58	2	6	50	56
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	64	3	5	56	62
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	573	6	83	484	567
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	292	4	52	236	288
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	660	53	65	542	608
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	25	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	16	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	77	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	461	4	36	421	457
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	371	3	31	337	368
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	170	12	57	101	158
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	904	73	94	737	831
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	14	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	10	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

WEST VIRGINIA

Table 107B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *West Virginia*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	274	10	50	213	264
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	123	3	25	96	121
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	9	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	180	10	32	138	170
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	51	1	2	47	49
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	52	1	2	49	51
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	96	7	10	80	89
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	327	15	53	259	312
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	224	8	43	173	216
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	66	342	408
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	23	93	116
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	32	116	148
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	13	44	57
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	46	56	327	384
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	27	36	132	169
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	19	27	65	92
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	8	10	17	28
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	4	4	5	9
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

WEST VIRGINIA

Table 108A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *West Virginia*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	15.34	6.91	23.15	15.08	16.11
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	18.39	11.70	33.36	16.91	19.00
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	12.76	6.09	21.40	12.20	13.37
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	17.59	21.96	9.46	18.32	17.19
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	1.97	4.42	5.80	0.87	1.56
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	4.49	1.88	4.99	4.69	4.73
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.74	0.15	3.69	1.63	1.89
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	70.09	51.61	63.18	73.00	71.75
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.64	0.62	0.62
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	83.33	59.61	79.71	86.27	85.43
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	1.96	1.00	4.96	1.63	2.05
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	2.48	0.21	0.89	2.95	2.69
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	3.85	1.86	3.53	4.10	4.03
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	4.22	1.97	3.10	4.62	4.43
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	37.76	4.55	47.24	39.85	40.79
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	19.24	3.36	29.44	19.42	20.69
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	43.51	41.48	37.21	44.64	43.70
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	13.15	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	8.59	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	40.54	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	30.37	2.96	20.81	34.63	32.87
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	24.44	2.32	17.96	27.69	26.46
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	11.20	9.07	32.51	8.32	11.39
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	59.60	57.78	53.76	60.63	59.76
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7.25	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.34	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

WEST VIRGINIA

Table 108B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *West Virginia*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	18.06	8.05	28.70	17.55	18.97
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	8.14	2.20	14.11	7.89	8.68
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4.88	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	11.89	7.80	18.28	11.38	12.26
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	3.33	0.87	1.26	3.88	3.55
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	3.44	0.87	1.32	4.01	3.67
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	6.32	5.16	5.43	6.58	6.43
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	21.56	11.79	30.37	21.30	22.46
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	70.16	55.93	82.40	68.43	70.85
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	37.65	28.12	29.33
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	13.10	7.66	8.35
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	18.26	9.56	10.67
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	7.42	3.62	4.10
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	36.37	32.17	26.94	27.60
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	21.46	20.61	10.89	12.13
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	14.63	15.46	5.33	6.62
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.22	5.85	1.42	1.98
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.35	2.29	0.37	0.61
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

WISCONSIN

Table 109A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Wisconsin*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	809	32	169	608	776
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	1,110	50	266	794	1,060
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	709	27	161	521	682
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	789	89	46	654	700
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	74	20	27	28	54
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	135	6	26	103	129
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	81	1	22	58	80
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	3,126	216	330	2,579	2,910
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	3	10	12
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	4,097	239	463	3,395	3,858
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	136	6	50	80	130
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	39	1	4	34	38
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	138	8	16	115	131
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	142	7	16	119	135
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	2,881	38	359	2,484	2,843
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	1,420	20	249	1,150	1,399
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	1,957	172	205	1,580	1,785
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	141	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	88	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	264	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	939	8	112	819	931
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	732	7	77	647	725
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	550	36	181	333	514
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	3,306	268	371	2,666	3,038
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	43	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	28	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

WISCONSIN

Table 109B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Wisconsin*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	940	42	194	705	898
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	605	17	119	468	587
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	54	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	494	33	126	335	461
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	101	6	6	88	95
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	99	6	7	85	93
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	228	22	31	175	206
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	1,026	57	198	771	969
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	811	33	170	608	778
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	257	883	1,141
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	81	219	299
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	112	310	422
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	44	100	144
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	157	216	988	1,205
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	80	133	279	412
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	59	89	165	254
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	29	34	49	82
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	16	12	14	26
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

WISCONSIN

Table 110A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Wisconsin*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	16.01	7.07	27.01	15.30	16.89
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	21.97	11.07	42.52	19.98	23.04
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	14.04	5.89	25.77	13.13	14.84
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	15.62	19.64	7.39	16.46	15.22
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.80	4.68	8.80	1.43	2.45
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	2.67	1.43	4.17	2.58	2.80
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.60	0.19	3.55	1.46	1.74
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	61.90	47.60	52.85	64.93	63.29
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.42	0.25	0.27
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	81.15	52.58	74.12	85.46	83.91
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.69	1.34	8.02	2.01	2.83
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	0.77	0.15	0.66	0.86	0.83
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.74	1.69	2.54	2.89	2.84
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	2.82	1.62	2.58	2.99	2.94
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	57.04	8.46	57.37	62.54	61.84
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	28.10	4.49	39.77	28.96	30.43
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	38.74	37.79	32.77	39.79	38.83
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	19.58	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	12.18	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	36.49	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	18.58	1.76	17.95	20.61	20.24
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	14.50	1.65	12.37	16.30	15.76
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	10.89	7.96	28.92	8.39	11.18
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	65.45	59.06	59.40	67.13	66.08
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.00	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.83	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

WISCONSIN

Table 110B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Wisconsin*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	18.61	9.20	31.02	17.74	19.54
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	11.97	3.82	19.05	11.78	12.77
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	7.54	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	9.78	7.29	20.10	8.44	10.03
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	1.99	1.31	1.04	2.22	2.06
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	1.95	1.30	1.20	2.15	2.02
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	4.51	4.95	4.94	4.40	4.47
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	20.30	12.50	31.71	19.40	21.07
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	78.19	59.49	84.51	77.88	79.25
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	41.17	22.24	24.81
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	12.91	5.50	6.51
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	17.92	7.80	9.18
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	6.99	2.52	3.13
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	34.53	34.58	24.88	26.20
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	17.55	21.27	7.01	8.95
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	12.92	14.31	4.15	5.53
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.42	5.40	1.22	1.79
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	3.52	1.93	0.36	0.57
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

WYOMING

Table 111A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Wyoming*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	59	3	12	44	56
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	77	4	18	54	73
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	53	2	12	39	51
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	87	9	6	72	78
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	7	2	3	2	4
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	14	1	2	11	13
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	8	0	2	5	8
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	317	24	33	260	293
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0	2	2
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	394	26	45	323	368
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	14	1	5	8	13
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	6	0	0	5	6
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	15	1	1	12	14
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	14	1	2	11	13
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	255	4	29	221	251
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	112	2	19	92	110
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	199	18	22	159	182
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	10	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	26	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	113	1	15	97	112
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	83	1	11	71	83
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	61	4	20	37	57
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	326	27	32	266	299
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation = X₁ ÷ 2, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

WYOMING

Table 111B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Wyoming*; by Age Group, Annual Average Numbers (in Thousands), 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	88	4	17	67	84
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	58	2	11	45	56
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	4	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	42	3	10	29	39
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	10	1	1	9	9
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	11	1	1	9	10
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	27	2	3	22	25
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	103	6	18	79	97
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	70	3	15	52	67
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	22	88	110
Serious Mental Illness^7,9	--	--	9	26	35
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	11	31	42
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,9	--	--	5	10	15
Received Mental Health Treatment¹⁰	--	16	19	96	116
Major Depressive Episode^7,11	--	10	13	32	45
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,12	--	7	10	19	29
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,12	--	3	4	5	8
Attempted Suicide^7,12	--	2	2	2	3
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-estimated-totals-state. NOTE: Estimated numbers appearing as 0 in this table mean that the estimate is greater than 0 but less than 500 because estimated numbers are shown in thousands. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹⁰ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹¹ Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹² The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

WYOMING

Table 112A – Substance Use and Perceptions of Great Risk: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Wyoming*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
ILLICIT DRUGS
Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month^1,2	12.00	5.85	20.52	11.46	12.67
Marijuana Use in the Past Year³	15.65	8.84	31.22	14.09	16.38
Marijuana Use in the Past Month³	10.80	4.68	20.23	10.11	11.47
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking Marijuana Once a Month	17.62	18.63	9.82	18.71	17.51
First Use of Marijuana in the Past Year among Those at Risk for Initiation of Marijuana Use^3,4,5	2.45	4.80	8.17	0.96	1.99
Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month^1,2	2.85	1.75	3.78	2.84	2.97
Cocaine Use in the Past Year	1.55	0.21	3.61	1.40	1.69
Perceptions of Great Risk from Using Cocaine Once a Month	64.48	50.37	55.69	67.58	65.98
Heroin Use in the Past Year⁶	--	--	0.30	0.41	0.40
Perceptions of Great Risk from Trying Heroin Once or Twice	80.19	54.93	76.06	83.92	82.87
Hallucinogen Use in the Past Year	2.77	1.19	8.41	2.10	2.95
Methamphetamine Use in the Past Year	1.20	0.15	0.81	1.39	1.31
Prescription Pain Reliever Misuse in the Past Year²	2.99	2.24	2.29	3.19	3.07
Opioid Misuse in the Past Year^2,7	2.81	2.24	3.33	2.80	2.87
ALCOHOL
Alcohol Use in the Past Month	51.73	8.18	50.05	57.44	56.45
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁸	22.81	3.94	31.73	23.80	24.86
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week	40.50	36.94	37.68	41.37	40.88
Alcohol Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	15.36	--	--	--	--
Binge Alcohol Use in the Past Month^8,9 (People Aged 12 to 20)	9.12	--	--	--	--
Perceptions of Great Risk from Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	37.92	--	--	--	--
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month¹⁰	22.99	2.34	25.54	25.19	25.23
Cigarette Use in the Past Month	16.93	1.61	19.41	18.46	18.59
Nicotine Vaping in the Past Month	12.36	8.28	34.07	9.51	12.80
Perceptions of Great Risk from Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes per Day	66.23	56.40	55.35	69.14	67.29
Tobacco Product Use in the Past Month^9,10 (People Aged 12 to 20)	5.67	--	--	--	--
Cigarette Use in the Past Month⁹ (People Aged 12 to 20)	3.72	--	--	--	--
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Illicit drug use includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drug use other than marijuana includes the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics or the use of cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine. Illicit drugs other than marijuana excludes respondents who used only marijuana but includes those who used marijuana in addition to other illicit drugs. ² Prescription pain relievers are a type of prescription psychotherapeutic. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutics is defined as use in any way not directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in any other way not directed by a doctor. Prescription psychotherapeutics do not include over-the-counter drugs. ³ These estimates of marijuana use include marijuana vaping. ⁴ First use of marijuana in the past year among those at risk for initiation (%) = 100 × {[X₁ ÷ (0.5 × X₁ + X₂)] ÷ 2}, where X₁ is the number of marijuana initiates in the past 24 months, X₂ is the number of individuals who never used marijuana, and (0.5 × X₁ + X₂) denotes the at-risk population. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. The age group shown is based on a respondent’s age at the time of the interview, not their age at first use. ⁵ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁶ Estimates for youths aged 12 to 17 are not available for past year heroin use because this outcome was extremely rare among youths aged 12 to 17 in the 2022 and 2023 NSDUHs. As a result, estimates for people aged 12 or older are also not produced. ⁷ Respondents were classified as misusing opioids in the past year if they reported using heroin or misusing prescription pain relievers in the past year. Prescription pain relievers do not include over-the-counter drugs but may include non-opioid prescription drugs. Does not include illegally made fentanyl (IMF). ⁸ Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. ⁹ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ¹⁰ Tobacco products include cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., snuff, dip, chewing tobacco, or snus), cigars, or pipe tobacco. These estimates of tobacco product use do not include nicotine vaping. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.

241021

WYOMING

Table 112B – Substance Use Disorder, Substance Use Treatment, and Mental Health Measures: Among People Aged 12 or Older in *Wyoming*; by Age Group, Annual Average Percentages, 2022 and 2023
Measure	12+	12‑17	18‑25	26+	18+
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER IN THE PAST YEAR
Substance Use Disorder^1,2	17.85	8.00	29.20	17.33	18.92
Alcohol Use Disorder¹	11.74	3.37	19.16	11.64	12.64
Alcohol Use Disorder^1,3 (People Aged 12 to 20)	6.69	--	--	--	--
Drug Use Disorder^1,2	8.51	6.25	16.26	7.59	8.75
Pain Reliever Use Disorder¹	2.04	1.28	1.47	2.22	2.12
Opioid Use Disorder^1,4	2.19	1.31	1.52	2.41	2.29
SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT IN THE PAST YEAR
Received Substance Use Treatment^2,5,6,7	5.58	4.20	5.49	5.77	5.73
Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8	20.89	12.39	31.10	20.38	21.82
Not Receiving Substance Use Treatment among those Classified as Needing Substance Use Treatment^1,2,6,7,8,9	71.77	62.35	82.22	69.91	72.30
MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES IN THE PAST YEAR
Any Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	38.14	22.85	24.89
Serious Mental Illness^7,10	--	--	15.60	6.68	7.88
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Any Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	18.74	8.10	9.52
Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness^1,2,7,10	--	--	7.74	2.62	3.31
Received Mental Health Treatment¹¹	--	34.37	32.63	25.02	26.03
Major Depressive Episode^7,12	--	20.14	21.67	8.35	10.13
Had Serious Thoughts of Suicide^7,13	--	14.42	17.03	4.85	6.48
Made Any Suicide Plans^7,13	--	6.49	6.08	1.23	1.88
Attempted Suicide^7,13	--	4.34	2.58	0.39	0.69
-- = not available. NOTE: Estimates are based on the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. For confidence intervals, see Tables 1 to 41 in 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Model-Based Prevalence Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia) at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates. ¹ Substance use disorder (SUD) estimates are based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM‑5) criteria. SUD is defined as meeting the criteria for drug or alcohol use disorder. See 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-methodological-summary-and-definitions for details on who was eligible to receive questions on SUD. ² Drug use includes the use of marijuana (including vaping), cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or methamphetamine in the past year or any use (i.e., not necessarily misuse) of prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, or sedatives in the past year. ³ Underage use is defined for individuals aged 12 to 20; therefore, the “12+” estimate reflects the 12 to 20 age group and not individuals aged 12 or older. ⁴ Opioid use disorder is defined as meeting the criteria for heroin or pain reliever use disorder. ⁵ Substance use treatment includes treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used alcohol or drugs in their lifetime. Substance use treatment measures include data from respondents who indicated that they received treatment but did not specify the substance(s) for which it was received. ⁶ Because of the high proportion of respondents in the “substance unspecified” category for treatment, the estimates in this table have added uncertainty. ⁷ For details, see Section B of 2022‑2023 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health: Guide to State Tables and Summary of Small Area Estimation Methodology at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-2023-nsduh-guide-state-tables-and-summary-sae-methodology. ⁸ Respondents were classified as needing substance use treatment if they met DSM‑5 criteria for a drug or alcohol use disorder or received treatment for drug or alcohol use through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; medication-assisted treatment; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. Substance use treatment questions are asked of respondents who used drugs or alcohol in their lifetime. ⁹ Not receiving substance use treatment among those needing treatment (%) = 100 × [X₁ ÷ (X₁ + X₂)], where X₁ is the number of people not receiving treatment who needed treatment, X₂ is the number people receiving treatment who needed treatment, and (X₁ + X₂) denotes the number of people who needed treatment. Estimates are based on simultaneous modeling of X₁ and X₂ components using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes small area estimation approach. ¹⁰ Mental illness aligns with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria and is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder, other than a developmental or substance use disorder. Estimates of serious mental illness (SMI) are a subset of estimates of any mental illness (AMI) because SMI is limited to people with AMI that resulted in serious functional impairment. These estimates are based on indicators of AMI and SMI rather than direct measures of diagnostic criteria. ¹¹ Mental health treatment includes treatment for mental health, emotions, or behavior through inpatient treatment/counseling; outpatient treatment/counseling; use of prescription medication; telehealth treatment; or treatment received in a prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. In general, adolescent and adult estimates are reported separately for mental health measures; thus, 12 or older estimates were not produced. ¹² Major depressive episode (MDE) is based on the DSM‑5 definition, which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks when an individual experienced a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. There are minor wording differences in the questions in the adult and adolescent MDE modules. Therefore, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. ¹³ The adult and youth suicide questions are in different sections of the questionnaire and have different response options. Because of this, data from youths aged 12 to 17 were not combined with data from adults aged 18 or older to produce an estimate for those aged 12 or older. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2022 and 2023.