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Almost 4.8 million individuals in the United States were under community supervision by the criminal justice system (i.e., probation, parole, or conditional release from prison) at the end of 2011.1,2 The number of persons under community supervision decreased between 2009 and 2011. However, the number in 2011 is about 4 times greater than the number of individuals on community supervision in 1980.1 The large population of individuals under community supervision often has an array of behavioral health problems, with substance misuse being chief among them. Indeed, drug law violations account for the most common type of criminal offense.3
Untreated substance use disorders among probationers and parolees can lead to relapse and a path toward continued criminal behavior, which can lead to probation/parole violations and an increased risk of reincarceration. To address offenders' substance use treatment needs, the criminal justice system—in collaboration with the public health system—has placed greater emphasis on treatment programming within correctional facilities and has improved access and linkages to community-based treatment. Implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act may increase access to treatment for many people who are under community supervision within the criminal justice system.4,5,6 Monitoring substance use disorders and unmet treatment need among offenders is critical for assessing the impact of these efforts.
Data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) can be used to examine trends in substance use disorders and receipt of treatment among persons on probation or parole. NSDUH asks respondents if, at any time during the past 12 months, they were (1) on probation or (2) on parole, supervised release, or other conditional release from prison (referred to as "parole"). NSDUH also asks questions to determine whether respondents had a substance use disorder in the past year (i.e., dependence on or abuse of alcohol or illicit drugs) and to determine whether respondents received substance use treatment in the past year. All estimates in this report are based on data from the 2002 to 2012 NSDUHs.
In 2012, an estimated 3.2 million males aged 18 to 49 were on probation, and 900,000 were on parole.7 The number of males aged 18 to 49 who reported being on probation during the 12 months before the interview remained relatively stable between 2002 and 2010, decreased in 2011, and then increased in 2012 (Figure 1). The number of males aged 18 to 49 who reported being on parole during the 12 months before the interview remained relatively stable between 2002 and 2012.
Probation or Parole | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
On Probation | 3,244 | 3,103 | 3,084 | 2,961 | 3,072 | 3,274 | 3,075 | 3,228 | 3,418 | 2,748 | 3,193 |
On Parole | 1,182 | 990 | 1,130 | 1,034 | 1,168 | 1,140 | 1,100 | 1,187 | 1,002 | 1,040 | 926 |
Total on Probation or Parole | 3,535 | 3,364 | 3,366 | 3,296 | 3,399 | 3,573 | 3,401 | 3,580 | 3,706 | 3,060 | 3,417 |
Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUHs), 2002 to 2005, 2006 to 2010 (revised March 2012), and 2011 to 2012. |
More than one quarter (29.8 percent) of male probationers aged 18 to 49 in 2012 had an alcohol use disorder, 19.2 percent had an illicit drug use disorder in the past year, and 40.3 percent had either an alcohol or illicit drug use disorder (Figure 2).8,9 Similarly, 24.9 percent of male parolees had an alcohol use disorder, 19.7 percent had an illicit drug use disorder, and 38.3 percent had an alcohol or illicit drug use disorder in the past year (Figure 3).
Illicit Drug Use | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Illicit Drug Use Disorder | 18.3% | 21.7% | 19.6% | 16.2% | 21.9% | 18.7% | 16.5% | 14.3% | 18.2% | 18.1% | 19.2% |
Alcohol Use Disorder | 33.8% | 37.1%* | 35.2% | 31.5% | 32.4% | 33.6% | 33.5% | 33.1% | 32.7% | 30.8% | 29.8% |
Illicit Drug or Alcohol Use Disorder | 42.5% | 45.5% | 43.9% | 38.8% | 42.6% | 42.0% | 39.8% | 38.7% | 41.7% | 38.4% | 40.3% |
* Difference between estimate and estimate for 2012 is significant at the .05 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUHs), 2002 to 2005, 2006 to 2010 (revised March 2012), and 2011 to 2012. |
Substance Use | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Illicit Drug Use Disorder | 20.8% | 17.5% | 20.4% | 19.1% | 18.8% | 17.1% | 17.3% | 12.8% | 20.2% | 16.7% | 19.7% |
Alcohol Use Disorder | 33.0% | 36.0% | 33.6% | 26.1% | 34.3% | 32.0% | 24.6% | 20.3% | 29.2% | 33.7% | 24.9% |
Illicit Drug or Alcohol Use Disorder | 42.2% | 39.3% | 43.6% | 36.0% | 39.4% | 40.8% | 32.3% | 26.1%* | 40.2% | 42.9% | 38.3% |
* Difference between estimate and estimate for 2012 is significant at the .05 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUHs), 2002 to 2005, 2006 to 2010 (revised March 2012), and 2011 to 2012. |
With one exception, the rates of substance use disorders among male probationers in 2012 were not statistically different from those in any other years (Figure 2). Specifically, the percentage of probationers with past year alcohol disorder was lower in 2012 than in 2003 (29.8 vs. 37.1 percent). Among male parolees, the rates of substance use disorders in 2012 were not statistically different from those in previous years, with one exception; the percentage of male parolees with a past year alcohol or illicit drug use disorder was higher in 2012 than in 2009 (38.3 vs. 26.1 percent; Figure 3).
As Table 1 shows, there were no statistically significant changes in need for treatment, receipt of substance use treatment, or unmet treatment need between 2002 and 2012 among male probationers aged 18 to 49.10,11,12 In every year, nearly half of male probationers needed treatment; however, only about a quarter received some treatment in the past year. In any given year, about 10 percent reported that they were receiving treatment currently (at the time of the interview). About 3 to 7 percent had received treatment in prison or jail within the past year.
Need for and Receipt of Treatment | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Needed Treatment for an Alcohol/Illicit Drug Use Problem |
48.0% | 51.0% | 50.8% | 44.2% | 47.4% | 46.7% | 45.6% | 46.1% | 47.3% | 46.7% | 45.3% |
Received Treatment for an Alcohol/Illicit Drug Use Problem |
25.1% | 25.9% | 25.8% | 23.7% | 25.6% | 25.2% | 25.0% | 27.1% | 25.1% | 26.3% | 23.8% |
Received Treatment at a Specialty Substance Use Facility |
17.1% | 15.9% | 18.5% | 14.8% | 16.9% | 17.3% | 16.3% | 18.0% | 14.9% | 18.9% | 16.1% |
Received Substance Use Treatment at Prison/Jail |
3.4% | 3.1% | 4.1% | 4.3% | 7.0% | 4.4% | 5.1% | 4.9% | 4.3% | 7.0% | 4.4% |
Currently in Treatment for an Alcohol or Illicit Drug Use Problem |
11.1% | 8.2% | 9.5% | 9.2% | 11.0% | 11.6% | 10.2% | 11.0% | 9.1% | 11.8% | 9.5% |
Unmet Need for Alcohol or Illicit Drug Use Treatment |
30.9% | 35.1% | 32.4% | 29.4% | 30.6% | 29.5% | 29.3% | 28.1% | 32.5% | 27.8% | 29.2% |
* Difference between estimate and 2012 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUHs), 2002 to 2005, 2006 to 2010 (revised March 2012), and 2011 to 2012. |
Among male parolees aged 18 to 49, there were no statistically significant differences in need for treatment (Table 2). In each year from 2002 to 2012, nearly half (41.0 to 53.7 percent) of male parolees needed treatment; however, only about one fifth to one third (19.2 to 34.1 percent) received some treatment in the past year. In any given year, only a small percentage (6.6 to 14.9 percent) reported that they were currently receiving treatment. About 7 to 15 percent received treatment in prison or jail within the past year. The rate of current receipt of treatment was lower in 2012 than in 2008, 2009, and 2011 but was consistent with the rates in 2002 to 2007. Unmet treatment need among this population has also remained consistent between 2002 and 2012, with the exception of 2009.
Need for and Receipt of Treatment | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Needed Treatment for an Alcohol/Illicit Drug Use Problem |
47.6% | 43.9% | 52.1% | 42.8% | 43.0% | 44.6% | 41.0% | 42.1% | 53.7% | 50.1% | 43.9% |
Received Treatment for an Alcohol/Illicit Drug Use Problem |
25.7% | 26.2% | 26.7% | 19.2% | 24.8% | 26.1% | 26.1% | 33.1% | 34.1% | 28.9% | 28.4% |
Received Treatment at a Specialty Substance Use Facility |
16.7% | 17.5% | 20.6% | 13.3% | 15.9% | 17.6% | 16.9% | 26.2% | 24.9% | 19.6% | 17.1% |
Received Substance Use Treatment at Prison/Jail |
7.1% | 6.9% | 9.3% | 9.1% | 9.4% | 11.6% | 10.5% | 14.5% | 15.2% | 13.1% | 9.1% |
Currently in Treatment for an Alcohol or Illicit Drug Use Problem |
11.3% | 8.2% | 10.7% | 6.6% | 11.7% | 14.2% | 14.3%* | 14.9%* | 11.4% | 14.4%* | 6.6% |
Unmet Need for Alcohol or Illicit Drug Use Treatment |
30.9% | 26.4% | 31.6% | 29.5% | 27.2% | 27.0% | 24.1% | 15.9%* | 28.8% | 30.6% | 26.9% |
* Difference between estimate and 2012 estimate is statistically significant at the .05 level. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUHs), 2002 to 2005, 2006 to 2010 (revised March 2012), and 2011 to 2012. |
Although the past several decades have witnessed an increased interest in providing substance abuse treatment services for criminal justice offenders, only a small percentage of offenders have received treatment services, especially in jails and community correctional facilities. In 2011, SAMHSA reported it appeared there was some degree of success in the efforts to address the treatment needs of substance-using offenders based on an analysis of levels of substance use disorders and unmet need for substance abuse treatment among adult male probationers and parolees from 2002 to 2009.13 This current report was undertaken to assess whether the improvements found through 2009 have continued in more recent years. However, the most recent data (2010 through 2012) indicate that rates of substance use disorders and unmet need for treatment among males on probation or parole are generally similar to rates in 2002 through 2008. These analyses underscore the importance of monitoring long-term trends because changes observed over a short period of time may reflect statistical anomalies rather than true change, especially when looking at relatively small subpopulations such as those on probation or parole.
Findings in this report highlight the ongoing and increased importance of addressing substance use treatment needs among individuals under correctional supervision. Treatment is the most effective course for interrupting the drug abuse/criminal justice cycle for offenders with drug abuse problems.14 Offenders with untreated substance dependence or abuse are more likely than treated offenders to relapse. Treatment that does not meet the specific needs of offenders may not be as effective in reducing drug use and recidivism.14 These issues can lead to rearrest and reincarceration, risking the health and safety of our communities and placing an increased burden upon the criminal justice system. Continued monitoring of substance use and treatment need and receipt among probationers and parolees will inform the criminal justice and public health systems on the need for substance use treatment services for those offenders under community supervision.
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) is the agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that leads public health efforts to advance the behavioral health of the nation. SAMHSA's mission is to reduce the impact of substance abuse and mental illness on America's communities. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) is an annual survey sponsored by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). The 2002 to 2012 data used in this report are based on information obtained from 201,400 males aged 18 to 49. The survey collects data by administering questionnaires to a representative sample of the population through face-to-face interviews at their place of residence. The NSDUH Report is prepared by the Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality (CBHSQ), SAMHSA, and by RTI International in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. (RTI International is a trade name of Research Triangle Institute.) Information on the most recent NSDUH is available in the following publication: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2013). Results from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of national findings (HHS Publication No. SMA 13-4795, NSDUH Series H-46). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Also available online: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/data-we-collect/nsduh-national-survey-drug-use-and-health. |
NSDUH_084
Probation/Parole Status | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
On Probation | 3,244 | 3,103 | 3,084 | 2,961 | 3,072 | 3,274 | 3,075 | 3,228 | 3,418 | 2,748 | 3,193 |
On Parole1 | 1,182 | 990 | 1,130 | 1,034 | 1,168 | 1,140 | 1,100 | 1,187 | 1,002 | 1,040 | 926 |
Total on Probation or Parole1 | 3,535 | 3,364 | 3,366 | 3,296 | 3,399 | 3,573 | 3,401 | 3,580 | 3,706 | 3,060 | 3,417 |
NOTE: Respondents with nondeterminant probation and/or parole status are excluded from respective analyses. 1Respondents were asked if they were on parole, supervised release, or other conditional release from prison during the past year. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUHs), 2002 to 2005, 2006 to 2010 (revised March 2012), and 2011 to 2012. |
Type of Substance Use Disorder |
2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | |
Illicit Drug1 Use Disorder |
593 | 18.3 | 1.82 | 673 | 21.7 | 2.02 | 604 | 19.6 | 1.84 | 479 | 16.2 | 1.59 |
Alcohol Use Disorder | 1,095 | 33.8 | 2.30 | 1,151 | 37.1 | 2.55 | 1,084 | 35.2 | 2.23 | 934 | 31.5 | 2.07 |
Illicit Drug1 or Alcohol Use Disorder |
1,380 | 42.5 | 2.36 | 1,412 | 45.5 | 2.55 | 1,354 | 43.9 | 2.27 | 1,149 | 38.8 | 2.24 |
Type of Substance Use Disorder |
2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | |
Illicit Drug1 Use Disorder |
673 | 21.9 | 2.19 | 614 | 18.7 | 1.79 | 506 | 16.5 | 1.83 | 460 | 14.3 | 1.49 |
Alcohol Use Disorder | 996 | 32.4 | 2.17 | 1,099 | 33.6 | 2.42 | 1,031 | 33.5 | 2.30 | 1,069 | 33.1 | 2.21 |
Illicit Drug1 or Alcohol Use Disorder |
1,310 | 42.6 | 2.46 | 1,374 | 42.0 | 2.45 | 1,222 | 39.8 | 2.47 | 1,248 | 38.7 | 2.27 |
Type of Substance Use Disorder |
2010 | 2011 | 2012 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | |
Illicit Drug1 Use Disorder |
621 | 18.2 | 1.66 | 498 | 18.1 | 1.75 | 612 | 19.2 | 2.39 |
Alcohol Use Disorder | 1,118 | 32.7 | 2.28 | 846 | 30.8 | 2.20 | 951 | 29.8 | 2.70 |
Illicit Drug1 or Alcohol Use Disorder |
1,426 | 41.7 | 2.36 | 1,055 | 38.4 | 2.28 | 1,287 | 40.3 | 2.67 |
SE = standard error. NOTE: Substance Use Disorder is defined as meeting criteria for illicit drug or alcohol dependence or abuse. Dependence or abuse is based on definitions found in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). 1 Illicit Drugs include marijuana/hashish, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or prescription-type psychotherapeutics used nonmedically, including data from original methamphetamine questions but not including new methamphetamine items added in 2005 and 2006. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUHs), 2002 to 2005, 2006 to 2010 (revised March 2012), and 2011 to 2012. |
Type of Substance Use Disorder |
2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | |
Illicit Drug1 Use Disorder |
246 | 20.8 | 3.79 | 173 | 17.5 | 3.06 | 231 | 20.4 | 3.02 | 197 | 19.1 | 3.12 |
Alcohol Use Disorder | 390 | 33.0 | 4.29 | 356 | 36.0 | 4.29 | 380 | 33.6 | 3.85 | 270 | 26.1 | 3.41 |
Illicit Drug1 or Alcohol Use Disorder |
499 | 42.2 | 4.47 | 389 | 39.3 | 4.36 | 493 | 43.6 | 3.99 | 373 | 36.0 | 3.88 |
Type of Substance Use Disorder |
2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | |
Illicit Drug1 Use Disorder |
219 | 18.8 | 3.41 | 195 | 17.1 | 2.92 | 190 | 17.3 | 3.13 | 152 | 12.8 | 2.34 |
Alcohol Use Disorder | 401 | 34.3 | 4.14 | 365 | 32.0 | 5.17 | 271 | 24.6 | 3.40 | 241 | 20.3 | 3.03 |
Illicit Drug1 or Alcohol Use Disorder |
460 | 39.4 | 4.35 | 466 | 40.8 | 5.00 | 355 | 32.3 | 3.94 | 309 | 26.1 | 3.33 |
Type of Substance Use Disorder |
2010 | 2011 | 2012 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | |
Illicit Drug1 Use Disorder |
203 | 20.2 | 3.15 | 174 | 16.7 | 3.00 | 182 | 19.7 | 3.59 |
Alcohol Use Disorder | 293 | 29.2 | 3.72 | 350 | 33.7 | 4.14 | 230 | 24.9 | 4.44 |
Illicit Drug1 or Alcohol Use Disorder |
403 | 40.2 | 3.87 | 446 | 42.9 | 4.36 | 354 | 38.3 | 4.65 |
SE = standard error. NOTE: Substance Use Disorder is defined as meeting criteria for illicit drug or alcohol dependence or abuse. Dependence or abuse is based on definitions found in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). 1 Illicit Drugs include marijuana/hashish, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or prescription-type psychotherapeutics used nonmedically, including data from original methamphetamine questions but not including new methamphetamine items added in 2005 and 2006. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUHs), 2002 to 2005, 2006 to 2010 (revised March 2012), and 2011 to 2012. |
Past Year Treatment Need/ Receipt Characteristics |
2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | |
Needed Treatment for an Alcohol/Illicit Drug Use Problem1 |
1,557 | 48.0 | 2.42 | 1,581 | 51.0 | 2.56 | 1,568 | 50.8 | 2.28 | 1,309 | 44.2 | 2.31 |
Received Treatment for an Alcohol/Illicit Drug Use Problem2 |
813 | 25.1 | 2.10 | 803 | 25.9 | 2.30 | 797 | 25.8 | 2.14 | 703 | 23.7 | 2.02 |
Received Treatment at a Specialty Substance Use Facility3 |
555 | 17.1 | 1.89 | 494 | 15.9 | 1.64 | 570 | 18.5 | 1.97 | 440 | 14.8 | 1.81 |
Received Substance Use Treatment at Prison/Jail2 |
112 | 3.4 | 0.84 | 95 | 3.1 | 0.92 | 128 | 4.1 | 0.95 | 127 | 4.3 | 0.89 |
Currently in Treatment for an Alcohol or Illicit Drug Use Problem |
361 | 11.1 | 1.61 | 255 | 8.2 | 1.31 | 293 | 9.5 | 1.43 | 273 | 9.2 | 1.45 |
Unmet Need for Alcohol or Illicit Drug Use Treatment1,4 |
1,002 | 30.9 | 2.19 | 1,088 | 35.1 | 2.37 | 998 | 32.4 | 2.09 | 870 | 29.4 | 2.02 |
Past Year Treatment Need/ Receipt Characteristics |
2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | |
Needed Treatment for an Alcohol/Illicit Drug Use Problem1 |
1,458 | 47.4 | 2.53 | 1,530 | 46.7 | 2.56 | 1,402 | 45.6 | 2.51 | 1,487 | 46.1 | 2.37 |
Received Treatment for an Alcohol/Illicit Drug Use Problem2 |
785 | 25.6 | 2.35 | 825 | 25.2 | 2.31 | 770 | 25.0 | 2.33 | 875 | 27.1 | 2.24 |
Received Treatment at a Specialty Substance Use Facility3 |
519 | 16.9 | 2.06 | 565 | 17.3 | 2.24 | 502 | 16.3 | 1.98 | 580 | 18.0 | 1.91 |
Received Substance Use Treatment at Prison/Jail2 |
214 | 7.0 | 1.61 | 145 | 4.4 | 1.22 | 157 | 5.1 | 1.36 | 157 | 4.9 | 1.15 |
Currently in Treatment for an Alcohol or Illicit Drug Use Problem |
338 | 11.0 | 1.82 | 381 | 11.6 | 1.88 | 315 | 10.2 | 1.59 | 355 | 11.0 | 1.48 |
Unmet Need for Alcohol or Illicit Drug Use Treatment1,4 |
939 | 30.6 | 2.32 | 965 | 29.5 | 2.21 | 901 | 29.3 | 2.22 | 907 | 28.1 | 2.07 |
Past Year Treatment Need/ Receipt Characteristics |
2010 | 2011 | 2012 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | |
Needed Treatment for an Alcohol/Illicit Drug Use Problem1 |
1,618 | 47.3 | 2.42 | 1,283 | 46.7 | 2.38 | 1,446 | 45.3 | 2.66 |
Received Treatment for an Alcohol/Illicit Drug Use Problem2 |
857 | 25.1 | 2.03 | 723 | 26.3 | 2.18 | 760 | 23.8 | 2.33 |
Received Treatment at a Specialty Substance Use Facility3 |
509 | 14.9 | 1.53 | 520 | 18.9 | 1.97 | 513 | 16.1 | 2.21 |
Received Substance Use Treatment at Prison/Jail2 |
148 | 4.3 | 0.82 | 193 | 7.0 | 1.24 | 142 | 4.4 | 1.26 |
Currently in Treatment for an Alcohol or Illicit Drug Use Problem |
311 | 9.1 | 1.30 | 324 | 11.8 | 1.55 | 305 | 9.5 | 1.75 |
Unmet Need for Alcohol or Illicit Drug Use Treatment1,4 |
1,109 | 32.5 | 2.32 | 763 | 27.8 | 2.11 | 934 | 29.2 | 2.65 |
SE = standard error. NOTE: Illicit Drugs include marijuana/hashish, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or prescription-type psychotherapeutics used nonmedically, including data from original methamphetamine questions but not including new methamphetamine items added in 2005 and 2006. 1 Respondents were classified as needing treatment for an illicit drug or alcohol problem if they met at least one of three criteria during the past year: (1) dependent on illicit drugs or alcohol; (2) abuse of illicit drugs or alcohol; or (3) received treatment for illicit drug or alcohol use at a specialty facility (i.e., drug and alcohol rehabilitation facility [inpatient or outpatient], hospital [inpatient only], or mental health center). 2 Received Substance Use Treatment refers to treatment received in order to reduce or stop illicit drug or alcohol use, or for medical problems associated with illicit drug or alcohol use. It includes treatment received at any location, such as a hospital (inpatient), rehabilitation facility (inpatient or outpatient), mental health center, emergency room, private doctor's office, self-help group, or prison/jail. 3 Received Substance Use Treatment at a Specialty Facility refers to treatment received at a hospital (inpatient), rehabilitation facility (inpatient or outpatient), or mental health center in order to reduce or stop illicit drug or alcohol use, or for medical problems associated with illicit drug or alcohol use. Estimates include persons who received treatment specifically for illicit drugs or alcohol, as well as persons who received treatment but did not specify for what substance(s). 4 Unmet Need for Alcohol or Illicit Drug Use Treatment refers to respondents classified as needing treatment for illicit drugs or alcohol, but who have not received treatment for an illicit drug or alcohol problem at a specialty facility. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUHs), 2002 to 2005, 2006 to 2010 (revised March 2012), and 2011 to 2012. |
Past Year Treatment Need/ Receipt Characteristics |
2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | |
Needed Treatment for an Alcohol/Illicit Drug Use Problem1 |
563 | 47.6 | 4.49 | 435 | 43.9 | 4.52 | 589 | 52.1 | 3.93 | 443 | 42.8 | 4.07 |
Received Treatment for an Alcohol/Illicit Drug Use Problem2 |
303 | 25.7 | 3.49 | 260 | 26.2 | 3.94 | 302 | 26.7 | 3.52 | 199 | 19.2 | 2.99 |
Received Treatment at a Specialty Substance Use Facility3 |
198 | 16.7 | 2.83 | 174 | 17.5 | 3.26 | 233 | 20.6 | 3.20 | 138 | 13.3 | 2.64 |
Received Substance Use Treatment at Prison/Jail2 |
84 | 7.1 | 2.03 | 69 | 6.9 | 2.29 | 105 | 9.3 | 2.40 | 94 | 9.1 | 2.28 |
Currently in Treatment for an Alcohol or Illicit Drug Use Problem |
134 | 11.3 | 2.38 | 81 | 8.2 | 2.22 | 121 | 10.7 | 2.33 | 68 | 6.6 | 1.63 |
Unmet Need for Alcohol or Illicit Drug Use Treatment1,4 |
365 | 30.9 | 4.26 | 261 | 26.4 | 3.75 | 357 | 31.6 | 3.54 | 305 | 29.5 | 3.80 |
Past Year Treatment Need/ Receipt Characteristics |
2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | |
Needed Treatment for an Alcohol/Illicit Drug Use Problem1 |
503 | 43.0 | 4.45 | 509 | 44.6 | 4.98 | 451 | 41.0 | 4.14 | 499 | 42.1 | 4.16 |
Received Treatment for an Alcohol/Illicit Drug Use Problem2 |
290 | 24.8 | 4.49 | 297 | 26.1 | 4.34 | 288 | 26.1 | 3.78 | 392 | 33.1 | 4.23 |
Received Treatment at a Specialty Substance Use Facility3 |
185 | 15.9 | 3.30 | 201 | 17.6 | 3.89 | 186 | 16.9 | 3.23 | 311 | 26.2 | 4.15 |
Received Substance Use Treatment at Prison/Jail2 |
110 | 9.4 | 2.64 | 132 | 11.6 | 3.64 | 116 | 10.5 | 2.99 | 172 | 14.5 | 3.76 |
Currently in Treatment for an Alcohol or Illicit Drug Use Problem |
136 | 11.7 | 3.27 | 162 | 14.2 | 3.95 | 157 | 14.3 | 3.14 | 177 | 14.9 | 2.92 |
Unmet Need for Alcohol or Illicit Drug Use Treatment1,4 |
318 | 27.2 | 3.97 | 308 | 27.0 | 4.79 | 265 | 24.1 | 3.56 | 189 | 15.9 | 2.56 |
Past Year Treatment Need/ Receipt Characteristics |
2010 | 2011 | 2012 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | Number | Percent | SE | |
Needed Treatment for an Alcohol/Illicit Drug Use Problem1 |
539 | 53.7 | 4.14 | 522 | 50.1 | 4.47 | 407 | 43.9 | 4.44 |
Received Treatment for an Alcohol/Illicit Drug Use Problem2 |
341 | 34.1 | 3.87 | 300 | 28.9 | 4.12 | 263 | 28.4 | 4.10 |
Received Treatment at a Specialty Substance Use Facility3 |
250 | 24.9 | 3.62 | 204 | 19.6 | 3.60 | 158 | 17.1 | 3.24 |
Received Substance Use Treatment at Prison/Jail2 |
153 | 15.2 | 2.94 | 136 | 13.1 | 2.83 | 84 | 9.1 | 2.66 |
Currently in Treatment for an Alcohol or Illicit Drug Use Problem |
114 | 11.4 | 2.56 | 149 | 14.4 | 3.40 | 61 | 6.6 | 1.84 |
Unmet Need for Alcohol or Illicit Drug Use Treatment1,4 |
289 | 28.8 | 3.54 | 318 | 30.6 | 4.19 | 249 | 26.9 | 4.36 |
SE = standard error. NOTE: Illicit Drugs include marijuana/hashish, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or prescription-type psychotherapeutics used nonmedically, including data from original methamphetamine questions but not including new methamphetamine items added in 2005 and 2006. 1 Respondents were classified as needing treatment for an illicit drug or alcohol problem if they met at least one of three criteria during the past year: (1) dependent on illicit drugs or alcohol; (2) abuse of illicit drugs or alcohol; or (3) received treatment for illicit drug or alcohol use at a specialty facility (i.e., drug and alcohol rehabilitation facility [inpatient or outpatient], hospital [inpatient only], or mental health center). 2 Received Substance Use Treatment refers to treatment received in order to reduce or stop illicit drug or alcohol use, or for medical problems associated with illicit drug or alcohol use. It includes treatment received at any location, such as a hospital (inpatient), rehabilitation facility (inpatient or outpatient), mental health center, emergency room, private doctor's office, self-help group, or prison/jail. 3 Received Substance Use Treatment at a Specialty Facility refers to treatment received at a hospital (inpatient), rehabilitation facility (inpatient or outpatient), or mental health center in order to reduce or stop illicit drug or alcohol use, or for medical problems associated with illicit drug or alcohol use. Estimates include persons who received treatment specifically for illicit drugs or alcohol, as well as persons who received treatment but did not specify for what substance(s). 4 Unmet Need for Alcohol or Illicit Drug Use Treatment refers to respondents classified as needing treatment for illicit drugs or alcohol, but who have not received treatment for an illicit drug or alcohol problem at a specialty facility. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUHs), 2002 to 2005, 2006 to 2010 (revised March 2012), and 2011 to 2012. |
Probation/Parole Status | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
On Probation | 5.0% | 4.8% | 4.7% | 4.5% | 4.7% | 5.0% | 4.7% | 4.9% | 5.2% | 4.2% | 4.9% |
On Parole1 | 1.8% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 1.8% | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.8% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.4% |
Total on Probation or Parole1 | 5.5% | 5.2% | 5.2% | 5.0% | 5.2% | 5.4% | 5.2% | 5.4% | 5.6% | 4.7% | 5.2% |
NOTE: Respondents with nondeterminant probation and/or parole status are excluded from respective analyses. 1 Respondents were asked if they were on parole, supervised release, or other conditional release from prison during the past year. Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUHs), 2002 to 2005, 2006 to 2010 (revised March 2012), and 2011 to 2012. |